Esta tese trata da comparação dos dialetos de Capivari e de Campinas, com o objetivo de verificar se há uma mesma regra de queda de sílaba nas duas cidades ou se cada um dos dialetos tem características diferentes para o processo. O trabalho tem base na teoria fonológica gerativista e na sociolinguística variacionista, analisando variáveis linguísticas e sociais. As interferências linguísticas analisadas foram os segmentos do contexto de queda de sílaba (com a geometria de traços, cf. Clements & Hume 1995), as estruturas silábicas (cf. Selkirk 1982), a estrutura métrica (Hayes 1995), a prosódia (Nespor & Vogel 1986) e, da palavra sujeita à queda, verificamos o número de sílabas e a frequência de uso; quanto às sociais, analisamos a escolaridade, o gênero, a faixa etária e a cidade dos informantes. No nível segmental, vimos que a igualdade dos segmentos não interfere em Capivari, mas há uma interferência em Campinas. Com relação às consoantes, pudemos observar que coronais favorecem e nasais desfavorecem, em ambos os dialetos. No entanto, há uma grande diferença na implementação no contexto consonantal com dorsais: o processo é favorecido em Capivari e desfavorecido em Campinas. No que concerne às vogais, pudemos verificar que há diferenças nas duas cidades, pois sequências [coronal + coronal] e [dorso-labial + coronal] são neutras ao processo em Capivari e favorecem em Campinas. No nível suprassegmental, para as estruturas das sílabas, as cidades diferem se a primeira sílaba for uma CV seguida de outras estruturas: há uma neutralidade em Capivari e em Campinas há um favorecimento. Com relação a número de sílabas, o tamanho da palavra importa para Capivari (quanto maior a palavra, há um leve favorecimento), enquanto que esta variável não foi selecionada em Campinas. No âmbito lexical, foi visto que a frequência de uso da palavra sujeita à queda importa para o dialeto de Campinas (palavras de frequência média de uso favorecem levemente; palavras de frequência alta, há uma neutralidade; e palavras de baixa vii frequência desfavorecem um pouco). Uma vez que esta variável não foi selecionada em Capivari, podemos concluir que há uma diferença na queda de sílaba nas duas cidades, com relação a frequência de uso da primeira palavra. Assim, podemos afirmar que há diferenças segmentais, suprassegmentais e lexicais nas duas cidades; só há semelhanças com relação à Cavidade Oral das Consoantes sem distinguir a nasalidade entre as variantes (pois esta variável não foi selecionada em nenhuma das cidades), e com relação à Prosódia (os resultados foram muito parecidos: há um leve favorecimento entre duas frases fonológicas, neutralidade entre grupos clíticos e um pouco de desfavorecimento entre frases entonacionais). / This thesis deals with a comparing between Capivari e de Campinas dialects aiming to verifying whether there is one single phonological rule for syllable drop or two distinct dialects concerning the process. The basis on this work is generative phonological theory and variacionist sociolinguistics, hence we analyze both linguistic and social variables. The linguistic factors analyzed were the segments (feature geometry, Clements & Hume 1995), syllable structure (cf. Selkirk 1982), metrical structure (Hayes 1995), prosody (Nespor & Vogel 1986) and both number of syllables and usage frequency for the first word in the context. As for the social factors, we analyzed the subjects schooling, gender, age and city. At segmental level, we have found out that it is not important for the segments to be equal in Capivari, but it is in Campinas. As for the consonants, coronals are biased, and nasals disfavor the process, in both cities. On the other hand, there is a great difference in consonantal context concerning to dorsals: syllable drop is favored in Capivari and disfavored in Campinas. Considering the vowels, there are differences between the cities, since sequences of [coronal + coronal] and [dorso-labial + coronal] are unbiased in Capivari and favor in Campinas. At the suprasegmental level, the cities behave differently as for syllable structure if the first one is CV followed by other types of structures: the process is neutralized in Capivari and there is a favoring effect in Campinas. Regarding number of syllables, the size of the word undergoing the process is important in Capivari (bigger words are slightly biased), and this variable has not been selected in Campinas. In relation to the lexical level, usage frequency of the word subjected to syllable drop matters in Campinas (average frequency words favor slightly; high frequency words are unbiased, and low frequency words disfavor somewhat). Since this variable was not selected in Capivari, we understand that there is a difference in usage frequency of ix words between the cities. Therefore, we can conclude that there are segmental, suprasegmental e lexical differences in Capivari and Campinas. There are equal effects in the variable Oral Cavity of Consonants if [nasal] feature is not separated (since this variable was never selected in the cities), and equal effects in Prosody variable (the results were very similar: the process is a slightly favored between phonological phrases, it is unbiased between clitic groups and it is slightly disfavored between entonational phrases).

