Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-17T20:39:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianoRodriguesLaraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1892610 bytes, checksum: 98e4dc2c74fcef79b192fd26eac8010e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-17T20:39:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianoRodriguesLaraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1892610 bytes, checksum: 98e4dc2c74fcef79b192fd26eac8010e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T20:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianoRodriguesLaraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1892610 bytes, checksum: 98e4dc2c74fcef79b192fd26eac8010e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / The 2008 crisis has confirmed the fact that financial crisis can have damaging effects on the real side of the economy. One of the regulators responses to this crisis was the proposition of new capital requirements, known as Basel III. This paper aims to study the effects of two macroprudential policies: capital requirements with countercyclical capital buffers and reserve requirements. This is done using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE) developed by Gertler and Karadi (2011). Changes in monetary policy and an increase in the total factor productivity are evaluated. The two policies works together to stabilize the economy. / A crise de 2008 confirmou o fato de que crises financeiras podem gerar efeitos danosos no lado real da economia. Uma das respostas dos reguladores a essa crise foi a proposi????o de novos requerimentos de capital, conhecidos como Basil??ia III. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os efeitos de duas pol??ticas macroprudenciais: requerimentos de capital com buffer de capital contrac??clico e dep??sitos compuls??rios. Isto ?? feito utilizando um modelo din??mico estoc??stico de equil??brio geral (DSGE) desenvolvido por Gertler e Karadi (2011). S??o avaliadas altera????es na pol??tica monet??ria e eleva????o da produtividade total dos fatores. ?? verificada a complementariedade entre as duas pol??ticas no objetivo de estabilizar a economia.

Este trabalho apresenta um método para prevenir as vulnerabilidades causadas por erros de programação insegura que, normalmente, é resultado da solução de um problema proposto ou do desenvolvimento de funcionalidade sem levar em consideração a segurança do sistema como um todo. Os erros de programação (no contexto da segurança de um sistema e não apenas da sua funcionalidade) são normalmente frutos da ignorância do programador sobre as vulnerabilidades apresentadas pelas suas ferramentas para construção de programas. O estado da arte é brevemente apresentado demonstrando as soluções atuais em termos de proteção contra ataques de buffer overflow baseado em pilha. Soluções em tempo de compilação e pós-compilação por parte do sistema operacional são as mais comuns. Neste escopo é demonstrada a solução proposta por um protótipo funcional que valida o modelo para uma série de aplicações em duas plataformas diferentes (Windows e Linux). A solução converge a instrumentação de aplicações com o uso de um repositório de endereços de retorno para prevenir o retorno de funções a endereços não legalmente especificados. Testes do protótipo foram realizados em ambas as plataformas e mostraram a eficácia do protótipo prevenindo falhas em casos reais de buffer overflow baseado em pilha. / This paper presents a method to prevent the vulnerabilities caused by insecure programming which, usually, is an outcome of taking into account only the solution of a proposed problem or the development of new functionalities disregarding security on development of the system as a whole. The programming mistakes (in the context of the system security despite the system's functionality) are usually a result of the unawareness of the programmed about the vulnerabilities contained on the tools they use to develop software. The state of the art is briefly presented showing the current solutions related to preventing buffer overflows based on stack. Both compile time and post-compilation solutions (usually as part of the operating system) are the most widely used. In this work the proposed solution is demonstrated by a functional prototype which validates the model for a set of applications in two different platforms (Windows and Linux). The solution converges process instrumentation with a return address repository to prevent a function from returning to an address not legally specified. Testes of the prototype were performed in both platforms previously mentioned and have proved the correctness of the prototype by actually preventing exploitation on real case scenarios of real world applications.

Nitrogen Inhibition during an anaerobic co-digestion process was studied in this work.The substrate and inoculum used were obtained from a thermophilic biogas plant Sobacken,situated in Borås, Sweden. The batch experiments have been carried out in triplicate reactorswith different concentrations of ammonia ranging from 2400mg/l to 3400mg/l. The batchexperiment was working well for the all the concentrations of ammonia investigated. Theaverage methane yield was around 0.65 Nm3 CH4/kgVS for all the reactors. The laboratorywork has been further proceeded with a continuous process having two reactors working inparallel. Reactor 1 containing only substrate and the Reactor 2 contain substrate with surplusammonia added to make final concentration of 3400mg/l. The reactors were operated atorganic loading rate (OLR) of 3.3gVS/l/day and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 days.Both reactors worked well for 29 days. During a period of an initial stable operation, theaverage methane production of Reactor 1 was 0.59 Nm3CH4/kgVS/day and for Reactor 2 theproduction rate was 0.56 Nm3CH4/kgVS/day. Then Reactor 1 showed a steady decrease in pHand methane production, while Reactor 2 showed stable operation for a few days longer withdecreasing pH and methane production only from day 36. The composition of substrate wasnot optimal; therefore the inhibition level of ammonium could not be determined.

