Apesar de conhecidas arqueologicamente desde o século XIX e historicamente desde o início da conquista europeia, as cerâmicas filiadas à fase Aristé sempre tiveram maior repercussão quando provindas de contextos cerimoniais, devido à elaborada composição decorativa de seus materiais, bem como, o aspecto monumental e cerimonial destes sítios. As cerâmicas desta fase foram divididas em dois períodos cronológicos distintos: Ouanary Encoché e Enfer Polychrome, com profundidade cronológica de mais de um milênio, contudo esta divisão é baseada, principalmente, nos vestígios oriundos destes contextos especializados. Portanto, através desse trabalho busca-se verificar se esta divisão se mantém nos contextos domésticos e, uma vez verificada esta carência de dados empíricos oriundos destes contextos, procurar-se-á, com base nos resultados de escavações mecânicas, contribuir para uma arqueologia das unidades habitacionais filiadas à fase Aristé, através da correlação dos dados cerâmicos com os dados espaciais. Com esse fim, foram elaboradas as tipologias das cerâmicas e das estruturas antrópicas identificadas durante a escavação, permitindo sua interpretação através da análise espacial dos resultados, por fim, possibilitando a inferência de áreas de atividade e melhor compreensão desta fase arqueológica da costa atlântica do Amapá. / Although known archaeologically since the nineteenth century and historically since the European conquest, ceramics affiliated to Aristé phase always had greater impact when stemmed from ceremonial contexts, due to the elaborate decorative composition of their materials, as well as the monumental and ceremonial aspects of these sites. The ceramics of this phase were divided into two distinct chronological periods: Ouanary Encoché and Enfer Polychrome with chronological depth of more than a millennium, but this division is based mainly on traces originating from these specialized contexts. Therefore, this work seeks to verify if this division is maintained in domestic contexts and, once verified the lack of empirical data from these contexts, will be sought, based on the results of mechanical excavation, contribute to a household archeology of the Aristé phase by correlating ceramic data with spatial data. For this purpose were developed typologies of ceramics and anthropogenic structures identified during the excavation, allowing its interpretation through the spatial analysis of the results, at last, providing inferences of activities areas and a better understanding of this archaeological phase of the Atlantic coast of Amapá.