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma proposta de tradução para as falas das personagens que usam o dialeto de Yorkshire no romance Wuthering Heights. O romance, publicado pela primeira vez na Inglaterra em 1847, já teve nove traduções diferentes no Brasil, bem como diversas reimpressões; e a existência desta proposta se deve ao fato de todas as traduções deixarem de lado a questão dialetal e apresentarem a fala dessas personagens dentro da norma culta da língua portuguesa. Consideramos que é necessário manter nas traduções em português a heterogeneidade existente no original inglês, pois essa é uma característica importante que não deve ser ignorada, principalmente depois que estudos lingüísticos e sociolingüísticos mostraram que dialetos não são formas inferiores de uma língua \"padrão\", correta. Levando em consideração as diferenças lingüísticas existentes entre a Inglaterra e o Brasil, e tendo por base estudos dialetológicos e o uso de elementos da oralidade para a criação das falas, a proposta de tradução pretende mostrar ao leitor brasileiro o fato de algumas personagens do romance não usarem o inglês standard ao falar, bem como uma análise sobre o papel desempenhado pelo uso do dialeto em diferentes momentos da narrativa. / The main purpose of this dissertation is to propose a translation for the speech of the characters that speak Yorkshire dialect in the novel Wuthering Heights. This novel, published for the first time in England in 1847, has already been translated nine times into Brazilian Portuguese; besides, these translations have also been reissued here. This dissertation has as its basis the fact that in all nine Brazilian translations the Yorkshire dialect has been rendered into standard Portuguese. We consider that it is necessary to keep in Portuguese the linguistic diversity found in the original text, since it is a very important characteristic of the novel that cannot be ignored, most of all because linguistic and sociolinguistic studies have shown that dialects are not \"inferior\" forms of a \"standard\", correct, language. Taking into consideration the linguistic differences that exist between English and Brazilian Portuguese, and having as basis dialectological studies and the use of elements of oral language to create the speech of the characters in Portuguese, this work intends to show to Brazilian readers the fact that some characters in the novel do not speak standard English, as well as an analysis about the role played by the use of dialect in different moments of the novel.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo - dando ênfase aos aspectos históricos e culturais do município de Santana de Parnaíba e considerando o fenômeno do alçamento vocálico - colocar em discussão a formação e a expansão da variedade lingüística chamada \"dialeto caipira\" em São Paulo. Para tanto, este estudo compreende as edições fac - similar e semidiplomática justalinear de documentos manuscritos, acompanhadas de uma sucinta análise codicológica e paleográfica, e gravações realizadas com falantes naturais da região. / The present research aims - giving some emphasis to the historical and social aspects of the town Santana de Parnaíba and considering the vocalic elevation phenomenon - to put in discussion the linguistic variety formation and expansion called \"peasant dialect\" in São Paulo. In order to do that, this research comprises the fac - similar and semidiplomatic juxtaposed editions of handwritten documents, accompanied by concise paleontologic and codecologic comments, and interviews with natural speakers of the region.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 18 / Nenhuma / Este estudo investiga em que medida o conhecimento e uso prévio do dialeto alemão falado na região do estudo ajuda ou prejudica a aprendizagem do alemão padrão. Para tanto, foram selecionados para participar do estudo quatro alunos do Ensino Médio, falantes do dialeto, cujo currículo inclui aulas de Língua Alemã na escola. Durante um período de quatro meses, eles escreveram diários de estudos, narrativas autobiográficas, participaram de uma entrevista semi-estruturada com a pesquisadora, e realizaram a prova de proficiência Deutsches Sprachdiplom II. Os dados desses alunos demonstraram que o conhecimento prévio do dialeto facilitou a aprendizagem do alemão padrão, principalmente, em três modalidades: produção oral, compreensão auditiva e compreensão textual. Outros aspectos considerados como vantagens dos falantes bilíngües em relação aos monolíngües, a saber, maior consciência metalingüística, alternância de código sensível ao contexto e ao interlocutor, médias superiores em diferentes tipos de testes, també / This study seeks to investigate to what extent previous knowledge of spoken German dialect in the area where the research was conducted fosters or hinders students from learning the standard language. Four high school students, speakers of German dialect, whose curriculum includes German classes, were selected to participate in this project. During four months, they wrote study journals and autobiographies. They also participated in a semi-structured interview led by the researcher and in the Deutsches Sprachdiplom II proficiency test. The data suggest that previous knowledge of the dialect fosters learning the standard language, mainly, concerning three aspects, namely, oral and listening skills and text comprehension. Other aspects regarded as advantages of bilingual speakers over monolingual speakers were also evidenced, such as, higher metalinguistic consciousness, code switching sensitive to context and to the interlocutor and higher grades in different kinds of tests. In addiction to analyzing the data

