This is a study of military psychiatry in the Second World War. Focusing on the British Army, it recounts how the military came to employ psychiatrists to revise recruitment procedures and to treat psychiatric casualties. The research has shown that psychiatry was a valued specialty and that psychiatrists were given considerable power and independence. For example, psychiatrists reformed personnel selection and placed intelligence testing at the centre of the military selection of personnel. Psychiatrists argued that by eliminating the 'dull and backward' the tests would help improve efficiency, hygiene, discipline and morale, reduce psychiatric casualties and establish that the Army was run in a meritocratic way. However, it is probable that intelligence testing made it less likely that working-class men would receive commissions. Still, the Army had no consistent military doctrine about what the psychiatrists should be aiming for -to return as many psychiatric casualties to combatant duties as was possible or to discharge men who had found it impossible to adapt to military life. In the initial stages of the war, the majority of casualties were treated in civilian hospitals in Britain, where most were discharged. This was partly because the majority were regarded as constitutional neurotics. When psychiatrists treated soldiers near the front line most were retained in some capacity. The decision on whether to evacuate patients was influenced by multiple factors including the patients' military experience and the doctors' commitment to treatment or selection. Back in Britain, service patients were increasingly more likely to be treated in military hospitals such as Northfield -famous for the 'Northfield experiments'. These provided an alternative model of military psychiatry in which psychiatric intervention refocused away from individuals and their histories and onto social relationships, and where the psychiatrists' values were realigned with the military rather than with civilian general medicine.

Denna studie har som syfte att utifrån ett livsvärldsperspektiv utforska på vilka sätt jag främjar välbefinnande och hanterar stress under övning då jag befinner mig utomlands som utbytesstudent. De två frågeställningarna lyder: Vilka strategier använder jag mig av för att främja välbefinnande och hantera stress när jag som utbytesstudent i musik, övar och musicerar? Hur påverkar dessa strategier min livsvärld? Studien har sin utgångspunkt i ett fenomenologiskt livsvärldsperspektiv, där loggboksskrivande har utgjort den huvudsakliga dokumentationsmetoden. I resultatet presenteras de tre teman som uppstod under studiens gång: Period 1 – Inledning som präglas av stress av att flytta samt oro för att min pianistiska nivå inte ska räcka till. Period 2 – Anpassning innebär en förändring av min livsvärld utifrån de anpassningar jag måste göra för att klara av skolarbetet. I Period 3 – Förändring börjar jag se resultat av de strategier jag använt för att hantera min stress och för att höja mitt självförtroende. Slutligen förs en diskussion där resultatet ställs mot den litteratur som finns presenterat i bakgrundskapitlet. / The purpose of this study is to explore from a life world perspective how I handle stress and promote wellbeing during practice when I am abroad as an exchange student. The two questions I seek to answer are: What strategies do I use to enhance wellbeing and manage stress when I, as an exchange student, practice and make music? How do these strategies affect my life world? The study is made from a phenomenological life world perspective, where journal notes make up the main method of documentation. In the result I present the three themes that evolved during the study: Period 1 – Introduction, which is recognized by the stress of moving and a fear of being on a too low pianistic level. Period 2 – Adjustment means a change of my life world because of the adjustments I need to do to manage my studies. In Period 3 – Change I begin to recognize results of the strategies I’ve used to handle my stress and to higher my self-confidence. Finally a discussion is being made comparing the result and the literature that is presented in the background chapter.

Questioning GDP as dominant indicator for economic performance has become commonplace. For economists economic policy always aims for a broader array of goals (like income, employment, price stability, trade balance) alongside income, with income being the priority objective. The Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission argued for extending and adapting key variables of macroeconomic analysis. International organisations such as the EC, OECD, Eurostat and UN have proposed extended arrays of macroeconomic indicators (see 'Beyond GDP', 'Compendium of wellbeing indicators', 'GDP and Beyond', 'Green Economy', 'Green Growth', 'Measuring Progress of Societies'). Despite these high profile efforts, few wellbeing and environmental variables are in use in macroeconomic models. The reasons for the low uptake of socio-ecological indicators in macroeconomic models range from path dependencies in modelling, technical limitations, indicator lists being long and unworkable, choices of indicators appearing ad hoc and poor data availability. In this paper we review key approaches and identify a limited list of candidate variables and - as much as possible - offer data sources. / Series: WWWforEurope

