Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Denis M. Medeiros / Laman Mamedova / The internalization of aggregated low-­density lipoprotein (agLDL) may involve the actin cytoskeleton in ways that differ from the endocytosis of soluble LDL. Based on previous findings the P2Y[subscript]2 receptor (P2Y[subscript]2R) mediates these effects through interaction with filamin‐A (FLN‐A), an actin binding protein. Our findings also showed that uridine 5’‐ triphosphate (UTP), a preferential agonist of the P2Y[subscript]2R, stimulates the uptake of agLDL, and increases expression of low‐density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP 1) in cultured mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The strategy of this research was to define novel mechanisms of LDL uptake through the modulation of the actin cytoskeleton in order to identify molecular targets involved in foam cell formation in vascular SMCs. For this project, we isolated aortic SMCs from wild type (WT) and P2Y[subscript]2R‐/‐ mice to investigate whether UTP and the P2Y[subscript]2R modulate expression of LRP 1 and low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). We also investigated the effects of UTP on uptake of DiI‐labeled agLDL in WT and P2Y[subscript]2R‐/‐ vascular SMCs. For LRP1 expression, cells were stimulated in the presence or absence of 10 [mu]M UTP. To determine LDLR mRNA expression, and for agLDL uptake, cells were transiently transfected for 24 h with cDNA encoding hemagglutinin-­tagged (HA-­tagged) WT P2Y[subscript]2R or a mutant P2Y[subscript]2R that does not bind FLN‐A, and afterwards treated with 10 [mu]M UTP. Total RNA was isolated, reversed transcribed to cDNA, and mRNA relative abundance determined by RT-­PCR using the delta-­delta Ct method with GAPDH as control gene. Results show SMCs expressing the mutant P2Y[subscript]2R that lacks the FLN‐A binding domain exhibit 3‐fold lower LDLR expression than SMCs expressing the WT P2Y[subscript]2R. There was also decrease in LRP1 mRNA expression in response to UTP in P2Y[subscript]2R‐/‐ SMCs compared to WT. Actinomycin‐D (20 [mu]g/ml) significantly reduced UTP-­induced LRP1 mRNA expression in P2Y[subscript]2R‐/‐ SMCs (P < 0.05). Compared to cells transfected with mutant P2Y[subscript]2R, cells transfected with WT P2Y[subscript]2R showed greater agLDL uptake in both WT VSMC and P2Y[subscript]2R-­/-­ cells. Together these results show that both LRP 1 and LDLR expressions are dependent on an intact P2Y[subscript]2R, and P2Y[subscript]2R/ FLN‐ A interaction is necessary for agLDL uptake.

O óxido nítrico (NO) é o principal agente vasodilatador endógeno que regula o tônus e a homeostase vascular, além de controlar o fluxo sanguíneo. Doadores de NO, entre eles os nitratos orgânicos, são importantes medicamentos para o tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares. O grande benefício clínico desses nitratos é atribuído ao seu efeito venodilatador. Isto se deve ao seu efeito sobre a redução do retorno venoso, da pré-carga cardíaca e da demanda de oxigênio pelo miocárdio. Porém, um dos efeitos adversos mais comuns dos nitratos orgânicos é a cefaléia causada pela vasodilatação cerebral. Os doadores de NO utilizados clinicamente, nitroglicerina (NTG) e nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS), possuem algumas limitações como indução de tolerância e toxicidade, respectivamente. Dentre os compostos amplamente estudados, que são capazes de liberar NO, estão os complexos nitrosilos de rutênio. Estes complexos têm interesse terapêutico devido à sua baixa toxicidade. Recentemente, verificamos que o complexo de rutênio [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO]3+ (Terpy), sintetizado em nosso departamento, reduz a pressão de ratos hipertensos renais 2R-1C e promove relaxamento vascular da aorta desses animais e de ratos normotensos controles (2R). Desta forma, a hipótese deste trabalho é de que o Terpy seja capaz de induzir relaxamento vascular em anéis de artéria basilar e veia cava inferior, tanto de ratos normotensos (2R) quanto de ratos 2R-1C. O nosso estudo teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos deste composto doador de NO e do doador de NO de referência, NPS, e os seus mecanismos de relaxamento vascular na artéria basilar e veia cava inferior de ratos normotensos 2R e hipertensos renais 2R-1C. Nossos resultados demonstram que o Terpy, ao contrário do NPS, não promoveu relaxamento vascular na artéria basilar de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. Da mesma forma, o Terpy não liberou NO