Esta tese de doutorado A entoação do dialeto caipira no Médio Tietê: reconhecimento, características e formação faz parte do Projeto ExProsodia, em auxílio ao PHPP (Projeto História do Português Paulista), que objetiva analisar o português paulista falado no interior do estado. Sendo um dos trabalhos que está dando embasamento a ele, esta pesquisa subsidia os estudos do idioma, trazendo, além do exame da entoação, um breve histórico do Brasil e das cidades interioranas paulistas e portuguesas, de modo a entendermos como foi estabelecido o dialeto caipira nessas localidades. Tendo isso feito, avaliou-se a entoação de falantes do Médio Tietê por meio de análise automatizada promovida pelo ExProsodia. Seguindo a linha de pesquisa de Ferreira Netto (2008), examinou-se a fala dos informantes a partir da análise de f0, particularizando dela o tom médio (TM) e o tom final (TF). Para isso, foram selecionados 40 entrevistados, sendo 28 de sete cidades que compõem o Médio Tietê (Santana de Parnaíba, Pirapora do Bom Jesus, Porto Feliz, Tietê, Capivari, Itu, Piracicaba), e 12 de três cidades do norte de Portugal (Braga, Bragança e Vila Real), além de 10 gravações (5 vozes masculinas e femininas) de jornalistas do programa SPTV da emissora de televisão Rede Globo - tomados como fala neutra (BARBOSA, 2002, p.36) para serem usados como controle. Em cada cidade mencionada, buscaram-se 4 informantes, sendo dois homens e duas mulheres com idades iguais ou superiores a 60 anos, de baixo ou nenhum grau de escolaridade e moradores vitalícios de suas regiões. De seus depoimentos foram colhidas 5 frases para observação, totalizando o valor de 220 dados. Desta forma, por meio de aplicativos especializados (SFS e Audacity), e com especial uso do ExProsodia® para geração de valores para o cálculo estatístico, foi possível verificar que o TM e o TF do dialeto caipira apresentam, em diversas análises, características comuns ao do controle e ao dos falantes de Portugal; ademais, observou-se que a finalização apresentada pelos informantes brasileiros e portugueses tendem a ser menos acentuada, caracterizando um traço plagal na fala. Os mesmos resultados também foram observados com os estudos de Costa e Baz (ambos de 2011), em que foram analisadas as falas de índios guatós e guaranis paraguaios. Sendo assim, este estudo pode gerar algumas conclusões: primeiramente, a finalização autêntica é uma variação entoacional, já que a plagal não é uma característica própria de uma região, logo, como ela é encontrada nos falares de pessoas com baixa ou nenhuma escolaridade, entende-se que este seria um traço comum da fala, o qual o dialeto caipira também mantém. Além disso, como o caipira apresenta o TM e o TF similares ao do controle, demonstra-se que seus falares possuem inflexões como em outras falas, não sendo plano ou igual; e essas considerações atualizam a informação de Amaral (1955, p. 45) sobre esse assunto. / This doctoral dissertation aims at analyzing the Portuguese dialect (caipira) spoken in the region of Middle Tietê, on the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Entitled The intonation of the caipira dialect in the Middle Tietê: recognition, characteristics and formation, this thesis is part of the Project ExProsodia in aid to PHPP (Project History of Paulista Portuguese), providing groundwork to other studies of Portuguese dialects. Besides examining aspects of intonation, this work offers a concise historical analysis on how the caipira dialect was established in Brazil, São Paulo and the Portuguese countryside. The empirical material consisted of speeches from 40 interviewees in 7 cities of the Middle Tietê region (28 interviewees) and 3 cities of the Northern Portugal region (12 interviewees). Additionally, 10 recordings of journalists from a major TV news broadcasting in São Paulo (SPTV by Rede Globo) were adopted as controls, based on the assumption of neutral speech (BARBOSA, 2002, p.36). Four interviewees were selected per city (2 men and 2 women), with the inclusion criteria of being at least 60 years old, having low or no formal education, and being ligelong resident at the surveyed areas. Five phrases were analysed per individual, amounting to a total of 220 data samples. The intonations of these interviewees were processed through