Ink Painting was first initiated by Lui Shou Kwan (1919 - 1975) in the 1960s and it had a significant and remarkable influence on Hong Kong painters. It aimed to revitalize Chinese painting as a reaction largely triggered by the dominant trend of imitative practice of the Lingnan School in Hong Kong at the time. Lui stressed the importance of gen (根 root) and shi (適 adaption) and signaled many possibilities of ink painting as a new category. Gradually, a group of artists pursuing the same goal gathered and made the Ink Painting Movement possible. Irene Chou was one of the prominent and dedicated artists involved in the Ink Painting Movement. She demonstrated a lifelong exploration of art and the expression of her inner self to art. This study attempts to analyze how Chou’s art manifested the core values and concepts of Ink Painting. Born in Shanghai, Chou moved to Hong Kong in 1949. She did not commence painting until her mid-thirties when she studied with the second generation of the Lingnan School master Zhao Shaoang (1905 - 1998). Her artistic career began with imitation. However, after she met and was inspired by Lui in the mid 1960s she soon realized art was about self expression. Her art evolved from representation to abstraction and eventually developed into her own style which is very distinct from other Ink painters. After her stroke in 1991, she immigrated to Australia. Despite the unfamiliar environment and poor health, Chou did not surrender herself to these physical challenges. In contrast, her spirit elevated and she continued the exploration of self through her creations. By using Chou as a case study, the research aims not only a scrutiny of Chou’s artistic pursuits and innovation, but also a juxtaposition of her pursuits among a few link painters of her time in order to have a better understanding of some crucial and complex concepts of Ink Painting.

從不同的雲端趨勢調查報告中，可以發現雲端服務已成為時勢所趨，不論是企業在雲端採用的意願、應用系統雲端化的比例、雲端服務預算的占比，以及各雲端運算架構的採用率上皆隨時間逐年地成長，其中根據國際研究暨顧問機構Gartner指出，到2017年底將有近半數的大型企業將進行混合雲的部署，並且從IBM、微軟近年積極瞄準企業混合雲的商機(如: IBM投資將近十億美元來打造雲端平台「BlueMix」，預計能提升客戶混合雲部署的速度，而微軟所提供之「Microsoft Azure」雲端平台，讓客戶能夠輕鬆建置跨內部部署與雲端的應用程式)，皆可觀察出混合雲的發展愈來愈受到重視與看好。 本研究將從不同角度來探討在混合雲環境中，可能存在的問題與挑戰，例如: 對使用者而言，可能存在使用多組帳號的困擾與多組帳號管理上的風險與安全性之問題 ; 對雲之客戶端而言，由於可能將整合公有雲、私有雲等不同雲端部署類型之服務作應用，例如: 將本地端使用者在local端的檔案同步至數個雲端空間中(公、私有雲)作檔案異地備援的應用等，因此產生對不同雲服務存取授權之問題。而本研究提出一個混合雲身分驗證的架構，提供雲服務用戶建置及使用，期望解決在混合雲所面臨的問題，並達到混合雲的互通性、混合雲的單一登入、取得雲服務存取的授權，以及加強用戶帳戶驗證安全性之目的，且也將一併實作出基於此架構的系統。系統在實作上，將以目前支援OpenID Connect的公有雲提供商為例、私有雲將以OpenStack、Hadoop為例、本地端將以Windows、Linux Ubuntu為例，以及其他有自己獨自帳號與權限管理的雲為例。此外，本研究實作的系統也藉由公開的API介面，以服務的方式對外提供混合雲身分驗證服務，作為OpenID 身分提供者。

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:17510006 研究代表者:石坂 隆 研究期間:2005-2006年度

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(C) 課題番号:63540311 研究代表者:石坂 隆 研究期間:1988-1989年度