Previous research on female street sex workers (FSSWs) has primarily concentrated on the stigmatisation of women's involvement in the sex industry particularly with reference to the spread of HIV/AIDS. The response of the criminal justice system to the regulation of the illegal aspects of women's engagement in street sex work has also been criticised. However, the impact of street sex work on the health and wellbeing of these women requires further research. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions and needs of female street sex workers in relation to their own health and wellbeing. The study used a qualitative mixed methods approach that included analysis of three sets of data: visual data, secondary data and primary data. There were 10 FSSWs recruited for the primary data sample. The epistemological position underpinning this study is social constructivism and a feminist paradigm has informed the conduct of the research process and data analysis. The theoretical application of Bourdieu's framework of habitus, capital and field has provided the lens through which to explore the socially constructed experiences of FSSWs health and wellbeing. Findings from this study revealed that FSSWs experienced poor physical, mental and social health and wellbeing. They faced limited life choices and often felt discriminated against by the agencies and institutions that should have offered support. The women spoke of their personal histories especially traumatic life events in childhood consisting of sexual abuse, neglect, loss, rejection as well as intimate partner violence in adult life. The loss of their children to social services, housing difficulties and addiction to alcohol and crack cocaine were also significant in contributing to social exclusion and their multiple positions of vulnerability. This study contributes to the body of work on women's health and wellbeing. In particular, it adds to our understanding of the lived experiences of women involved in street sex work. A key public health priority should be the development of policies and systems to provide quality services to support the health, safety and wellbeing of FSSWs.

Diabetes mellitus är en växande folksjukdom. Risken att drabbas av diabetes mellitus typ II ökar med åldern därför benämns den även vuxen eller åldersdiabetes. Blodsockerreglering som normalt är en automatisk och osynlig funktion i kroppen, kräver vid diabetes mellitus en medveten handling. För de flesta patienter innebär diabetes mellitus stora livsstilförändringar som till exempel att ha regelbundna tider för matintag, motionera, sluta röka, begränsa gamla vanor och eventuellt medicinering. Ansvaret av behandling ligger ytterst hos patienten själv. Att ha en kronisk sjukdom som diabetes mellitus kan många gånger innebära svårigheter som anpassning till de ändrade livssituationerna. Syftet med studien är att beskriva patientens upplevelser med att leva med sjukdomen. Metoden som valdes var en systematisk litteraturstudie. Modellen har valts för att den vetenskapliga kunskapen inom vårdverksamheten skall kunna bidra till grund för det praktiska vårdarbetet. Efter analys av tolv stycken vetenskapliga artiklar, fyra teman skapades. Teman visade patientens upplevelse i samband med den psykiska och fysiska hälsan, innehav av eget behandlingsansvar, samt utbildning och rådgivning som patienten får från vårdpersonalen. Studien visar, vilket framkommer i alla teman, att diabetespatienternas känslomässiga behov av att bemästra sin oro i samband med sjukdomen bör beaktas. Relationen mellan vårdaren och patienten bör läggas på en ömsesidig grund där det finns respekt och tilltro. / Program: Fristående kurs

Palliativ vård är en helhetsvård av patienten och dennes familj. Fler människor önskar att få dö i det egna hemmet och olika hemsjukvårdsformer har vuxit fram. Hemsjukvården är en form som har ökat och målet är att ett stort antal personer med sjukvårds- och omvårdnadsbehov ska kunna bo kvar i det egna hemmet. Det vårdvetenskapliga perspektivet beskriver att målet med vårdandet av den palliativa patienten är att förhindra eller lindra lidandet och skapa villkor för välbefinnande. Det är också viktigt att stödja patienten och dennes familj så att de upplever en så bra livskvalitet som möjligt, något som den tidigare forskningen visar. För att som sjuksköterska kunna ge god omvårdnad är det viktigt att ha förståelse för patientens behov. Syftet med studien är att beskriva palliativa patienters upplevelse av att bli vårdade i hemmet. Som metod har vi valt att granska kvalitativa artiklar med bas i Evans (2003) analysmodell. Resultatet presenteras i tre teman med subteman: Det känns oftast gott att vara hemma, Livet är begränsat - jag försöker få kontroll och Att leva i dödens närhet kan vara både tryggt och otryggt. Vi ser att det är viktigt att ta del av patienternas upplevelser för att kunna ge dem en god vård och en ökad livskvalité. Oavsett "vem" som knackar på patientens dörr måste vi hjälpa dem att bevara hemkänslan, minnena och deras "hjärta". / Program: Fristående kurs