specialized computer applications (SFS and Audacity) and the special use of an automated analytical tool called ExProsodia®, which statistically discriminated the various tones of the caipira dialect. Following Ferreira Nettos research (2008), speeches were analyzed by selecting the midtones (TM) and the final tones (TF), in the so-called f0 analysis. Common features were observed among the Portuguese interviewees and the Brazilian controls, whereas the phrasal finalization of Brazilian and Portuguese interviewees tended to be less marked, and featured by a plagal trace speech. Similar results were observed by Costa (2011) and Baz (2011), where the lines of Paraguayan Guarani Indians and Guatós Indians were analyzed. This thesis concludes that the authentic finalization is an intonational variation, because the plagal finalization is a region-independent feature occurring in the dialects of individuals with low or no formal education. Hence, the plagal finalization is suggested to be a common trait of speech, also kept by the caipira dialect. Furthermore, as the caipira dialect presents TM and TF similar to the control, it features inflections which are neither plane or equal; such finding warrants an update on Amaral\'s information on the subject (1920, p. 56).

Esta tese trata da comparação dos dialetos de Capivari e de Campinas, com o objetivo de verificar se há uma mesma regra de queda de sílaba nas duas cidades ou se cada um dos dialetos tem características diferentes para o processo. O trabalho tem base na teoria fonológica gerativista e na sociolinguística variacionista, analisando variáveis linguísticas e sociais. As interferências linguísticas analisadas foram os segmentos do contexto de queda de sílaba (com a geometria de traços, cf. Clements & Hume 1995), as estruturas silábicas (cf. Selkirk 1982), a estrutura métrica (Hayes 1995), a prosódia (Nespor & Vogel 1986) e, da palavra sujeita à queda, verificamos o número de sílabas e a frequência de uso; quanto às sociais, analisamos a escolaridade, o gênero, a faixa etária e a cidade dos informantes. No nível segmental, vimos que a igualdade dos segmentos não interfere em Capivari, mas há uma interferência em Campinas. Com relação às consoantes, pudemos observar que coronais favorecem e nasais desfavorecem, em ambos os dialetos. No entanto, há uma grande diferença na implementação no contexto consonantal com dorsais: o processo é favorecido em Capivari e desfavorecido em Campinas. No que concerne às vogais, pudemos verificar que há diferenças nas duas cidades, pois sequências [coronal + coronal] e [dorso-labial + coronal] são neutras ao processo em Capivari e favorecem em Campinas. No nível suprassegmental, para as estruturas das sílabas, as cidades diferem se a primeira sílaba for uma CV seguida de outras estruturas: há uma neutralidade em Capivari e em Campinas há um favorecimento. Com relação a número de sílabas, o tamanho da palavra importa para Capivari (quanto maior a palavra, há um leve favorecimento), enquanto que esta variável não foi selecionada em Campinas. No âmbito lexical, foi visto que a frequência de uso da palavra sujeita à queda importa para o dialeto de Campinas (palavras de frequência média de uso favorecem levemente; palavras de frequência alta, há uma neutralidade; e palavras de baixa vii frequência desfavorecem um pouco). Uma vez que esta variável não foi selecionada em Capivari, podemos concluir que há uma diferença na queda de sílaba nas duas cidades, com relação a frequência de uso da primeira palavra. Assim, podemos afirmar que há diferenças segmentais, suprassegmentais e lexicais nas duas cidades; só há semelhanças com relação à Cavidade Oral das Consoantes sem distinguir a nasalidade entre as variantes (pois esta variável não foi selecionada em nenhuma das cidades), e com relação à Prosódia (os resultados foram muito parecidos: há um leve favorecimento entre duas frases fonológicas, neutralidade entre grupos clíticos e um pouco de desfavorecimento entre frases entonacionais). / This thesis deals with a comparing between Capivari e de Campinas dialects aiming to verifying whether there is one single phonological rule for syllable drop or two distinct dialects concerning the process. The basis on this work is generative phonological theory and variacionist sociolinguistics, hence we analyze both linguistic and social variables. The linguistic factors analyzed were the segments (feature geometry, Clements & Hume 1995), syllable structure (cf. Selkirk 1982), metrical structure (Hayes 1995), prosody (Nespor & Vogel 1986) and both number of syllables and usage frequency for the first word in the context. As for the social factors, we analyzed the subjects schooling, gender, age and city. At segmental level, we have found out that it is not important for the segments to be equal in Capivari, but it is in Campinas. As for the consonants, coronals are biased, and nasals disfavor the process, in both cities. On the other hand, there is a great difference in consonantal