繼網際網路蓬勃發展後，人們的工作與生活更為便利。雲端運算問世之後，更多企業與個人將雲端運算做資料備份與發佈的平台。企業使用雲端的方式有以下三種：即公有雲、私有雲及混合雲。企業使用公有雲(Public Cloud)將服務與資料儲存交由雲端提供商託管，例如使用Google Docs、G-mail，以減少企業內部的成本。企業亦可建置私有雲(Private Cloud)，以提供檔案備援與內部服務。另外，企業可結合公有雲與私有雲以構成混合雲(Hybrid Cloud)，即使用公有雲儲存敏感度不高之資料並將敏感度較高的資料存至私有雲或本地端。 本研究將探討企業在使用混合雲時遇到的帳號以及檔案內容與授權問題，實作上公有雲應用服務以Google Docs為例、私有雲以Hadoop為例、本地端則以Linux-base電腦為例。本研究使用開放標準OpenID 與O’Auth達到對公有雲的帳號認證、檔案授權，以開發出一個跨本地端電腦或私有雲與公有雲帳號與檔案內容權限之管理與同步系統。本系統可解決在公有雲、私有雲與企業內部系統多重帳號的困擾與企業人員外部存取與內部存取時的權限不足或檔案版本不同的問題。 / Drawing on the rapidly growing Internet technology, people now work and live in a more convenient way. Due to the progress of cloud computing, more and more companies as well as people are using cloud computing as a platform in order to backup and publish data. There are three ways that how enterprises deploy cloud computing: public cloud, private cloud and hybrid cloud. In order to reduce costs, enterprises now days store their data using public cloud and entrust to the public cloud providers, such as using Google Docs, G-mail. Enterprises can also build private clouds to provide files and internal services backup. In addition, enterprises are able to combine public cloud and private cloud into hybrid cloud. We are used to store less sensitive data on the public cloud, while using private cloud or local storage to store highly sensitive data. This study aims to design a system that can solve the problems regarding authentication, file content synchronization and authorization, while enterprises benefit by using hybrid cloud storage. System is designed by taking Google Docs as an example for the public cloud, Hadoop as the example for private cloud, and Linux-base computer as an example for local storage. This research addresses the open standard, namely: “OpenID” and “O’Auth”, in order to solve data content and non-consistency permission between public cloud, private cloud and local hosts.

雲端運算帶來商機，同時也產生經營挑戰，各種雲端服務於眾說紛[雲]或各自表述的狀況下，從界定雲端服務內容、產業分析、科技發展、產品生命週期、新市場機會及個案公司營運…等方向探討後，提出系統整合商T公司如何有方法來選擇新市場機會，及明確的定位其因應雲端的策略。 協助T公司持續於競爭的產業鏈下，以白地策略來分辨新市場機會及提出可能的雲端運算新商業模式建議。 / Cloud computing brings not only business opportunities but also managerial challenges. All kinds of cloud computing vary in defining the cloud service, industry analysis, technology development, production life cycle, new market opportunities, T company business direction …and etc. By considering all topics, we will provide a system solution to assist T company locating the stand, making cloud market strategy, and finding their way in a right direction. Under keen challenges from the supply chain and apply white space strategy, we will continuously assist T company discovering new market opportunities and providing suggestions for new business models with potential cloud computing.

近年來，雲端運算成為我國貿易商理想的電子商務模式。雲端運算基本概念為將資訊和資源集中存放在「雲」上，透過網路服務提供資源，幫助企業提升效率、降低運籌成本。然而，雲端運算的原理造成使用者將資訊存放在網路之某處，使用者無法直接控制其資料，進而衍生出資訊安全之疑慮。也因此，當企業決定是否導入雲端運算時，往往將資訊安全納入考量。若欲鼓勵我國貿易商導入雲端運算，分析資訊安全風險、了解如何管理這類風險，係有其必要性。 本研究主要目的，係為我國貿易商提供較清晰之雲端運算資訊安全分析，包含雲端運算可能之資訊安全風險，以及管理這些風險的方式。依本研究比較分析之結果，雲端運算資訊安全風險與其他電腦或網路產品、服務之資訊安全風險類似，並可透過技術、管理與法律以降低風險。然而資訊安全風險無法被完全去除，在此情況下，貿易商宜透過契約保障其資訊本身、以及相關權利。 / In recent years, cloud computing has become an ideal way for most Taiwanese trading companies to adopt e-commerce. The basic model of cloud computing is to provide resource in the form of internet service. By centralizing data and resource onto “the cloud”, cloud computing helps companies to improve efficiency with lower budget. However, this approach raises concern about information security, for users’ data will be stored in the internet, rather than being directly controlled by the users. Due to this fact, companies tend to take information security into consideration before moving to the cloud. To encourage Taiwanese trading companies, analyzing and learning how to manage the information security risks are rather necessary. This research aims to provide a clearer view of the information security to Taiwanese trading companies, including the possible information security risks and the ways to manage these risks. Through comparison and analysis, we conclude that the information security risks of cloud computing and of other computer or internet products or service are similar, and these risks can be reduced by technical methods, management and laws. However, these risks cannot be removed, and in this situation, trading companies are suggested to protect their data and their rights via contracts.