Despite the rich knowledge surrounding risk factors for malaria, the spatial processes of malaria transmission and vector control interventions are underexplored. This thesis aims 1) to describe the spatial variation of risk factor effects on malaria infection, and 2) to determine the presence and range of any community effect from malaria vector control interventions. Data from a cluster-randomized control trial in Tanzania were analyzed to determine the geographically-weighted odds of malaria infection in children at trial baseline and post-intervention. The spatial range of intervention effects on malaria infection was estimated post-intervention using semivariance models. Spatial heterogeneities in malaria infection and each covariate under study were found. The median effective semivariance range of intervention effects was approximately 1200 meters, suggesting the presence of a community effect that may cause contamination between trial clusters. Trials should consider these spatial effects when examining interventions and ensure that clusters are adequately insulated from contamination.

O sistema peróxi-oxalato consiste na reação entre ésteres oxálicos e peróxido de hidrogênio, na presença de um catalisador básico e/ou nucleofílico e de um composto fluorescente com baixo potencial de oxidação (ACT), resultando em uma emissão eficiente de quimiluminescência. O sistema é amplamente utilizado em diversas aplicações analíticas, entretanto, sua aplicação é limitada devido às dificuldades de sua adaptação em meios aquosos. Nesse trabalho foram realizados estudos cinéticos da reação peróxi-oxalato em uma mistura binária de 1,2-dimetóxietano/água (1/1) em tampão fosfato (pH 6, 7 e 8), utilizado-se os ésteres oxalato bis(2,4,6-triclorofenila) (TCPO), oxalato de bis(4- metilfenila) (BMePO) e oxalato de bis(4-nitrofenila) (BNPO). A partir da dependência da constante de velocidade de decaimento da intensidade de emissão (kobs) com a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e do tampão fosfato obteve-se evidências da ação do fosfato como catalisador básico específico na reação de TCPO. Porém, os resultados indicam também que na reação de BMePO o fosfato age principalmente como catalisador ácido. A reação peróxi-oxalato (TCPO, H2O2, ACT e imidazol) foi realizada também em meio de 80% de líquidos iônicos. Três líquidos iônicos contendo o cátion 1-butil- 3-metilimidazólio (bmim) com os contra-íons tetrafluroborato, hexafluorofosfato e hexafluoroantimonato foram utilizados obtendo-se valores de kobs maiores em bmimPF6, seguida do meio em bmimBF4e por fim em bmimSbF6. Os rendimentos quânticos determinados alcançaram valores de quase 20% em meio de bmimSbF6, além disso, foram obtidas evidências experimentais de que o mecanismo CIEEL esteja envolvido no passo de quimi-excitação da reação peróxi-oxalato nestes meios / The peroxyoxalate system consists in the reaction of oxalic esters with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of basic and/or nucleofilic catalysts and a fluorescent compound with low oxidation potential (ACT), resulting in efficient chemiluminescence emission. This system is widely utilized in various analytical applications; however, its use is limited due to the difficulties to adapt it to aqueous media. In this work, kinetic studies of the peroxyoxalate reaction were performed in phosphate buffered (pH 6, 7 and 8) binary 1,2-dimethoxyethane/water mixtures (1/1), using the oxalate esters bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO), bis(4- methylphenyl) oxalate (BMePO) and bis(4-nitrophenyl) oxalate (BNPO). Evidence for the action of the phosphate as a specific base catalyst in the reaction of TCPO was obtained from the dependence of the emission decay rate constant (kobs) on the hydrogen peroxide and phosphate buffer concentration. However, the results also indicate that phosphate acts mainly as an acid catalyst in the reaction of BMePO. The peroxyoxalate reaction (TCPO, H2O2, ACT and imidazole) was also performed in 80 % of ionic liquids. Three ionic liquids containing the cation 1-butyl- 3-methylimidazolium (bmim) with contra-ions tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate and hexafluoroantimonate were used obtaining higher rate constant values for bmimPF6, followed by bmimBF4 media and finally bmimSbF6. The quantum yields determined reached almost 20% in the medium bmimSbF6, additionally, experimental evidence was obtained for the occurrence of the CIEEL mechanism in the chemiexcitation step of the peroxyoxalate reaction in these media