context concerning to dorsals: syllable drop is favored in Capivari and disfavored in Campinas. Considering the vowels, there are differences between the cities, since sequences of [coronal + coronal] and [dorso-labial + coronal] are unbiased in Capivari and favor in Campinas. At the suprasegmental level, the cities behave differently as for syllable structure if the first one is CV followed by other types of structures: the process is neutralized in Capivari and there is a favoring effect in Campinas. Regarding number of syllables, the size of the word undergoing the process is important in Capivari (bigger words are slightly biased), and this variable has not been selected in Campinas. In relation to the lexical level, usage frequency of the word subjected to syllable drop matters in Campinas (average frequency words favor slightly; high frequency words are unbiased, and low frequency words disfavor somewhat). Since this variable was not selected in Capivari, we understand that there is a difference in usage frequency of ix words between the cities. Therefore, we can conclude that there are segmental, suprasegmental e lexical differences in Capivari and Campinas. There are equal effects in the variable Oral Cavity of Consonants if [nasal] feature is not separated (since this variable was never selected in the cities), and equal effects in Prosody variable (the results were very similar: the process is a slightly favored between phonological phrases, it is unbiased between clitic groups and it is slightly disfavored between entonational phrases).

This is the first typological study devoted to Medieval Cypriot (MC). The objective of the study is to provide both syntactic and pragmatic factors which are determining for the word order of the language and to open new ways to recording mechanisms of word order change. Cypriot syntax deserves this attention, as it is a language highly interesting for the typologist as for the researcher of other linguistic areas; Modern Cypriot is VOS, and exhibits a series of exceptions to the general rules of V-initial languages. Medieval Cypriot conforms to most of Greenberg�s Universals (1963) which are pertinent to type VSO in that it has V in initial position in all unmarked clauses, in that it is prepositional, that adjectives mostly follow the noun they qualify, and so on. However, the comparison of MC to Greenberg�s Universals is not the aim of this work. Apart form the order of the main constituents, this research mainly focuses on revealing mechanisms of syntactic change not generally known, and on unveiling particular traits of the Cypriot VSO order that are not common to other VSO languages. The analysis can be defined as diachronic for it deals with the language written over a span of many years, as assumed from studying the texts. Some words and structures, used in the beginning of the narrative, seem to decrease in frequency in the end, or vice versa. It is diachronic considering it also allows for comparison with later (colloquial) and earlier (written) constructions of the language. However, it is mostly a synchronic analysis; the patterns observed are from within the same language spoken by the same people living in the same period, more importantly from within the same work. Makhairas is thus the only broad evidence of his period, offered both as a diachronic and a synchronic linguistic testimony of his time. As no language exists in vacuo, my description of MC starts with a historical approach to the language under study; it is almost impossible to realise the problems of colloquial, literary and foreign features without being aware of the earlier history of Greek in general and of Cypriot in particular, in some of its earlier documents. I refrained as far as possible from entering the field of comparative criticism with Medieval Greek. In this way I decided to focus on discussions based exclusively on the Cypriot forms and patterns, as presented and justified by the evidence in Makhairas, and as witnessed by history which, for many centuries, has singled out Cypriot from the rest of the dialects and the Greek language itself. So, alternative views, criticism and discussion of same mechanisms of change recorded within the broader Greek language have been more or less avoided. The exposition of the MC word order patterns is based on my hypotheses that word order, as I understand it, is founded on purposes of communication and that languages with extreme flexibility of order, such as Medieval Cypriot, may adopt patterns that display rigidity of order in a number of their elements. It is within these areas of rigidity that new mechanisms of change may be detected. I also hypothesised that the same syntactic changes within languages of the same branch may be merely coincidental, and that Greek or forms of Greek may well adopt foreign elements, only (but not exclusively) if these acquire the Greek endings, or if they appear as independent affixes, as is the case with the post-medieval referential