Este estudo avaliou a influência do laser de Er: YAG e da broca de cerâmica em baixa rotação na adesão de um sistema adesivo autocondicionante na dentina desmineralizada após envelhecimento. Oitenta terceiros molares humanos hígidos tiveram suas raízes e seus terços oclusais seccionados. As câmaras pulpares foram preenchidas com resina composta e a dentina foi desgastada com lixas de granulação decrescente para padronização da smear layer. Os espécimes foram isolados com esmalte cosmético ácido resistente para a indução de cárie artificial. Após 28 dias de ciclagem de pH, os espécimes foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com o método de remoção do tecido cariado: (WR) sem remoção, (L) Laser de Er: YAG, (B) Broca Carbide em turbina de baixa rotação, (C) Broca de Cerâmica em turbina de baixa rotação. Após a remoção do tecido cariado, os espécimes foram restaurados com o adesivo autocondicionante Clearfil SE Bond e restaurados com resina composta Filtek Z 350. Os espécimes permaneceram em estufa a 37°C durante 24 horas e então foram seccionados para produzir palitos com área de secção transversal de 1 mm². Cada grupo foi dividido em dois grupos antes do envelhecimento (NA) sem envelhecimento e (H) imersão em hipoclorito de sódio 10% por três horas compondo oito grupos (n = 10) WRNA, LNA, BNA, CNA, WH, LH, BH e CH. Os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de microtração em máquina universal de testes com velocidade de 0.5 mm/min (MPa). A classificação dos padrões de fratura foi realizada com lupa estereoscópica com aumento de 90 X. O teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis 5% demonstrou significância estatística para a interação entre os fatores analisados (remoção do tecido cariado e envelhecimento). O teste complementar de Mann-Whitney 5%, demonstrou que os maiores valores de resistência adesiva foram observados quando o tecido cariado foi removido com o método convencional utilizando a turbina de baixa rotação, tanto para a broca carbide (BNA) como para a broca de cerâmica (CNA) sem envelhecimento, que foram diferentes estatisticamente dos demais grupos. Após o envelhecimento, a broca de cerâmica (CH) obteve o melhor resultado e foi estatisticamente similar à broca carbide (BH). O grupo BH foi estatisticamente similar ao laser de Er:YAG, com (LH) ou sem (LNA) envelhecimento, e ao tecido desmineralizado com envelhecimento (WRH) que foram os menores valores obtidos. A broca de cerâmica em turbina de baixa rotação influenciou negativamente a resistência adesiva do adesivo autocondicionante após envelhecimento e o laser de Er: YAG influenciou negativamente a resistência do adesivo autocondicionante em ambas as condições testadas. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of Er: YAG laser and conventional method of caries removal employing ceramic bur on the bond strength of a self-etching system in demineralized dentin after aging. Eighty recently extracted non-carious human third molars were cut and ground to expose a flat dentin surface. Each tooth was submmited to pH cycles to produce artificial caries affected dentin. The specimens were divided according to the method of caries removal: (WR) without removal, (L) Er: YAG laser, (B) Carbide bur at low speed, (C) Ceramic bur at low speed. After that, the specimens were restored with a self-etch adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond) and composite resin (Filtek Z 350). The restored teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and thereafter-sectioned perpendicular to the bonded interface with a refrigerated low-speed diamond disc to produce sticks 1 mm² crossseccional area. Then, each group was divided into two groups before aging in 10% sodium hypocloride (n = 10): NA (No aging) WRNA, LNA, BNA, CAN and H (immersion in 10% sodium hypocloride for 3 hours) WRH, LH, BH, CH. The microtensile bond strength (microTBS) test was performed in a universal test machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Bond strengths were calculated in MPa and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney at a 0.05 level of significance. Failure patterns were examined with a stereomicroscope. The results showed that there were statistical significance for the interaction between the factors analyzed (removal of decayed tissue and aging). The highest bond strength values were observed for both ceramic bur (CNA) and carbide bur (BNA) without aging, which were statistically different from the other groups. After aging, the ceramic bur (CH) and carbide bur (BH) were statistically similar and showed the highest TBS values. Ceramic bur at low speed seemed to be a conservative alternative for the removal of carious tissue and more studies are necessary to establish a more favorable bond strength over time using self-etch adhesive systems

Considerando a necessidade de soluções sustentáveis para a destinação de solos de escavação de obras em áreas urbanas, este estudo apresenta a caracterização de materiais de escavação recebidos em um aterro de resíduos de construção civil (RCC) localizado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (MRSP). As amostras foram classificadas visualmente como predominantemente solo de escavação ou mistura de diferentes tipos de RCC, e submetidas a testes de caracterização química, mineralógica, ambiental e geotécnica. Os materiais de escavação destinados ao aterro são compostos, principalmente, por mistura de solos e outros tipos de RCC. Materiais cimentícios estão presentes em todas as frações granulométricas das amostras. As propriedades geotécnicas dos solos de escavação não são prejudicadas pela mistura com outros tipos de RCC. Os materiais são basicamente granulares e bem graduados, com resistência mecânica adequada para algumas aplicações geotécnicas ou de pavimentação. Nitrato e sulfato dissolvidos podem poluir aquíferos e águas superficiais; entretanto, as concentrações observadas não representam risco à saúde. No caso de concentrações superiores aos valores máximos permitidos pela regulamentação de resíduos, a avaliação do risco a possíveis receptores deve ser efetuada conforme o uso pretendido da construção. Foi sugerido um critério preliminar de triagem de materiais de escavação para potenciais reusos na RMSP. / Considering the need of sustainable solutions for disposal of excavation soils from construction works in urban areas, this study presents characterization of excavation materials received in a CDW landfill located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). Samples were visually classified as predominantly excavation soil or mixtures of different types of CDW, and submitted to chemical, mineralogical, environmental and geotechnical characterization tests. The excavation material disposed of in the landfill is mainly composed of a mixture of soils and other types of CDW. Cementitious materials are present in all grain size fractions. Geotechnical properties of excavation soils are not impaired by the mixture with other types of CDW. The materials were basically granular and well-graded, with appropriate mechanical resistance for some geotechnical or pavement applications. Dissolved nitrate and sulfate may pollute aquifers and superficial waters; however, the observed concentrations do not represent health concern. In the case of concentrations higher than the maximum allowed values, risk assessment to possible receptors shall be carried out according to the intended construction purpose for potential reuse screening. A preliminary criteria screening for potential reuses was suggested for excavation materials of the MRSP.