計算、儲存與傳輸技術自60年代就一直引領資通訊科技(Information and Communication Technology；ICT)產業的發展，隨著ICT技術不斷的創新與擴散，現今ICT產品已經廣泛溶入人類的經濟和社會生活中。近年來，ICT產業已成為全球最具活力、規模最大的產業之一。可預期的未來，資通訊科技將會是牽動全球經濟發展最重要的產業技術。 台灣資通訊產業製造鏈相當完整，但是在全球ICT產業供應鏈的分工體系中大部份偏重在專業代工領域。面臨代工利潤的下滑，台灣ICT代工產業的前景已亮起嚴重的警訊。台灣產業在提供雲端運算服務的起步較晚，雲端運算服務市場的後進者如何從以ICT代工產業的角色轉進高附加價值的雲端運算服務市場，探討雲端運算服務市場的先行領導者之策略佈局將是相關後進者值得研究的議題。本研究將從通訊科技及電腦技術的演進來探究ICT提供雲端運算服務的本質，並藉由分析提供雲端運算服務之市場領導廠的策略佈局，探討初入雲端運算產業的後進者可行的佈局方向。藉此，希望能有助於雲端運算產業後進者對雲端運算服務更進一步的理解，並有助於ICT代工相關業者能在既有的技術下釐定發展策略，朝高附加價值雲端運算服務的方向邁進。 此外，台灣ICT硬體代工產業多年來因專注於製造的專業，對買者需求面資訊的探討不多，亦較忽視對客戶的售後支援與服務等的專業。對雲端服務市場而言，買者的需求是業者能否提供完善雲端服務的最重要資訊。對提供雲端服務者而言，目前企業大多已疲於追求外顯成本的效益（Cost Down），對於釐定整體行銷策略的努力則稍有些不足。本研究將從策略行銷中4C分析理論出發，針對雲端運算買者的觀點與看法，提出雲端服務供應企業較為完整的行銷策略分析。研究中也將藉由4C策略行銷的資訊搜集、道德危機、及專屬陷入資產之成本分析，來分析一般企業較為忽略的內顯成本。文中並進一步探討如何使用策略行銷4C的理論，來探究雲端服務供應企業是否進入雲端市場之決策參考的基礎。 本研究將探討全球大廠IBM與HPQ公司從硬體開發轉型至雲端服務的策略與過程，提供雲端運算服務後進業者的參考，藉此希望能協助企業有方向性與策略性的在未來雲端運算市場中佔有商機，擺脫長久低利代工的命運。相信，本研究之成果將可為企業未來發展全球化雲端服務的經營企圖，建立紮實的研究基礎。 / Computing, storage and communication technology keep leading Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development since 1960. Due to the innovation and diffusion of ICT, the ICT products have broadly dissolved in our economic and social life. Recently, ICT industry has already become the most vigorous and largest one in the world. In future, ICT is anticipated to be the most important technology, which keeps affecting the global economy development. Taiwan’s supply chain for the ICT industry overall is quite intact, but the majority corporates are focus on the OEM/ODM roles. For the gradually reduced profit got as playing the OEM/ODM’s roles in the ICT industry supply chain, Taiwan’s enterprises have sensed the warning message for their perspect due to the low profit return. Comparing with other countries, Taiwan’s industry entering the cloud computing industry is late. As one of the new comer for the cloud computing service industry, knowing how to transform the current ICT role (OEM/ODM) to be one of the high-value-added cloud computing service players, the leading enterprise’s strategic planning history will be a good cases study for those late new comers. This research starts from the technology history study of ICT to find out the essence of the cloud computing service, and also by studying the strategic planning of the cloud computing service market leaders to provide the proper strategic planning suggestion for the new comers. Look forwarding this research to help the new comers of the cloud computing industry to catch more global business management idea about this industry, and also can help the current ICT players based on what they owned competence to well plan the strategy for marching towards the higher-value-added clouds computing service industries. Moreover, in the past, for most of the ICT corporates for years are more focusing on the manufactureing compenetence than pre-study the buyers’ needs, and also focusing on the product launch than pays the needed efforts on watching the after-market needed sustaining activities. For the cloud computing service market, due to catch the buyer’s need will be crical and decides whether a supplier can provide the needed services or not. For years, most of the suppliers are more focusing on the cost-down activities than with less strategic planning approach method for the market. This research will base on the strategic marking 4C theory, from the buyer’s view of points, to provide the corporation more complete strategic marking analysis foundation. This research will also from the strategic marketing 4C analysis coverd topics: information collection, normal hazard, asset specificity cost point of view to study most the corporation neglect the hidden exchange costs. It will also go further study by using the strategic marketing analysis 4C theory to practice the decision making criteria as a method for a corporation evaluating whether to enter the cloud computing service market business or not. This research will do the case study of two global corporations, IBM and HPQ. Their strategic planning and the transformation from the hardware developers to be the cloud service suppliers are closer than others for those hardware makers planning entering the cloud computing business to reference. Look forward this research assisting certain enterprises directionally and strategically get the cloud computing business and get rid of the destiny for running the low-profit business as the OEM/ODM roles. Believe the result of research can bring the different view and needed foundation for Taiwan’s enterprises to develop their strategic business plan for entering the cloud computing business.