Cypriot marker �mish� which is from Turkish. Acquiring particular elements from other languages does not mean acquiring their order. However, acquiring patterns that are similar to Greek from a borrowing language which has the same patterns does not exclude syntactic borrowing. Since Modern Cypriot is V-initial, I presumed that this might have also been its order in the Middle Ages. I judge that major mechanisms of syntactic change of the same period may have been triggered by factors internal to Cypriot rather than by the more general, universal mechanisms of change. Moreover, I speculated that MC was a far more marginalised language in the Middle Ages than what history and literature have taught us. Its creative dynamism and potentiality to �juggle� between words and patterns has been its greater forte. Cypriot has not been studied as a dialect, in this work. I avoided having only a partial or a shadowed understanding of its word order patterns. Exhaustive descriptions that show its particularities in the process of completion appear with both rigidity (in some elements) and flexibility of order, and most importantly, they exhibit a long-life endurance. I have also been concerned with forms and /or patterns of Greek such as the future and other periphrastic tenses, although they are already known and have been analysed at length in Greek linguistic studies. I concentrate here on some of these from a Cypriot perspective. Cypriot has never been classified as Balkan Greek or mainland Greek. Following this study, it will be clarified further that any attempt to fit MC into a framework defined along these categorisations will be successful only in some areas of the general Greek syntax. In fact, Cypriot opens the way for a further understanding of Greek syntax with its (almost) boundless flexibility; it is through MC and the unique data of Makhairas that the study of the Greek syntax is being enriched. Areas of fine-grained classificatory criteria result in connecting some MC syntactic traits to those of Greek and accrediting to the language its own word order singularities in what can be righteously called here the Cypriot syntax. Additionally, the study aims to open new areas of investigation on diachronic syntactic issues and to initiate new and revealing answers concerning configurational syntax. To determine the syntactic traits of MC a meticulous work of counting was needed. The counting of the order of the main constituents from both the more general narrative patterns of the Chronicle as well as of those passages thought to be more immediate to the author�s living experience(s) was done manually. The primarily and more difficult task of considering, following and explaining pragmatic word order patterns in the Chronicle has been the stepping stone of this research. Earlier (and forgotten) stages of Greek, and patterns exclusive to Cypriot, assembled in a unique lexicon and with special Cypriot phrasal verbs, have provided answers to explaining the Cypriot structure. In addition to statistics, areas of language contact have also been explored, both in the morphology and in the syntax. More importantly, the extreme word order freedom of MC that illustrates word order processes based entirely on internal structural changes, aims to contribute to discussions regarding morphology and syntax versus morphosyntax. Chapter 1 provides all the background information of the history and language in Cyprus, prior to the Middle Ages. Chapter 2 deals with the description of the data and the methodology used to assess them. Chapter 3 exhibits the MC verbal forms, both finite and non-finite; it examines non-finites more closely, inasmuch as they play an important role in the change of the order of major constituents and uncover and explain the role of V-initial structures. Chapter 4 is the core chapter of this work. It displays Cypriot particularities of word order, reveals data concerned with the word order of the major constituents within the clause and unfolds explanatory accounts of them; lastly, it classifies MC as a V-initial language. Chapter 5 summarises conclusions, adds a further note on the Cypriot morphosyntactic traits while placing the results into the contemporary scholarship on VSO languages, also suggesting additional research areas into the MC patterns. The examples from Makhairas have been written in the monotonic system, where only one accent has been used; other special symbols have been eliminated or modified in the interest of making the text readable in the absence of the right font. However, Ancient Greek words appear with their appropriate accents. Abbreviation C indicates structures or words that remained unchanged in Cypriot over a long period of time, and G means a form or word accepted in both their written and spoken forms over a long period of time in Greek. A morphemic analysis of each form of the glosses has not always been given. I limited myself to glossing some elements only, for the better understanding of some examples.