Os sistemas de classificação maciços rochosos e as redes neurais artificiais possuem diversas similaridades. Existem características que estão presentes nos dois tipos de sistemas: bases de dados são usadas para o seu desenvolvimento; e pesos são parte da representação do conhecimento. Os principais sistemas de classificação geomecânicas (Sistema Q e RMR) podem ser escritos como representações neurais locais. Tais representações permitem uma melhor compreensão do processo de classificação e identificação de padrões realizado pelas classificações convencionais. Experimentos convencionais foram realizados com modelos de redes neurais não-supervisionados. Os modelos não supervisionados permitiriam uma melhor compreensão da distribuição dos dados no espaço de feições. Um modelo supervisionado para escavações subterrâneas em todo domínio do espaço de feições. Importantes relações entre características foram encontradas. / Rock mass classification systems and artificial neural networks have several similarities. There is some characteristics present in both systems: data bases are used in they development, and weights are part of the knowledge representation. The main rock mass classification systems (Q-system and RMR) can be written as local neural network representations. This representation helps a better understanding of the pattern classification and identification process made by the conventional classifications. Computational experiments were made with unsupervised and supervised neural networks models. Unsupervised models allow a better understanding of the data in the feature space. A supervised model allow to make a mapping of the support type used in underground excavation in all feature space domain. Important relations between domain regions characteristics and type of support used were found.

The intent of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the origin of fractures in rock. The man-made fracturing from engineering activities in crystalline rock as well as the fracturing induced by the natural process of meteorite impacts is studied by means of various characterization methods. In contrast to engineering induced rock fracturing, where the goal usually is to minimize rock damage, meteorite impacts cause abundant fracturing in the surrounding bedrock. In a rock mass the interactions of fractures on the microscopic scale (mm-cm scale) influence fractures on the mesoscopic scale (dm-m scale) as well as the interaction of the mesocopic fractures influencing fractures on the macroscopic scale (m-km scale). Thus, among several methods used on different scales, two characterization tools have been developed further. This investigation ranges from the investigation of micro-fracturing in ultra-brittle rock on laboratory scale to the remote sensing of fractures in large scale structures, such as meteorite impacts. On the microscopic scale, the role of fractures pre-existing to the laboratory testing is observed to affect the development of new fractures. On the mesoscopic scale, the evaluation of the geometric information from 3D-laser scanning has been further developed for the characterisation of fractures from tunnelling and to evaluate the efficiency of the tunnel blasting technique in crystalline rock. By combining information on: i) the overbreak and underbreak; ii) the orientation and visibility of blasting drillholes and; iii) the natural and blasting fractures in three dimensions; a analysis of the rock mass can be made. This analysis of the rock mass is much deeper than usually obtained in rock engineering for site characterization in relation to the blasting technique can be obtained based on the new data acquisition. Finally, the estimation of fracturing in and around two meteorite impact structures has been used to reach a deeper understanding of the relation between fracture, their water content and the electric properties of the rock mass. A correlation between electric resistivity and fracture frequency in highly fractured crystalline rock has been developed and applied to potential impact crater structures. The results presented in this thesis enables more accurate modelling of rock fractures, both supporting rock engineering design and interpretation of meteorite impact phenomena. / QC 20100709

Tunnel structures are important investments especially for urban areas. Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren - Tandogan metro alignment is one of those investments executed by Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. The purpose of this research is to evaluate Tunnel Boring Machine (Earth Pressure Balance type) (TBM-EPB) performance within different lithological units encountered along Tandogan -Mecidiye segment of the Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren - Tandogan metro tunnel. The evaluation is based on the data obtained from traditional site investigation methods, statistical approaches and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Complex geological and hydrogeological conditions are found to be effective in the advancement of a TBM implemented in tunnel boring works. A good understanding of the geology is essential in such cases. Available field (in-situ) and laboratory tests have been used in order to determine geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical properties of the metro tunnel alignment. Advancements in the tunnel boring process also proved that hydrogeological conditions are effective on the performance of TBM so related data are considered carefully while preparing cross-section layers and calculating weights in order to display the distribution of excavation difficulty classes through the tunnel alignment.