by Chung-Leung, Chiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-113). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Partial Basic Block Storing Mechanism --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Data-Tagged Mechanism in Branch Target Buffer --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of the dissertation --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Related Research --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Branch Prediction --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Branch History Table --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Performance of Branch History Table in reducing the Branch Penalty --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Branch Target Cache --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Early Resolution of Branch --- p.11 / Chapter 2.5 --- Software Inter-block Reorganization --- p.12 / Chapter 2.6 --- Branch Target Buffer --- p.13 / Chapter 2.7 --- Data Prefetching --- p.16 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Software-Directed Prefetching --- p.16 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Hardware-based prefetching --- p.17 / Chapter 3 --- New Branch Target Buffer Design --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Alternate Line Storing --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2 --- Storing More Than One Line On Entering The Dynamic Basic Block --- p.27 / Chapter 4 --- Simulation Environment for New Branch Target Buffer Design --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1 --- Architectural Models and Assumptions --- p.30 / Chapter 4.2 --- Memory Models --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3 --- Evaluation Methodology and Measurement Criteria --- p.34 / Chapter 4.4 --- Description of the Traces --- p.35 / Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of the limitation of ATOM on the statistics of SPEC92 Bench- marks --- p.35 / Chapter 4.6 --- Environments for collecting relevant statistics of SPEC92 Benchmarks --- p.36 / Chapter 5 --- Results for New Branch Target Buffer Design --- p.38 / Chapter 5.1 --- Statistical Results and Analysis for SPEC92 Benchmarks --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2 --- Overall Performance --- p.39 / Chapter 5.3 --- Bus Latency Effect --- p.42 / Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of Cache Size --- p.45 / Chapter 5.5 --- Effect of Line Size --- p.47 / Chapter 5.6 --- Cache Set Associativity --- p.50 / Chapter 5.7 --- Partial Hits --- p.50 / Chapter 5.8 --- Prefetch Accuracy --- p.53 / Chapter 5.9 --- Effect of Prefetch Buffer Size --- p.54 / Chapter 5.10 --- Effect of Storing More Than One Line on Entry of New Dynamic Basic Block --- p.56 / Chapter 6 --- Data References Tagged into Branch Target Buffer --- p.60 / Chapter 6.1 --- Branch History Table Tagged Mechanism --- p.60 / Chapter 6.2 --- Lookahead Technique --- p.65 / Chapter 6.3 --- Default Prefetches Vs Data-tagged Prefetches --- p.71 / Chapter 6.4 --- New Priority Scheme --- p.73 / Chapter 7 --- Architectural Model for Data-Tagged References in Branch Target Buffer --- p.74 / Chapter 7.1 --- Architectural Models and Assumptions --- p.76 / Chapter 7.2 --- Memory Models --- p.79 / Chapter 7.3 --- Evaluation Methodology and Measurement Criteria --- p.79 / Chapter 7.4 --- Description of the Traces --- p.80 / Chapter 7.5 --- Environments for collecting relevant statistics of SPEC92 Benchmarks --- p.80 / Chapter 8 --- Results for Data References Tagged into Branch Target Buffer --- p.82 / Chapter 8.1 --- Statistical Results and Analysis --- p.82 / Chapter 8.2 --- Overall Performance --- p.83 / Chapter 8.3 --- Effect of Branch Prediction --- p.85 / Chapter 8.4 --- Effect of Number of Tagged Registers --- p.87 / Chapter 8.5 --- Effect of Different Tagged Positions in Basic Block --- p.90 / Chapter 8.6 --- Effect of Lookahead Size --- p.91 / Chapter 8.7 --- Prefetch Accuracy --- p.93 / Chapter 8.8 --- Cache Size --- p.95 / Chapter 8.9 --- Line Size --- p.96 / Chapter 8.10 --- Set Associativity --- p.97 / Chapter 8.11 --- Size of Branch History Table --- p.99 / Chapter 8.12 --- Set Associativity of Branch History Table --- p.99 / Chapter 8.13 --- New Priority Scheme Vs Default Priority Scheme --- p.102 / Chapter 8.14 --- Effect of Prefetch-On-Miss --- p.103 / Chapter 8.15 --- Memory Latency --- p.104 / Chapter 9 --- Conclusions and Future Research --- p.106 / Chapter 9.1 --- Conclusions --- p.106 / Chapter 9.2 --- Future Research --- p.108 / Bibliography --- p.110 / Appendix --- p.114 / Chapter A --- Statistical Results - SPEC92 Benchmarks --- p.114 / Chapter A.1 --- Definition of Abbreviations and Terms --- p.114

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-06-18T13:09:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Daniel Frazão Luiz.pdf: 4676951 bytes, checksum: fcf45baa0188561b5fb832534e0a0736 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-18T20:31:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Daniel Frazão Luiz.pdf: 4676951 bytes, checksum: fcf45baa0188561b5fb832534e0a0736 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-18T20:32:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Daniel Frazão Luiz.pdf: 4676951 bytes, checksum: fcf45baa0188561b5fb832534e0a0736 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-18T20:32:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Daniel Frazão Luiz.pdf: 4676951 bytes, checksum: fcf45baa0188561b5fb832534e0a0736 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Many applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consider remote and large scale monitoring. For those scenarios, the whole network is hardly fully connected all the time. A possible vision is the union of WSNs and Disruptive Tolerant Network(DTNs) concepts, where mobile nodes make collect data in sparse networks and deliver them to a base