This study examined the use of an intervention, Contrastive Analysis (CA), with fourth-graders’ writing in a Central Appalachian elementary school. The purpose was to improve the use of Standard English in students’ writing in Appalachia by decreasing the number of vernacular features typically used in the writing. The researcher collected data through Consent and Assent Forms, interviews with the fourth-grade teacher, classroom observations and an accompanying CA observation evaluation rubric, pre- and post-writing prompts, selected writings and Writer Self-Perception Scale (WSPS), as well as communication data. Data analysis was accomplished for both the prompts, writing pieces and the WSPS scores. The primary results of the study indicated that the students’ use of vernacular features did in fact decrease after the implementation of CA. An approach that takes into account the vernacular or nonstandard dialect from the home speech of children, CA is utilized to help them perform better in writing in school. The CA approach has been used successfully with African American students primarily in large urban areas. The research results indicate that lessons from CA may be “customized” and used successfully with students who are speakers of Appalachian English. During the eleven-week study, the fourth-grade teacher implemented the intervention and a fifth-grade teacher also led a non-intervention group. A comparative analysis was done to determine whether membership in the fourth grade intervention group was a significant factor in lowering non-standard features in writing. This was a descriptive case study. At the beginning and end of the study, teachers of the fourth- and fifth-grade groups administered pre- and post-tests to their respective groups in the form of writing prompts. The researcher and a second reader did vernacular counts of the writings of both groups. A comparative analysis of the frequency of vernacular features (VFs) in the writing of the fourth-grade group showed decreases greater than the fifth-grade group in three of four categories of vernacular features in writing. The categories were: regularization of past-tense verbs, multiple negation, subject/verb agreement, and pronominal difference. There was only a 1% greater decrease of VFs for the fifth grade in the fourth category. A scale of self-efficacy in writing, the Writer’s Self-Perception Scale (WSPS), was also administered by the teachers pre- and post-study to both groups of students. The difference between the fourth- and fifth-grade pre- and post-WSPS scores was not statistically significant. The findings of the study are important because they show that the use of the CA approach, when used with students from the Appalachian subculture who are speakers of Appalachian English, does make a difference in their rate of usage of Standard English in writing.

Στόχος της μετά χείρας εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση του Μίμου της Χαριτίου (εισαγωγή, κείμενο -κριτικό υπόμνημα, μετάφραση, ερμηνευτικό υπόμνημα) και η εστίαση στα προβλήματα που προκύπτουν από την αποσπασματική φύση του κειμένου (αναδιάρθρωση της πλοκής, χαρακτήρες που διαμορφώνουν την δράση, ειδικός σκηνικός apparatus, σκηνοθετική οργάνωση). Η κύρια εστίαση, ωστόσο, στρέφεται στις λογοτεχνικές αξιώσεις του εν λόγω Μίμου και στις αναλογίες που εμφανίζει με αισθητικά καταξιωμένα λογοτεχνικά είδη. / The aim of this essay is to present the Mime "Charition" (Introduction,text-apparatus criticus, translation, commentary) and focus on the problems that occupied the literary research and emerge through the fragmentary nature of the Mime, such as the reformation of the plot, the structure, the apparatus scaenicus.However, the dominant question is the literary claims of ''Charition'' along with references to its lingual merits, its closely related subjects and the analogies it bears with a wide range of literary texts.