Il lavoro ha esplorato il tema dello sviluppo del talento nello sport a partire da una prospettiva psicosociale. Per fare questo si è posto due obiettivi principali: il primo di esplorare la letteratura sul talento nello sport per identificare quelle teorie che meglio potessero rispecchiare l'approccio psicosociale. Il secondo obiettivo è stato quello di studiare empiricamente come le relazioni impattano sul benessere psicologico dei giovani atleti, ipotizzando che esso si possa considerare una condizione particolarmente favorevole per lo sviluppo del potenziale. La ricerca condotta non solo ha identificato con successo una serie di teorie che sostengono l'utilizzo dell'approccio psicosociale allo sviluppo del talento, ma ha anche dimostrato come migliori relazioni, mediate da una serie di variabili psicologiche individuali, vadano ad influenzare positivamente il benessere psicologico di giovani calciatori, e quindi secondo l'ipotesi del lavoro, il loro efficace sviluppo come atleti. / the work explored talent development in sport following a psychosocial approach. It has two main aims: the first was to explore literature on talent development in sport to identify theories that better support psychosocial approach to talent development. the second aim was to study empirically how relationship impact on psychological wellbeing of young talented athletes, hypotesizing that it describes a particularly effective ground breaking condition for the development of potentiality. Research finds support for psychosocial approach to talent development in many theories on talent development, and next to this it also show how having positive relationship impact on psychological wellbeing thanks to the mediation effect of psychological characteristics and consequently of athletes' potential.

Förstagångsmammors välbefinnande är ett diskuterat ämne med mycket tidigare forskning bakom sig. Studiens syfte var att undersöka huruvida det finns ett samband mellan förstagångsmammors fysiska och psykiska välbefinnande och olika faktorer som relationer samt stöd från social omgivning och sjukvård med en kvantitativ analysmetod. Enkäter skickades ut till sociala medier och utefter det sammanställdes resultatet via SPSS. Resultatet av denna studie visar att förstagångsmammor är i behov av stöd från sjukvård och social omgivning. En bra relation till framförallt partner och vänner är viktigt för det mentala måendet. Tidigare psykiska besvär, medicinering för psykiska besvär och diagnostisering av personlighetsstörning påvisar en stor risk att drabbas av förlossningsdepression. En besvärlig förlossningsupplevelse kan också bidra till en förlossningsdepression och deltagarna upplevde att de fått bättre information från sjukvården kring de psykiska bieffekterna av att föda barn än de fysiska bieffekterna, något som sa emot tidigare forskning. / The wellbeing of first-time mothers is a well discussed subject with previous research from all over the world. The aim of this study was to see whether there is a connection between the physical and mental wellbeing of first-time mothers and several factors such as relationships, social support and support from healthcare with a quantitative analysis method. Surveys were sent out on social media and the results were compiled via SPSS. The results of this study indicates that first-time mothers are in need of both support from healthcare and their social surrounding. A good relationship to especially partner and friends are important for their mental health. Previous mental disorders, medication for mental disorders or that the person is diagnosed with a personality disorder could increase the risk of experiencing postpartum depression. A difficult birth experience could also contribute to a postpartum depression and the participants experienced that they received better information about the mental side effects of giving birth rather than the physical side effects, which contradicts previous research.