station. This work presents a buffer management strategy, which is a basic principle in DTN networks. The proposed solution considers the global coverage to choose which messages are dropped, therefore, minimizing the impact on monitoring application. Such solution is important for WSNs applications with limited resources. We show through simulation that the proposed Coverage-Based Drop-Policy in Wireless Sensor Network with Disruptive Connections (CBDP) improves the network coverage compared to traditional DTN drop policies like Drop Last (DL) and Drop First (DF). / Sensores Sem Fio (RSSFs) consideram o monitoramento de localidades afastadas, de difícil acesso e em larga escala. Para tais cenários, é difícil imaginar que todos os segmentos da rede estão interconectados ou têm conectividade direta com uma central de processamento. Uma visão possível é o uso conjunto dos conceitos de RSSFs e redes tolerantes a desconexões (DTNs - Disruptive-tolerant networks), em que nós móveis podem ser responsáveis por coletar dados de redes esparsas e entregá-los a um ponto central. Esta dissertação apresenta uma estratégia de gerenciamento de buffers, que é uma das funções fundamentais das DTNs. A solução proposta baseia-se no cálculo da cobertura para o descarte de pacotes de dados que menos contribuam para a cobertura global do sistema, favorecendo sua aplicação em redes de sensores com recursos limitados mas de alta escala. Através de simulações, mostramos que a Política de Descarte Baseada em Cobertura (CBDP) melhora a cobertura da rede em comparação às políticas de descarte normalmente encontradas nas DTNs, como Drop Last (DL) e Drop First (DF).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janice_Costa_da_Silva.pdf: 1517975 bytes, checksum: c3393750f9cefea56774dadfb01ef50c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-20 / This study aimed to analyze the agricultural activities that occur in the areas surrounding the Iguassu National Park, in the band corresponding to the municipality of São Miguel do Iguaçu. The central focus of the discussion is based on the need for regularization of the use of the natural environment, considered important for environmental conservation. The Iguazu National Park is a conservation of protected areas, where the activities have to comply with its management plan, particularly in the range called the buffer zone (or transition environment) that must have a radius of ten (10) km surrounding the park. That management plan does not allow cultivation of transgenic crops in its buffer zone causing much discussion among the owners. This impediment is discussed and justified by the farmers who criticize the application of these laws. They, in their discussions, they ask that the law is changed, or rather it is licensed for a minimum planting of transgenic crops, which means changing the rules of protection of areas around the National Park. This information subsidize this research, which seeks to facilitate a greater awareness on how to use and exploitation of natural resources, especially close to the environmental reserve, considering the current agricultural techniques that hinder environmental sustainability. At the end of the study it was found that environmental changes, considered more significant in the study area are related to human behavior and economic activities. / Este estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar as atividades agrícolas que ocorrem nas áreas do entorno do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, na faixa correspondente ao município de São Miguel do Iguaçu. O foco central da reflexão está pautado na necessidade de regularizações do uso do meio natural, consideradas importantes, para a conservação ambiental. O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é uma unidade de conservação de proteção integral, onde as atividades desenvolvidas têm de respeitar seu plano de manejo, particularmente na faixa denominada de zona de amortecimento (entorno ou de transição) que deve ter um raio de 10 (dez) quilômetros circundante ao Parque. O referido plano de manejo não prevê a possibilidade de cultivo de transgênicos em sua zona de amortecimento o que causa muita discussão entre os proprietários. Esse impedimento é debatido e justificado pelos agricultores que fazem críticas sobre a aplicação dessas leis. Os mesmos, nas suas discussões, solicitam que a lei seja alterada, ou melhor, que seja licenciada uma distância mínima para o plantio de transgênicos, o que significa alterar as normas de proteção das áreas do entorno do Parque Nacional. Essas informações subsidiam esta pesquisa, que procura viabilizar uma maior conscientização quanto à forma de uso e exploração dos recursos naturais, particularmente, próximo à reserva ambiental, considerando as técnicas agrícolas atuais que dificultam a sustentabilidade ambiental. Ao final do estudo foi possível identificar que as alterações ambientais, consideradas mais significativas da área de estudo, estão relacionadas ao comportamento humano e as atividades econômicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janice_Costa_da_Silva.pdf: 1517975 bytes, checksum: c3393750f9cefea56774dadfb01ef50c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-20 / This study aimed to analyze the agricultural activities that occur in the areas surrounding the Iguassu National Park, in the band corresponding to the municipality of São Miguel do Iguaçu. The central focus of the discussion is based on the need for regularization of the use of the natural environment, considered important for environmental conservation. The Iguazu National Park is a conservation of protected areas, where the activities have to comply with its management plan, particularly in the range called the buffer zone (or transition environment) that must have a radius of ten (10) km surrounding the park. That management plan does not allow cultivation of transgenic crops in its buffer zone causing much discussion among the owners. This impediment is discussed and justified by the farmers who criticize the application of these laws. They, in their discussions, they ask that the law is changed, or rather it is licensed for a minimum planting of transgenic crops, which means changing the rules of protection of areas around the National Park. This information subsidize this research, which seeks to facilitate a greater awareness on how to use and exploitation of natural resources, especially close to the environmental reserve, considering the current agricultural techniques that hinder environmental sustainability. At the end of the study it was found that environmental changes, considered more significant in the study area are related to human behavior and economic activities. / Este estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar as atividades agrícolas que ocorrem nas áreas do entorno do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, na faixa correspondente ao município de São Miguel do Iguaçu. O foco central da reflexão está pautado na necessidade de regularizações do uso do meio natural, consideradas importantes, para a conservação ambiental. O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é uma unidade de conservação de proteção integral, onde as atividades desenvolvidas têm de respeitar seu plano de manejo, particularmente na faixa denominada de zona de amortecimento (entorno ou de transição) que deve ter um raio de 10 (dez) quilômetros circundante ao Parque. O referido plano de manejo não prevê a possibilidade de cultivo de transgênicos em sua zona de amortecimento o que causa muita discussão entre os proprietários. Esse impedimento é debatido e justificado pelos agricultores que fazem críticas sobre a aplicação dessas leis. Os mesmos, nas suas discussões, solicitam que a lei seja alterada, ou melhor, que seja licenciada uma distância mínima para o plantio de transgênicos, o que significa alterar as normas de proteção das áreas do entorno do Parque Nacional. Essas informações subsidiam esta pesquisa, que procura viabilizar uma maior conscientização quanto à forma de uso e exploração dos recursos naturais, particularmente, próximo à reserva ambiental, considerando as técnicas agrícolas atuais que dificultam a sustentabilidade ambiental. Ao final do estudo foi possível identificar que as alterações ambientais, consideradas mais significativas da área de estudo, estão relacionadas ao comportamento humano e as atividades econômicas.

With the rapid development of computers and their proven usability in manufacturing environments, simulation-based optimisation has become a recognised tool for proposing near-optimal results related to manufacturing system design and improvement. As a world-leading manufacturer within their field, Volvo GTO in Skövde, Sweden is constantly seeking internal development and has in recent years discovered the possibilities provided by flow simulation. The main aim of this thesis is to provide an optimal buffer size of a new post-assembly and packaging line (Konpack) yet to be constructed. A by-product of the flow simulation optimisation project in form of a flow simulation process evaluation was also requested. The simulation project started with a pre-study including the development of the frame of reference and an analysis of the literature focused on merging Lean philosophy with simulation-based optimisation. The simulation model was built based on both historical and estimated data. The optimisation results showed different buffer size alternatives depending on the throughput to be achieved, these are discussed, and near-optimal solutions presented for decision-making. Additionally, four experiments were carried out, both contributing to the model’s credibility as well as providing new and valuable insight to the stakeholders. The conclusions drawn from the optimisation and experiments indicate that Konpack will be able to meet the established throughput goals, provided that the suggested near-optimal solutions are considered. The experiments also unanimously point to the fact that Konpack has a built-in overcapacity, utilizable by optimising certain suggested input parameters. Additionally, an evaluation of the completeness of the standard simulation process employed by Volvo GTO is provided, concluding that no major changes are needed. Nevertheless, there is always room for improvement. Hence, future work regarding the flow simulation process at Volvo GTO is proposed.