In this study, excavation of jet-grouted tunnels in ground with strong time-dependent behavior is analyzed. The constant growth of population has led to a constant increase in the price of lands and thus infrastructures. Underground alternatives are becoming more economical. Furthermore, advances in the construction technology have made it feasible to construct tunnels in difficult ground conditions. By providing a grouted arch ahead of the tunnel face, jet-grouting has proved effective for the stability and performance of tunnels in difficult conditions. Given the limited depth of jet-grouting into the face, the jet-grouted arch is loaded soon after installation, when the rigidity of the grouted material is growing significantly. The simultaneous loading and hardening of the jet-grouting makes the tunnel response depend on the excavation rate. Furthermore, in difficult tunneling conditions, the ground material is associated with highly viscous behavior. This behavior is synonymous with delayed deformation depending on the level and duration of the ground loading by the tunnel excavation. In order to show the importance of the time-dependent behaviors, the full-face and the sequential excavation method are compared using three-dimensional and two-dimensional finite element analyses. First, a three-dimensional model is constructed and its results are validated against available analytical solutions for time-independent behaviors. The hardening of the jet-grouting is then introduced into the model by embedding jet-grouting elements through the analysis. In order to account for the ground viscous behavior, an advanced viscoplastic constitutive model is adopted, numerically implemented in FORTRAN, and used in conjunction with finite element software ABAQUS. The excavation methods are compared for the well documented study case of Tartaiguille tunnel. The results indicate that the full-face method outperforms the sequential method in the studied case by installing the tunnel invert closer to the face. The two-dimensional analysis of the tunnel is conducted by using the convergence-confinement method. To this end, a new approach is introduced to use the method for tunnels in time-dependent conditions. The effect of the jet-grouting hardening and the ground viscous behavior is characterized within the new approach by deriving the ground convergence curves. The reverse dependency of these mechanisms on the tunnel advance rate leads to an optimum advance rate, at which minimum tunnel convergence develops. / text