Η παρούσα εργασία εστιάζει στην περιγραφή του φωνηεντικού συστήματος των Μιστιώτικων, - μιας Καππαδοκικής ποικιλίας που μιλιόταν στην περιοχή του Μιστί-, όπως αυτό διαμορφώνεται στις μέρες μας από διαφορετικές γενιές ομιλητών σε ένα μικτό προσφυγικό χωριό της Βόρειας Ελλάδας. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποείται μια σύγκριση ανάμεσα στο σημερινό φωνηεντικό σύστημα σε σχέση με το παλαιό της Καππαδοκικής διαλέκτου, όπως το έχει περιγράψει ο Dawkins (1916), και προτείνεται μια υπόθεση, η οποία έχει ως στόχο να εξηγήσει τις διαφορές που αναδεικνύονται μεταξύ τους, λαμβάνοντας υπ’όψιν τους γλωσσικούς μηχανισμούς και την επαφή διαλέκτων. Σύμφωνα με τον Dawkins (1916), το φωνηεντικό σύστημα της Καππαδοκικής διαλέκτου αποτελούνταν από οκτώ φωνήεντα. Εκτός από τα φωνήνετα [i,e,a,o,u], που έχει και η ελληνική, πραγματώνονταν και τα φωνήεντα [y,œ,ɯ], εξαιτιας της επαφής της διαλέκτου με την τουρκική γλώσσα. Αυτά τα φωνήεντα εμφανίζονταν κυρίως σε τούρκικα δάνεια, π.χ. Τ. karı 'γυναίκα'> [karɯ]• T. tütün > ‘καπνό’ [tytyn] (Janse 2009;2015), ενώ η παρουσία τους σε ελληνικές λέξεις ήταν σπάνια. Όμως, σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας, φάνηκε ότι το τωρινό φωνηεντικό σύστημα αποκλίνει σημαντικά από αυτό που περιγράφουν προηγούμενες μελέτες. Τα τούρκικα φωνήεντα [y,œ,ɯ] έχουν σχεδόν εξαφανιστεί, κυρίως από την ομιλία των νέων. Την ίδια στιγμή όμως, ένα νέο φωνήεν έδειξε να έχει ενσωματωθεί στο σύστημα, το φωνήεν [æ], το οποίο εντοπίστηκε στο λόγο τόσο των ηλικιωμένων όσο και των νέων πληροφορητών. Με σκοπό να δωθεί μια εξήγηση για αυτές τις αλλαγές που παρατηρήθηκαν, υποστηρίζουμε ότι είναι αποτέλεσμα διαδικασιών γλωσσικής και διαλεκτικής επαφής. Συγκεκριμένα, θεωρούμε ότι τα φωνήεντα [y,œ,ɯ] βρίσκονται σε μια φάση εξάλειψης εξαιτίας της ενεργοποίησης του μηχανισμου εξομοίωσης, καθώς τα Μιστιώτικα ήρθαν σε επαφή με τα Ελληνικά και τα Ποντιακά μετά την ανταλλαγή των πληθυσμών και τα τούρκικα χαρακτηριστικά θεωρούνται γενικά στιγματιζμένα εδώ και δεκαετίες. Επιπρόσθετα, το φωνήεν [æ] υποθέτουμε ότι μπορεί να έχει υιοθετηθεί ως ένα εξέχων χαρακτηριστικό από την Ποντιακή διάλεκτο, κάτι που επίσης εκλαμβάνεται ως μια άλλη μορφή εξομοίωσης. / The aim of this study is to present the vowel system of Mišotika, –a varierty of Cappadocian that was spoken at Misti-, as it is spoken by different generations in a mixed refugee village in Northern Greece at the present day. Moreover, we compare this vowel system with the Cappadocian vowel system that has been described by Dawkins (1916), and we propose a hypothesis that aims to explain the differences that appear between these hundred years, taking into consideration mechanisms of language and dialect contact. According to Dawkins (1916), the vowel system of Cappadocian dialect consisted of eight vowels. Besides the Greek vowels [i,e,a,o,u], the dialect also had the vowels [y,œ,ɯ], presumably due to contact with the Turkish language. These vowels appeared mainly in Turkish loans, e.g. Turk. karı 'woman'> [karɯ]• Turk. tütün > ‘tobacco’ [tytyn] (Janse 2009;2015), while their presence in Greek words was rare. However, according to the results of our research, the current vowel system diverges significantly from what earlier studies have described. The vowels [y,œ,ɯ] are almost extinct, especially at the casual speech of the young adults. At the same time, a new realisation has emerged, i.e. the vowel [æ], which is evident in the speech of elders and young adults. In order to explain the above changes, we argue that they are result of language and dialect contact processes. In particular, the Turkish vowels [y,œ,ɯ] are in the process of elimination due to mechanism of levelling, as Mišótika has been in contact with Modern Greek and Pontic since the population exchange of the 1920s, and Turkish features were highly stigmatized for many decades. Similarly, the vowel [æ] has been adopted as a salient feature of the Pontic variety, which is also considered as another aspect of levelling.