京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第18024号 / 法博第157号 / 新制||法||147(附属図書館) / 30882 / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 佐久間 毅, 教授 山本 敬三, 教授 横山 美夏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

近年來非典型之勞動型態日益發展，而其中尤以部分工時勞動所佔的比例為最，因此隨著該勞動群體就業率的增加，其在勞動法制上的權益問題，著實不容忽視。部分工時為一種工時彈性化的措施，同時具有其優缺的面向，所以在法制的設計上，應考量如何制定一可發揮該制度之優點，同時並可避免該制度之弊端的法規範。部分工時法制的討論分析上，首要之務在於掌握其基本概念，因此本文內容架構安排上，先於第二章中討論部分工時之定義及態樣等，再分別於第三、四章中介紹國際勞動基準及他國對部分工時之相關規範，在上述基礎下，接著探討我國部分工時之規範並檢討之，最後提出本文的結論與建議。 部分工時的態樣依區分標準的不同可能呈現出多種的型態，本文採工作時數及工作時段固定與否、勞動契約之性質為區分之標準，將部分工時之態樣區分為固定型部分工時、變動型部分工時、定期契約部分工時及不定期契約部分工時。上述各種態樣之部分工時，彼此間分別具有共通性與個別性的勞動問題，本文分別從個別勞動關係、集體勞資關係及就業安全面討論之。個別勞動關係方面：由於部分工時在工作時間上的特殊性，因此其個別勞動關係上的主要問題多因工作時間的差異而產生，例如加班費與例假日的問題。而在集體勞資關係方面：部分工時勞動團結權之問題，可能不在於法制規範是否賦予其組織或加入工會的權利，而在於行使團結權有其實際上的障礙。由於工作總時數的變動範圍與部分工時勞動者之就業安定性有關，因此對於變動的範圍應有所限制，以避免不安定狀態的期間過長。 部分工時為一種自願性選擇的就業型態之前提下而展開，法制的考量面向在於，如何藉由規範的建立使部分工時制度更具吸引力並提高部分工時制度的可得性。是以，從國際上部分工時法制之規範內容來看，同時包括均等待遇及促進利用的部分。均等待遇部分，有同一保護事項及同等保護事項之分；而在促進利用上，其包含有：部分時間工作的開發、相關訊息的提供及公開、提供員工工作時間轉換的管道等。 我國於民國九十二年廢止「僱用部分時間工作勞工實施要點」後，雖有新公佈之「僱用部分時間工作勞工參考手冊」以為規範，不過就後者的規範形式來看，該手冊為不具任何強制效力之行政指導，其法規範之拘束力甚至低於過去之「僱用部分時間工作勞工實施要點」。然而，對於部分工時勞動之規範，既涉及人民之權利義務關係，依據法律保留原則及基於中央法規標準法第五條之規定，未來在有關部分工時勞動新規範的制定上，形式上仍應提升至法律位階規範之。

本研究主要的目的在探討納保對象不繳費原因？以質化研究途徑之深度訪談法，根據研究目的訂定訪談大綱，採立意抽樣方式，在2011年3月至4月間找到15位受訪者。研究對象包括：北部及中部地區，年齡在25歲至64歲間之國民年金保險納保對象及職業工會參加勞保者，分別有10及5位受訪者。針對納保對象、繳費意願、保障內容等議題及職業工會加保問題進行探討。經分析訪談資料後，所得研究重要發現如下： 1.國民年金納保對象與職業工會加保者，共同的工作性質均以非典型工作為主，即臨時工、部分工時、兼職，不全然以無工作者為主；由於工作不穩定，故在繳費上確有其困難，有些人則透過職業工會投保勞保。 2.中部地區繳費率低之主因係交通不便捷，以汽、機車代步，花費佔生活費一部分。其次，居民均擁有財產（如房屋、土地）無收入者為主。 3.學生因無收入，均由父母親代繳，且清寒學生畢業後需償還就學貸款，失業者生活困頓。 4.受訪者認為不應計收遲延繳納之利息、配偶互負繳納義務應規定配套措施。多數受訪者表示，不知道老年年金給付與老年基本保證年金所適用對象不同。其次，國民年金繳費年限太長，保障比勞保少。 5.中部地區較多由職業工會違法掛名加保。 根據研究發現，提出以下建議： 1.學生及失業者繳費問題 可仿傚日本，針對父母之家庭可支配所得（調整各種扣除額後之所得），及就讀學校種類（公、私立）、居住型態（是否與父母同住），或依學生的收入，訂定減免標準。失業者及學生有能力繳納者可採自願納保，不應將無力繳納者強制納保。 2.預繳保險費可另訂折扣辦法，例如預繳1年享8折，半年享9折等規定，以提高繳費率。 3.保險費計算比照健保第6類人口以平均保險費為基礎或二代健保，仿傚日本以家戶所得高低為判定保費負擔能力基準，以減輕經濟弱勢者的負擔。 4.刪除計收遲延繳納之利息，落實配偶互負連帶繳納義務可依配偶之年所得或收入，依比例原則訂定處罰鍰標準，收入較高者，處較高罰鍰，以改善制度中未能達到的「劫富濟貧效果」，即垂直重分配功能之缺失。家暴受害者應予免除其為施暴之配偶連帶罰鍰規定，執政當局可與警察局或警政署之家暴資料勾稽。 5.受訪者均認為對政府財政不具信心或不繳費未來65歲時可領3,000多元之敬老津貼，為了提高國人繳費意願，可將保費運用情形及老年年金給付與老年基本保證年金所適用對象不同，若未繳保險費屆滿65歲時，無法領取3,000多元之老年年金，列為政策宣導重點，強化國人繳費與享受權利對等關係。 6.展望未來，國民年金制度可比照勞保制定紓困貸款辦法，以無欠費且加保年資在一定年限，得申請紓困貸款，以緩解納保對象在生活上之困境。 7.職業工會掛名加保問題，應將中、南部列為稽查重點區域。 / The main purpose of this study is to find out why those people covered by National Pension Insurance but do not pay insurance premium? In-depth interview method of qualitative research is applied in this study. Interview guide is drafted according to the purpose of this study. Purposive sampling is used and 15 respondents were found between March and April of 2011. The objects of this studying includes: people who live in central and north Taiwan region, and aged between 25 and 64 years. 