nas células do músculo liso vascular. O NPS liberou NO e induziu relaxamento da artéria basilar pela ativação da enzima guanililciclase solúvel (GCs), com conseqüente ativação da proteína quinase dependente de GMPc (GK) e ativação dos canais para K+(KV, KATP e KIR). Ambos doadores, assim como a NTG, promoveram relaxamento vascular em anéis de veia cava e artéria basilar de ratos 2R e 2R- 1C de forma dependente da concentração. O relaxamento das veias de ratos 2R-1C foi menor do que em veias de 2R para os doadores de NO: Terpy, NPS e NTG. A liberação do NO pelo Terpy foi menor nas veias de 2R-1C. O NPS induz relaxamento da veia cava inferior pela ativação da enzima GCs com conseqüente ativação da proteína GK e ativação de canais para K+ sensíveis ao TEA. O Terpy induziu relaxamento da veia cava inferior pela ativação da enzima GCs, com conseqüente ativação da GK, ativação da Ca2+-ATPase reticular (SERCA) e ativação dos canais para K+ (KV, SKca e BKca). Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostraram que o Terpy é menos potente que o doador de referência (NPS) na veia cava inferior de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. Sua resposta vasodilatadora se deve principalmente à ativação da GCs, de canais para K+,proteína GK e SERCA. O Terpy, ao contrário do NPS, não induz relaxamento na artéria basilar de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. A resposta vasodilatadora do NPS nesses vasos se deve principalmente à ativação da GCs, de canais para K+ e proteína GK. A SERCA parece não estar envolvida no mecanismo de relaxamento vascular induzido pelo NPS. / Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous vasodilator that regulates vascular tone, homeostasis and blood flow. NO donors, including organic nitrates are important drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. A major clinical benefit of NO donors is attributed to their venodilator effect, resulting in decreased venous return, cardiac preload, arterial pressure and decreased myocardial oxygen demand. But the most common side effect of these drugs is the headache, which is caused by cerebral vasodilatation. The clinically used NO donors, nitroglycerin (NTG) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), have some limitations such as induction of tolerance and toxicity, respectively. Among the widely studied compounds, which are capable of releasing NO are the nitrosyl ruthenium complexes, which have therapeutic interest due to its low toxicity. Recently, we found that the ruthenium complex [Ru (terpy)(BDQ)NO]3+ (Terpy) reduces the blood pressure of renal hypertensive rats (2K- 1C) and promotes vascular relaxation in aorta from 2K-1C and normotensive rats (2R). Thus, the hypothesis of the present work was that Terpy is able to induce vascular relaxation in basilar artery and inferior vena cava rings in 2K and 2K-1C rats. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of Terpy and SNP (the classical NO donor) and their vascular mechanisms in basilar artery and inferior vena cava from 2K and 2K-1C rats. Our results demonstrate that Terpy, unlike the SNP, did not promote vascular relaxation in basilar artery of 2K and 2K-1C. Terpy did not release NO in vascular smooth muscle cells. SNP released NO and induced relaxation in basilar artery rings by activating the enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) with consequent activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (GK) and activation of K + channels (KV, KATP and KIR). Both NO donors and NTG promoted vascular relaxation in vena cava rings from 2K and 2K-1C rats in concentration-dependent way. We have observed an impaired relaxation to NO in cava vein from 2K-1C rats. The NO release by Terpy was lower in 2K-1C veins. NPS induces relaxation in inferior vena cava by the activation of GCs, GK and K+ channels. Terpy induced relaxation in inferior vena cava by the activation of the enzyme sGC, with consequent activation of GK, reticular Ca2 + ATPase (SERCA) and activation of K + channels (KV and BKCa SKca). Taken together, our results demonstrate that Terpy is less potent than the reference NO donor (SNP) in the inferior vena cava of 2K and 2K-1C. Its vasodilator effect is mainly due to activation of sGC, K + channels, SERCA and GK protein. In basilar artery Terpy, unlike SNP, does not induce relaxation in 2K and 2K-1C rats. Vasodilator response to SNP in basilar artery is mainly due to activation of sGC, K + channels and GK protein. SERCA appears not to be involved in the mechanism of vascular relaxation by SNP.