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta a implementação computacional pelo método dos elementos finitos de procedimentos para análise de problemas de escavação e de fluxo permanente bidimensional, não confinado, para solos saturados. Tais procedimentos, particularmente indicados para investigação do comportamento mecânico/hidráulico de barragens de terra, vem completar o trabalho iniciado por Parra (1996) para análise do comportamento de barragens sob carregamentos estático e sísmico. Foram implementadas duas técnicas para simulação de escavações, obtendo-se, em ambas, resultados numéricos praticamente idênticos. O procedimento para análise de fluxo permanente foi baseado na proposição de Bathe e Khoshgoftarr (1979), a qual considera a situação de fluxo não-confinado como problema não linear, porém conservando a configuração original da malha de elementos finitos. Os resultados numéricos obtidos neste trabalho foram detalhadamente comparados com os valores publicados na literatura, numéricos ou analíticos, como forma de assegurar a confiabilidade das implementações computacionais. A previsão do comportamento da barragem de terra Macusani, a ser construída no Peru, foi estudada neste trabalho, nos aspectos referentes às fases de escavação, construção, primeiro enchimento do reservatório e determinação da superficie de infiltração de fluxo permanente. Os resultados assim obtidos podem ser eventualmente úteis no detalhamento do projeto final da obra. / [en] This work presents a computer implementation for finite element analysis of excavation problems and unconfined steady state flow through saturated soils. These computer routines are particularly useful for the study of earth dams and they were written with the aim to pursue the development of a numerical model (Parra, 1996) devised to investigate the behavior of earth dams under static and seismic loading. Two techniques were implemented for excavation simulations, with both yielding the some numerical results. For the unconfined fluid flow problem the technique proposed by Bathe and Khoshgoftaar (1979) was adopted, which recasts the problem in a non-linear form but keeps the same basic finite element mesh. The results computed in this research were compared with other analytical and numerical values published in the literature, in order to ensure, as much as possible, the feasibility and efficiency of the computer implementations. The behavior prediction of the Macusani earth dam, to be built in Peru, was also studied in this research, focusing on several aspects related to its planned construction: the excavation, the construction itself and the first reservoir filling. This results may eventually be useful for the final engineering design of the Macusani dam. / [es] El presente trabajo presenta la implementación computacional de procedimentos para análisis de problemas de excavación y de flujo permanente bidimensional, para suelos saturados utilizando el método de elementos finitos. Tales procedimentos, particularmente indicados para la investigación del comportamiento mecánico/hidráulico de represas, completa el trabajo iniciado por Parra(1996) para análisis del comportamiento de represas bajo sobrecarga estática y sísmica. Se implementaron dos técnicas para simulación de excavaciones, obteniendo, en ambas, resultados numéricos prácticamente idénticos. El procedimento para análisis de flujo permanente tubo como base la propuesta de Bathe y Khoshgoftarr (1979), que considera la situación de flujo no confinado como problema no lineal, pero conservando la configuración original de la malla de elementos finitos. Los resultados numéricos obtenidos em este trabajo fueron detalladamente comparados con los valores publicados en la literatura, numéricos o analíticos, para asegurar la confiabilidad de las implementaciones computacionales. La previsión del comportamiento de la represa de Macusani, que será construida en Perú, fue estudiada en este trabajo, especifícamente los aspectos vinculados a las fases de excavación, construcción y determinación de la superficie de infiltración de flujo permanente. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser eventualmente útiles en el proyecto final de la obra.

Diverse construction work of engineering involves the execution of excavation and embankments, such as the construction of foundations, dams and urban infrastructure. In general, geomechanical problems have a high degree of complexity due to the difficulty on the parameters quantification, the definition of representative models of the soil and the interaction soil-structure. Many models are based on the final arrangement of the system, not considering the intermediate analyses that are important steps in the study of those problems. In this study was developed a methodology for modeling problems that need redefinitions of analysis domain in function of the consideration of excavations and embankments, using an alternative technique for solution of the balance equations, the Dynamic Relaxation, combined with the Finite Element Methods for the development of the model. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Diversas obras de engenharia envolvem a execução de escavações e aterros, a exemplo da construção de fundações, barragens e infra-estrutura urbana. De um modo geral, a modelagem desses tipos de problemas possui um grau de complexidade alto devido à dificuldade da quantificação de parâmetros, de definição dos modelos representativos do solo e da interação solo-estrutura. Muitas modelagens baseiam-se no arranjo final do sistema, dispensando as análises intermediárias que correspondem a passos importantes no estudo desses problemas. Neste trabalho desenvolve-se uma metodologia para modelagem de problemas que necessitam de redefinições de domínios de análise em função da consideração de escavações e aterros, utilizando-se uma técnica alternativa para solução das equações de equilíbrio, a Relaxação Dinâmica, em conjunto com o Método dos Elementos Finitos para discretização do modelo.

This essay deals with the use of archival excavations documents among archeologists, with the focus on the Swedish excavation in Labraunda, Turkey. The purpose with this study was to facili- tate the work at archival institutions with excavation documents, and to create more knowledge about the use of archival excavation documents. This study can also help the archival institutions to preserve and mediate this type of documentation. In addition, this study also adds more knowledge about what type of archival documentation the users prefer to use. Method that have been used are interviews, which six persons that have or are working with documentation from Labraunda. In addition with, document studies are used as a complement, where publications, based on archival document from Labraunda, written by the interviewed individuals have been studied. Con- cluding of this study is that the archeologists using archived excavation documentation needs to process the documents before any contemporary analysis can be made. Moreover, it seems that it is a patchwork between using their own and others documentation, to fill in the information gaps or find similarities. Furthermore, some of the most used document types is, according to this study, photographs and drawings of ceramics.