10 and 5 respondents are from National Pension Insurance coverage group and labor insurance participants from occupational union respectively. The major issues discussed are insurance coverage object, willingness to pay insurance premium, content of insurance benefit and join National Pension Insurance with worker association participant identity. After cross analysis on the interview data, the major findings are as follows: 1.The common characteristics work for National Pension Insurance coverage object and labor insurance participants with occupational union identity are mostly atypical employment which are contingent worker, part-time worker and they are not all workless; since their job is unstable so they do have some difficulties in paying insurance premium and some of them participate in labor insurance through occupational union. 2.The major reason for the low insurance premium paying rate in central Taiwan region is inconvenient transportation. People live in here are mostly using car and motorcycle as their transportation mean and the expenses for those transportation means are a big part of their living expenses. In addition, people here are mainly no income but own real estate such as houses and lands. 3.Since students have no income so the insurance premium are all paid by their parents and those students who from low income family also have to pay student loans after they graduated from schools so the jobless ones would have a very hard time in life. 4.The respondents think there should be no interest for late payment to insurance premium and there should be supporting measures defined for couples who take premium payment duties for each other. Most of the respondents say they don’t know that the applicable object for old age pension and old age basic guarantee pension are different. Secondly, the premium paying years for National Pension Insurance are too long and its benefit is less than those of labor insurance. 5.In Central Taiwan region, there are more cases of illegal participation in Labor insurance through Occupational union who actually are jobless. According to the findings of this study, the following suggestions are proposed: 1.Students and Unemployed Insurance Premium Payment Problem Could learn from Japan and define premium deduction standard based on the family disposal income (income after adjusted from deduction) on the parents’ income, school type (private or public), household status (whether live with the parents), and the student’s income. For unemployed and students who have the capability to pay premium should use voluntary insurance participation and should not make it compulsory. 2.Some discount measured could be implemented for prepaid insurance premium; for example, prepaid 1 year premium to get 20% off and six months for 10% off to improve insurance premium payment rate. 3.Insurance premium calculation should be based on the average insurance premium of category 6 of health insurance or second generation national health insurance premium, following the example of Japan who use the level of household income to determine affordability benchmark premium in order to reduce the burden of the economically disadvantaged. 