O óxido nítrico (NO) é o principal agente vasodilatador endógeno que regula o tônus e a homeostase vascular, além de controlar o fluxo sanguíneo. Doadores de NO, entre eles os nitratos orgânicos, são importantes medicamentos para o tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares. O grande benefício clínico desses nitratos é atribuído ao seu efeito venodilatador. Isto se deve ao seu efeito sobre a redução do retorno venoso, da pré-carga cardíaca e da demanda de oxigênio pelo miocárdio. Porém, um dos efeitos adversos mais comuns dos nitratos orgânicos é a cefaléia causada pela vasodilatação cerebral. Os doadores de NO utilizados clinicamente, nitroglicerina (NTG) e nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS), possuem algumas limitações como indução de tolerância e toxicidade, respectivamente. Dentre os compostos amplamente estudados, que são capazes de liberar NO, estão os complexos nitrosilos de rutênio. Estes complexos têm interesse terapêutico devido à sua baixa toxicidade. Recentemente, verificamos que o complexo de rutênio [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO]3+ (Terpy), sintetizado em nosso departamento, reduz a pressão de ratos hipertensos renais 2R-1C e promove relaxamento vascular da aorta desses animais e de ratos normotensos controles (2R). Desta forma, a hipótese deste trabalho é de que o Terpy seja capaz de induzir relaxamento vascular em anéis de artéria basilar e veia cava inferior, tanto de ratos normotensos (2R) quanto de ratos 2R-1C. O nosso estudo teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos deste composto doador de NO e do doador de NO de referência, NPS, e os seus mecanismos de relaxamento vascular na artéria basilar e veia cava inferior de ratos normotensos 2R e hipertensos renais 2R-1C. Nossos resultados demonstram que o Terpy, ao contrário do NPS, não promoveu relaxamento vascular na artéria basilar de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. Da mesma forma, o Terpy não liberou NO nas células do músculo liso vascular. O NPS liberou NO e induziu relaxamento da artéria basilar pela ativação da enzima guanililciclase solúvel (GCs), com conseqüente ativação da proteína quinase dependente de GMPc (GK) e ativação dos canais para K+(KV, KATP e KIR). Ambos doadores, assim como a NTG, promoveram relaxamento vascular em anéis de veia cava e artéria basilar de ratos 2R e 2R- 1C de forma dependente da concentração. O relaxamento das veias de ratos 2R-1C foi menor do que em veias de 2R para os doadores de NO: Terpy, NPS e NTG. A liberação do NO pelo Terpy foi menor nas veias de 2R-1C. O NPS induz relaxamento da veia cava inferior pela ativação da enzima GCs com conseqüente ativação da proteína GK e ativação de canais para K+ sensíveis ao TEA. O Terpy induziu relaxamento da veia cava inferior pela ativação da enzima GCs, com conseqüente ativação da GK, ativação da Ca2+-ATPase reticular (SERCA) e ativação dos canais para K+ (KV, SKca e BKca). Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostraram que o Terpy é menos potente que o doador de referência (NPS) na veia cava inferior de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. Sua resposta vasodilatadora se deve principalmente à ativação da GCs, de canais para K+,proteína GK e SERCA. O Terpy, ao contrário do NPS, não induz relaxamento na artéria basilar de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. A resposta vasodilatadora do NPS nesses vasos se deve principalmente à ativação da GCs, de canais para K+ e proteína GK. A SERCA parece não estar envolvida no mecanismo de relaxamento vascular induzido pelo NPS. / Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous vasodilator that regulates vascular tone, homeostasis and blood flow. NO donors, including organic nitrates are important drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. A major clinical benefit of NO donors is attributed to their venodilator effect, resulting in decreased venous return, cardiac preload, arterial pressure and decreased myocardial oxygen demand. But the most common side effect of these drugs is the headache, which is caused by cerebral vasodilatation. The clinically used NO donors, nitroglycerin (NTG) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), have some limitations such as induction of tolerance and toxicity, respectively. Among the widely studied compounds, which are capable of releasing NO are the nitrosyl ruthenium complexes, which have therapeutic interest due to its low toxicity. Recently, we found that the ruthenium complex [Ru (terpy)(BDQ)NO]3+ (Terpy) reduces the blood pressure of renal hypertensive rats (2K- 1C) and promotes vascular relaxation in aorta from 2K-1C and normotensive rats (2R). Thus, the hypothesis of the present work was that Terpy is able to induce vascular relaxation in basilar artery and inferior vena cava rings in 2K and 2K-1C rats. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of Terpy and SNP (the classical NO donor) and their vascular mechanisms in basilar artery and inferior vena cava from 2K and 2K-1C rats. Our results demonstrate that Terpy, unlike the SNP, did not promote vascular relaxation in basilar artery of 2K and 2K-1C. Terpy did not release NO in vascular smooth muscle cells. SNP released NO and induced relaxation in basilar artery rings by activating the enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) with consequent activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (GK) and activation of K + channels (KV, KATP and KIR). Both NO donors and NTG promoted vascular relaxation in vena cava rings from 2K and 2K-1C rats in concentration-dependent way. We have observed an impaired relaxation to NO in cava vein from 2K-1C rats. The NO release by Terpy was lower in 2K-1C veins. NPS induces relaxation in inferior vena cava by the activation of GCs, GK and K+ channels. Terpy induced relaxation in inferior vena cava by the activation of the enzyme sGC, with consequent activation of GK, reticular Ca2 + ATPase (SERCA) and activation of K + channels (KV and BKCa SKca). Taken together, our results demonstrate that Terpy is less potent than the reference NO donor (SNP) in the inferior vena cava of 2K and 2K-1C. Its vasodilator effect is mainly due to activation of sGC, K + channels, SERCA and GK protein. In basilar artery Terpy, unlike SNP, does not induce relaxation in 2K and 2K-1C rats. Vasodilator response to SNP in basilar artery is mainly due to activation of sGC, K + channels and GK protein. SERCA appears not to be involved in the mechanism of vascular relaxation by SNP.

Ce mémoire est consacré à l'étude de l'impact de la régénération 2R dans un système de transmission optique. La régénération optique 2R devrait permettre d'améliorer les performances et limiter le coût des liaisons longue distance et métropolitaines. Des dispositifs simples et peu coûteux pourraient en effet remplacer certains transpondeurs des liaisons optiques. Seules les techniques compatibles avec le réseau multiplexé en longueur d'onde (WDM) seront susceptibles de voir le jour. Ces travaux se sont par conséquent plus particulièrement tournés vers un dispositif 2R à base d'un absorbant saturable en microcavité verticale, dispositif qui présente les qualités requises pour l'application visée. Ces travaux ont donné lieu à des considérations tant d'un point de vue compréhension des phénomènes que d'un point de vue performances. Ils ont été réalisés dans le cadre du projet RNRT (Réseau National de Recherche en Télécommunications) ASTERIX (Absorbant Saturable pour la régénération TERabits multIpleXée en longueurs d'onde).<br />Après une présentation des généralités sur les systèmes de transmission optique et des principales dégradations subies par le signal, nous abordons la régénération optique. Nous mettons ensuite en évidence la difficulté de démontrer l'efficacité d'un régénérateur. Nous montrons notamment que pour démontrer son efficacité, un régénérateur optique doit être caractérisé dans une liaison.<br />L'étude numérique et expérimentale d'une liaison comportant une cascade de régénérateurs optiques 3R, nous permet ensuite, dans le cas où l'accumulation de bruit d'amplitude limite la transmission, de connaître l'évolution des densités de probabilité depuissance des symboles et donc du taux d'erreur binaire (TEB).<br />Le cas d'une régénération 2R est ensuite abordé. Un dispositif original constitué d'un absorbant saturable suivi d'un amplificateur optique à semiconducteur (SOA) est caractérisé avant d'être cascadé dans une ligne de transmission à 10 Gbit/s. L'efficacitédu dispositif est démontrée puisqu'un facteur d'amélioration de la distance de propagation supérieur à 9,5 est obtenu pour un TEB de 10-8 permettant une propagation sur 20 000 km. L'accordabilité du dispositif est également démontrée sur une bande spectrale de 13 nm, ce qui est prometteur pour une transmission WDM.<br />Ce dispositif 2R nous permet finalement d'aborder de manière plus générale, l'effet d'une cascade de régénérateurs 2R dans une liaison. Une étude numérique clarifie le phénomène d'accumulation de gigue temporelle en présence de régénérateurs 2R. Une boucle à recirculation à pas de régénération variable permet d'étudier expérimentalemen l'impact du pas entre régénérateurs. Il existe un pas de régénération optimal correspondant au meilleur compromis entre accumulation de gigue temporelle et de bruit d'amplitude. L'étude met également en évidence l'intérêt d'espacer largement les régénérateurs (distance doublée pour 6 régénérateurs cascadés à un TEB de 10-8 dans le cas considéré). Enfin la limitation de la transmission par la gigue temporelle est mise en évidence expérimentalement.