雲端運算的概念是Google執行長Eric Schmidt於2007年所提出，目前並無一個統一的說法。一般認為，雲端運算服務是藉由網路連線從遠端取得服務的資訊服務型態。在本地端資源有限的情況下，可透過網路取得遠方的運算資源。雲端運算對教育的影響，則是教育雲(Education Cloud)概念的產生。所謂教育雲，是應用雲端運算無限延展軟、硬體與儲存設備，把書包、教材、課堂測驗等對學生學習效果有顯著幫助的資訊放在雲端資料中心處理，透過雲端桌面服務的方式傳送給教師與學生。 本文以為，不論教育雲是由政府或私人部門所建置，將來勢必面臨相關法律問題，例如國際管轄權及準據法、民刑事責任之歸屬、資訊隱私權與個人資料保護、著作權法、公平交易法等問題，然而國內迄今仍欠缺相關探討文獻及案例，十分可惜，這也是本文的研究動機所在。本文嘗試提供個人淺見，期望能對雲端運算法律問題的探討貢獻一份心力。 本文第二章先就雲端運算的概念及分類作一簡單說明。其次，為了搶佔市場商機，許多IT廠商開始投入雲端運算的發展，並競相推出各式各樣的雲端運算產品和服務。本文將簡介一些和雲端運算相關的廠商及產品，讓讀者對雲端運算的發展現況及商業模式有初步了解。 本文第三章在說明教育雲的概念及發展現況，包含世界各國及我國教育雲的發展現況。本文所稱的教育雲，包含一切使用雲端運算技術的教育服務在內，包含電子教科書、數位學習、未來教室、雲端資料庫…等，不限於名稱上有標示教育雲的教育服務。 本文第四章在討論教育雲所可能面臨的相關法律問題，由於目前尚無具體案例事實發生，因此本文會先假設幾個案例，再藉由案例去討論教育雲的相關法律問題，讓讀者能簡單了解。隨著教育雲的持續發展，本文所假設的幾個案例將來都有可能發生，本文嘗試拋磚引玉，對相關法律爭議提出個人淺見，希望引發社會對雲端運算法律問題的討論。 本文第五章在討論雲端運算時代下的隱私權及個人資料保護。從網際網路時代走向雲端運算的發展趨勢，個人資訊隱私權被侵害的型態，或個人對隱私權的合理期待是否有別於過去，勢必會成為受關注的議題。在雲端運算時代，雖然使用者在網路上公私領域的界限逐漸模糊，使得對所謂合理隱私權的期待保護程度有所爭議。本文以為，回歸到最根本隱私權的核心概念，確保不受監視的個人自由，以保護個人的意志自主與根本尊嚴，屬於憲法保障的個人基本權利。另外本文也討論世界各國及我國對於個人資料保護的規定，及教育雲所面臨的資訊安全與個人資料保護問題。 為因應我國雲端運算產業未來發展，本文在第六章會檢討現行法規，並提出若干修法意見，供政策制定者、立法者做為將來修法參考。第七章則提出本文結論。

本論文共乙冊，約七萬餘言，全部分為六章二十節。 本論文透過實證調查分析，找尋現階段農村基層建設問題，並針對這些問題提供政府 一個更具體可行的建設方案。 第一章：說明研究動機、目的、地區、內容、方法、步驟以及基本概念。 第二章：分析研究地區之自然、經濟、社會及居住環境。 第三章：敘述農村基層建設之內容，並說明村民及相關人士之反映。 第四章：針對土地利用、交通運輸、公共設施、住宅建設及其他限制發展問題加以探 討。 第五章：就問題之性質，配合相關之計畫，提出未來發展的目標及策略。 第六章：結論與建議。