The circadian cycle, although seasonally adjusted, consists of two phases: a nocturnal period of darkness and a diurnal period of light. Many parameters of human physiology display either a nocturnal or diurnal peak as seen in athletic performance, immune, endocrine, physiology and cognitive function, respectively. The studies included in this thesis focused on the diurnal (morning or AM versus evening or PM) effect of high-intensity self-paced exercise on physiological and immunological measures and the influence of individual preference for activity or chronotype on these responses. Self-paced time-trials were completed in an environmental chamber (6°C) in the AM and PM and displayed a similar effect on physiological and biological parameters. Performance times were non-statistically quicker (P > 0.05) at PM. Physiological parameters heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, lung function and self-paced treadmill speed were not found to be statistically different at AM or PM trial (p > 0.05). Core body temperature (CBT), was significantly higher (p0.05). CD8+ T-lymphocyte cell-surface markers for naïve/senescence and differentiation (CD27CD45RA and CD27CD28) reported no diurnal difference between AM and PM exercise in experienced and experienced/recreational distance runners respectively (P > 0.05). However, a higher percentage of highly differentiated phenotypes were found in the recreationally active population. Neutrophils displayed a pronounced elevation in response to PM exercise with the mechanism driving this response unclear at this time. Cortisol concentration displayed less inflammatory responses in the morning compared to the evening with higher values pre, post and one-hour post AM trials. Chronotype showed no effect on physiology or biology at rest or in response to exercise. Chapter 4 presents data from a study that investigated diurnal physiology and immune response to high-intensity exercise in highly-trained men. Recreational and experienced endurance male runners at differing diurnal time-points were investigated in Chapter 5, while individual chronotype differences and circadian phase responses were explored in Chapter 6.In summary, it is concluded from this work that there was a lack of evidence showing a diurnal effect on running performance and subsequent immune response. Elevated circulating immune counts prior to exercise, irrespective of diurnal phase, appear to govern exercise-induced responses. The effect of high intensity exercise is subject to three distinct variables: the fitness status and experience of the individual completing the exercise, the time of day at which the exercise is undertaken, and the phase response of exercise at that point of the circadian cycle. No diurnal phase mediated a divergent effect on variables examined was observed at 09.00hrs and 17.00hrs. These time-points should be considered not sufficiently dissimilar to elucidate diurnal variation in trained and healthy males.

Need is a concept that carries intuitive appeal in moral decision-making. As it stands, need is relatively under-theorised, given its currency not just in philosophical argumentation but in news coverage, charitable appeals, and political practice. Need claims carry compelling normative force, and they are amenable to widespread support as our most basic needs are some of the things we most transparently share with our fellow human beings. However, how should we understand that normative force? Is need best understood to compel us as a matter of justice? I begin my account by considering the kind of need relevant to the project. I build from an understanding of need as a three-place relation, which is by its nature needing for a purpose. I suggest that morally important needs are those which aim at the objective interests that all people have in virtue of what is good for each of us qua human beings ('non-arbitrary needs'). Further, I distinguish the existentially urgent subset of those non-arbitrary needs as 'basic needs.' Given this understanding, I consider how basic needs theory relates to its conceptual neighbours. I focus on capabilities as the nearest neighbours, but also comment on wants, interests, and rights. I judge that the theories developed by Martha Nussbaum (capabilities) and Len Doyal and Ian Gough (needs) benefit from a complementary reading, with each supplementing the other. I then draw from Amartya Sen's early writings on capabilities to ultimately see capabilities and needs as two sides of the same coin. This helps to situate needs theory in relation to a mainstream branch of political theory more generally, and indicates that we can recognise the special significance of needs without eschewing other morally important categories. I then move to establish a scope of justice that allows us to distinguish between duties of justice and other moral duties. If we think that duties of beneficence are weak and optional, whereas duties of justice are binding and enforceable, a great deal rides on how we characterise our duties to the global poor. I offer a 'moral enforceability' account, claiming that duties of justice are those which are, in principle, morally enforceable. It is the in-principle enforceability of justice duties which gives them teeth. Returning to need, I then ask how another's need comes to give me a moral reason for action. I canvas a range of existing accounts, many of which furnish important insights. I then propose that it is the morally relevant capacities of the being in need which gives them moral status such that their needing is morally significant. We are morally required to answer this need with responsiveness, as a demonstration of appropriate respect for the sort of being that the human in need is. If this is right, we are morally required to be responsive to need, even if we are not always required to reduce it. Finally, I bring the diverse strands of the foregoing argument together to return to the relationship between need and justice. I consider what a duty of responsiveness might amount to in practice, and suggest that our duties of responsiveness are best thought of as collective duties, grounded in the capacity of the global well-off to contribute. Further, I argue that duties of responsiveness are a matter of justice, as they are the sort of duties that are, in principle, morally enforceable. A wide range of threats to the necessary conditions for human flourishing, and even human life, are on the horizon, and many of these are uniquely collective challenges. The seriousness of those challenges, and the extent to which we have treated our responsibilities to those in need as discretionary in the past, means collective action and problem solving are called for when there are no easy answers.