Ce manuscrit est consacré à la réalisation et à l'étude d'un composant à base d'absorbants saturables (AS) sur InP pour la remise en forme de signaux optiques à très hauts-débits. Le fonctionnement de ce composant tout-optique et passif est basé sur la non-linéarité d'absorption de puits quantiques (PQ) insérés dans une microcavité Fabry-Perot. Outre son insensibilité à la polarisation et son temps de réponse compatible avec les futurs signaux à hauts-débits, le composant AS présente aussi une large bande passante (BP) lui permettant de traiter plusieurs longueurs d'onde simultanément, faisant de lui un bon candidat pour les futurs dispositifs de régénération tout-optique à faible coût pour les liaisons à hauts-débits multiplexés en longueur d'onde (WDM).<br />Grâce à une structure optimisée, nous avons pu obtenir un composant avec un temps de réponse aussi court que la picoseconde et une fluence de saturation de seulement quelques µJ/cm2. Les résultats expérimentaux ont permis de valider le modèle de l'autosaturation des PQ en microcavité développé lors de cette thèse, ainsi que celui décrivant le fonctionnement du composant AS à hauts-débits et tenant compte des effets-thermique.<br />Grâce à son optimisation et à une meilleure gestion des effets thermo-optiques, nous avons pu démontrer pour la 1iére fois l'amélioration du taux d'extinction de signaux à 160 GHz (+6 dB sur une BP de 8 nm) et la remise en forme à 160 Gbits/s par un composant AS. Enfin, des résultats de régénération 2R en boucle de recirculation à 10 Gbits/s et à 43 Gbits/s sont aussi présentés et montrent une amélioration de la distance de propagation de 9,5 (sur 13 nm) et de 6 respectivement.

Cultivars of Agrostis stolonifera showed weak and strong responsiveness to the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) activator, benzothiadiazole (BTH), or the induced systemic resistance (ISR) activator, 2R, 3R-butanediol (BD). Next Generation RNA sequencing was used to identify 2163 putative transcripts with increased expression in BTH versus water-treated A. stolonifera. Among three BTH-induced genes, AsASP-2 and AsHIR-1 were induced faster, while AsLOX-1 had stronger transient induction, in one out of two strongly BTH-responsive cultivars. Three ISR-responsive genes, AsGNS-5, AsOPR-4 and AsAOS-1, showed no greater induction or priming in the strongly versus weakly BD-responsive cultivars. Cultivars of A. stolonifera vary significantly in their response to defense activators, however this is not consistently related to defense gene expression. To quantify disease severity, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was tested on Nicotiana benthamiana infected with Colletotrichum orbiculare. Leaf areas of healthy, non-necrotic affected and necrotic tissue could be individually quantified, which demonstrated that BD delayed symptom development by approx. 24-hour and reduced non-necrotic affected tissue compared to controls. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging can quantify and reveal novel features about induced disease resistance.