4.Remove the accrued interest from late payment; follow through on the obligation of spouse to be responsible for their insurance premium and use the principle of proportionality to set penalties based on their annual income or revenue. Higher income should pay higher fine to improve the “Robin Hood effect”, vertical income redistribution function, which has not be implemented in the system currently. Victims of domestic violence should be waived from the fines associated with regulation for the late payment of their spouse; the administration could cross check with the police authorities or the domestic violence data in National Police Agency to verify. 5.Most of the respondents have no confidence on the Government’s financial future or they think they can receive $3,000 of old age pension at the age of 65 if they do not pay the premium. In order to improve people’s willingness to pay insurance premium, the government could separate the insurance premium usage and the applicable object between old age pension payment and old age basic guarantee pension. If people do not pay the insurance premium, they would not be able to receive the 3,000 old age pension at the age of 65 when insurance expires; and put this point as the focus of policy advocacy to strengthen the relationship between paying insurance premium and enjoy the rights. 6.Looking into future, National Pension System could learn from the labor insurance to develop relief loan scheme. If the people have no overdue insurance premium with more than one year of insurance coverage, they could apply for relief loans to ease the life obstacles accrued on the object of National Pension Insurance. 7.For the illegal participation of labor insurance problem with occupational union, the government should take central and south Taiwan as the key checking regions.

本研究從勞動觀點出發，檢視台灣媒體組織中的非典型雇用新聞工作者的勞動樣貌，並探討在非典型雇用型態下勞資雙方在生產過程中的互動與關係轉變。非典型雇用新聞工作者則既是受雇於資方的勞工，同時也可視作個人企業。做為勞工，非典型新聞工作者的各項勞動條件幾乎都不如正職工作者；做為個人企業，非典型新聞工作者需獨自面對外在環境變動的風險。正向來看非典型雇用是對於僵化體制的抵抗與反動，脫離組織換取自主性與自由，甚至帶來權力翻轉改變；反向思考則以社會學家Buroway「製造甘願」的概念為基礎，說明非典型新聞工作者對於資方過度剝削的順服，心甘情願參與資方所組織的趕工競賽，透過官僚、科技與價值觀的控制形塑出順服的意識型態。 研究結果依契約型態將新聞媒體產業中的非典型勞動力分為派遣／約聘新聞工作者、自由新聞工作者與獨立／公民記者三種類型，一般非典型雇用新聞工作者勞動條件都比一般正職工作者差，而三種型態的非典型勞動力的契約嚴謹程度會影響到勞動條件與自主性。不同的自主程度會影響到工作者的職業認同感與甘願的機制，派遣與約聘工作者的勞動過程中充滿不甘願的元素但受限於理想與現實卻被迫甘願；自由新聞工作者看似自由自主，但對工作延續性的焦慮也迫使他們落入競爭的遊戲中並自我限縮；獨立與公民記者以無償勞動換取絕對的自主權，然而要在眾多論述中取得框架的定義權，只能以自我剝削換取主流與個人媒體的轉引與跟進，勞動所產生的價值與實際付出不成比例。 本研究建議未來新聞產業界建立良好的新聞鑑價制度，並大力推行公民委製新聞平台，藉此提升台灣新聞產業勞動者的勞動條件與新聞產出品質。 / This research examined the labor of atypical employed journalists in the news industry in Taiwan, discussing the relationship changing between the capitalist and the labor during the production process. Atypical employed journalists are on the one hand the temporary workers who suffer the worse labor condition than permanent employees. On the other hand, they viewed themselves as self enterprise that faced external risks alone. Positive speaking, atypical employment was the resistance of traditional rigid discourse. For the sake of freedom and autonomy, workers leaved organizations and anticipated power reversal. Negatively, based on Buroway’s concept of “manufacturing consent,” this study illustrated how atypical employees submitted to the capitalist’s over-exploitation, willing to making out organized by the capital through the ideology formed by bureaucracy, technology and value control. The results revealed that atypical employed journalists were separated into three kinds: dispatched/contract workers, freelancers and independent/citizen journalists. Generally speaking, those temporary workers’ the labor condition were worse that permanent employees and the type of contracts would affect their working condition and autonomy. Different degree of autonomy could therefore inference occupational identity and consent. Dispatched and contract workers were forced to make consent with the capitalists due to ideal and reality; freelancers seemed to enjoy the freedom and autonomy, but the anxiety to job sustainability forced them to join the competitive game and self-constraint; independent and citizen journalists’ free labor guaranteed the absolute autonomy, but they had to work hard and even self-exploit in order to take advantage of frame disputes in both main stream and personal media. The value conducted during the labor process and the effort they made were out of proportion. This study suggested establishing complete news valuation system, and supporting community-funded reporting to upgrade the labor condition and report quality in the news industry in Taiwan.

近年來，先近諸國無不提出各自版本的「4.0高科技發展策略」，在此先進科技架構下，過去不斷討論的「機器取代人力」的爭論再次浮現。本研究將探討的是：在不久後的將來，4.0高科技發展策略的科技發展是否會威脅人們的工作？又，哪些工作可能被取代？以及工作模式會產生哪些改變？另外，在前述工作的轉變下，企業及社會制度（法政策）應做好怎樣的準備？ 　　本研究由先進諸國對此議題的探討以及政策目標著手，統整包括各國以4.0高科技發展策略的四大核心科技所訂下的策略，以及各領域專家對科技造成工作種類（哪些工作會消失或改變）及型態（勞動彈性化、遠距工作、獨立的知識工作者）轉變的看法、對法政策層次造成的衝擊，接著由前述文獻探討的結果，自行統整出的框架，以套用在台灣現況。 　　前述分析完成後，則聚焦台灣，從產業、社會狀況及政策等層次分析台灣是否已經準備好迎接這波浪潮，以及台灣有何優勢劣勢等。最後，訪談企業個案，並了解以下議題：企業使用4.0高科技發展策略的科技狀況、企業個案對未來的規劃與預測以及個案認為台灣社會應做的準備，並套用上述的各國及台灣文獻分析結果，提出針對企業個案的建議：包括判斷企業內的哪些工作能在新科技介入後更有效率，具體判斷程序為何？以及對個案形塑未來科技化職場的短程及長程建議等。根據上述企業所做的調整建議，亦可提供台灣社會反思的機會，並在研究的最後提出對這波自動化浪潮台灣所應做的準備，在法政策面向上尚有哪些不足。 　　本研究分析由各學者提出的理論，統合意見後認為:企業層次方面，在資源有限的狀況下，面臨4.0高科技發展策略科技導入議題的取捨時，應描繪出未來的企業的圖像，方能明確目標，以量販流通業個案為例：應思索要側重電商自動化或是實體賣場無人化，方有助於排定先後順序，以集中資源提升企業競爭力，行有餘力，則可兩者兼顧；為協助前項建議，本研究提出3W分析法，建議企業就工作說明書進行分析，統整出哪些工作較具有被取代的潛力、時程如何，套用3W分析法的優點在於，企業可思索那些工作可由科技優化，讓企業更能綜觀企業內勞動力狀況，明確策略目標的同時，以漸進式的手法導入科技，改變工作種類及型態，並且，亦可做為提供員工訓練設計的重要依據；至於在台灣社會方面，根據分析，在未來不同時程下，例行性、可預測性的工作將大受威脅，另外，勞動市場將可能變得懸殊化，在勞動法制的領域上應加強彈性安全的勞動市場模式，可參考先進國家的做法，並進一步思索未來無條件基本收入制的可行性。