Ledarstilars påverkan på idrottarens prestation och psykologiska tillstånd har visat sig vara signifikant och betydelsefull. Valet av ledarstil från en tränare kan både förbättra och försämra en individens prestation. Det har också visat sig påverka idrottarens upplevda ångest och självförtroende inom flera sporter. Dock finns det bristande kunskap om hur ledarstilar påverkar idrottarnas ångest och självförtroende inom klättring, vilket denna interventionsstudie ämnar undersöka. Ledarstilarna som används i studien inkluderar Direkt och Guided discovery och har definierats utifrån relevant litteratur. Ledarstilarnas effekt på klättrarnas upplevda ångest och självförtroende mättes med hjälp av Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 Revised (CSAI-2R). Urvalet bestod av 40 deltagare i åldern 18-40 år, varav 10 var kvinnor (25%) och 30 var män (75%), som randomiserades till två grupper (Direkt och Guided Discovery). Forskningsfrågan besvarades genom upprepade ANOVA-test där resultaten från CSAI-2R jämfördes mellan de olika ledarstilarna. Inga signifikanta interaktionseffekter mellan ledarstil och test (före och efter) återfanns för någon av utfallsvariablerna. Dock fanns signifikanta resultat gällande förändringar i upplevd kognitiv och somatisk ångest oberoende av ledarstil. Således uppmuntras framtida forskning att vidare undersöka om ledarstilar har en signifikant påverkan på idrottarnas upplevda ångest och självförtroende eller inte, samt om det finns andra faktorer som kan ha en större betydande effekt på idrottarnas psykologiska tillstånd än ledarstilar. / The impact of leadership styles on athletes' performance and psychological state has been shown to be significant and meaningful. The choice of leadership style by a coach can both improve and impair an individual's performance. It has also been found to affect athletes' perceived anxiety and self-confidence in several sports. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the influence of leadership styles on athletes' anxiety and self-confidence in the sport of climbing, which this study aims to investigate. The leadership styles used in the study include Direct and Guided Discovery, and they have been defined based on relevant literature. Perceived anxiety and self-confidence were measured using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 Revised (CSAI-2R). The sample consisted of 40 participants between the ages of 18 and 40, including 10 women (25%) and 30 men (75%), who were divided into two groups (Direct and Guided Discovery). The research question was answered through repeated ANOVA tests, where the results from the CSAI-2R were compared across the different leadership styles. No significant difference was found between the leadership styles. However, there were significant results regarding changes in perceived cognitive and somatic anxiety independent of the leadership style. Therefore, future research is encouraged to further investigate whether leadership styles have a significant impact on athletes' perceived anxiety and self-confidence or not, as well as whether there are other factors that may have a greater significant effect on athletes' psychological state than leadership styles.

Nous avons démontré l’utilité du groupement protecteur tert-butylsulfonyle (N-Bus) pour la chimie des acides aminés et des peptides. Celui-ci est préparé en deux étapes, impliquant la réaction d’une amine avec le chlorure de tert-butylsulfinyle, suivie par l’oxydation par du m-CPBA, pour obtenir les tert-butylsulfonamides correspondants avec d’excellents rendements. Le groupement N-Bus peut être clivé par traitement avec 0.1 N TfOH/DCM/anisole à 0oC en 10h pour régénérer le sel d’ammonium. Une variété d’acides aminés N-Bus protégés ainsi que d’autres aminoacides peuvent alors être utilisés pour préparer divers dipeptides et tripeptides. A l’exception du groupe N-Fmoc, les conditions de déprotection du groupe N-Bus clivent également les groupements N-Boc, N-Cbz et O-Bn. Une déprotection sélective et orthogonale des groupes N-Boc, N-Cbz, N-Fmoc et O-Bn est également possible en présence du groupe protecteur N-Bus. Le nouvel acide aminé non-naturel (3R, 2R) 3–méthyl-D-leucine (β-Me-Leu) et son régioisomère 2-méthyle ont été synthétisés par ouverture d’une N-Ts aziridine en présence d’un excès de LiMe2Cu. Chacun des régioisomères du mélange (1:1,2) a été converti en la méthylleucine correspondante, puis couplé à l’acide D-phényllactique puis au motif 2-carboxyperhydroindole 4-amidinobenzamide en présence de DEPBT. Des élaborations ultérieures ont conduit à des analogues peptidiques non-naturels d’aeruginosines telles que la chlorodysinosine A. Les deux analogues ont ensuite été évalués pour leur activité inhibitrice de la thrombine et la trypsine. La présumée aeruginosine 3-sulfate 205B et son anomère β ont été synthétisés avec succès à partir de 5 sous-unités : la 3-chloroleucine, l’acide D-phényllactique, le D-xylose, le 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole et l’agmatine. La comparaison des données RMN 1H et 13C reportées avec celles obtenues avec l’aeruginosine synthétique 205B révèle une différence majeure pour la position du groupe présumé 3'-sulfate sur l’unité D-xylopyranosyle. Nous avons alors synthétisés les dérivés méthyl-α-D-xylopyranosides avec un groupement sulfate à chacune des positions hydroxyles, afin de démontrer sans ambiguïté la présence du sulfate en position C-4' par comparaison des données spectroscopiques RMN 1H et 13C. La structure de l’aeruginosine 205B a alors été révisée. Une des étapes-clés de cette synthèse consiste en la formation du glycoside avec le groupe hydroxyle en C-6 orienté en axial sur la sous-unité Choi. Le 2-thiopyridylcarbonate s’est avéré une méthode efficace pour l’activation anomérique. Le traitement par AgOTf et la tétraméthylurée en solution dans un mélange éther-DCM permet d’obtenir l’anomère α désiré, qui peut alors être aisément séparé de l’anomère β par chromatographie / We have demonstrated the usefulness of tert-butylsulfonyl (N-Bus) protecting group in amino acid and peptide chemistry. It is formed in a 2-step procedure involving reaction of an amine with tert-butylsulfinyl chloride, followed by oxidation with m-CPBA to obtain the corresponding tert-butyl- sulfonamides in excellent yields. The N-Bus group can be cleaved to regenerate the corresponding amino salt in 0.1 N TfOH/DCM/anisole at 0 oC for 10 h. A variety of N-Bus protected amino acids and other common amino acids can be used to form dipeptides and tripeptides. With the exception of the N-Fmoc group, the conditions required for the N-Bus group cleavage also cleaved the N-Boc, N-Cbz and O-Bn groups. Selective and orthogonal deprotection of N-Boc, N-Cbz, N-Fmoc and O-Bn groups could be achieved in the presence of the N-Bus protecting group. The new unnatural amino acids (3R, 2R) 3–methyl-D-leucine (β-Me-Leu) and its 2-methyl regioisomer were synthesized by ring opening of an N-Ts aziridine intermediate with excess LiMe2Cu. The 1:1.2 mixture of regioisomers were each converted to the corresponding methyl leucines, then coupled to D-phenyllactic acid, followed by coupling with 2-carboxyperhydroindole 4-amidino-benzamide core in the presence of DEPBT. Further elaboration led to linear peptidic unnatural analogues of known aeruginosins such as chlorodysinosin A. The two analogues were also evaluated in enzymatic assays for their inhibitory activity against thrombin and trypsin. The presumed 3-sulfated aeruginosin 205B and its β–anomer were successfully synthesized from 5 subunits: 3-chloroleucine, D-phenyllactic acid, D-xylose, 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole, and agmatine. Comparison of 1H and 13C NMR reported data with that of synthetic aeruginosin 205B revealed a disturbing discrepancy with regard to the position of the presumed 3'-sulfate on the D-xylopyranosyl unit. We synthesized methyl α-D-xylopyranosides with sulfates at each of the hydroxyl groups and conclusively demonstrated the the presence of a C-4'-sulfate by comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data. Thus, the structure of aeruginosin 205B should be revised. One of the key steps in the synthesis is glycoside formation of the axially oriented C-6 hydroxyl group in the Choi subunit. The 2-thiopyridyl carbonate was a suitable method for anomeric activation, followed by treatment with AgOTf and tetramethylurea in ether-DCM solution to give the desired α-anomer, which was easily separable from the β-anomer by column chromatography.

Nous avons démontré l’utilité du groupement protecteur tert-butylsulfonyle (N-Bus) pour la chimie des acides aminés et des peptides. Celui-ci est préparé en deux étapes, impliquant la réaction d’une amine avec le chlorure de tert-butylsulfinyle, suivie par l’oxydation par du m-CPBA, pour obtenir les tert-butylsulfonamides correspondants avec d’excellents rendements. Le groupement N-Bus peut être clivé par traitement avec 0.1 N TfOH/DCM/anisole à 0oC en 10h pour régénérer le sel d’ammonium. Une variété d’acides aminés N-Bus protégés ainsi que d’autres aminoacides peuvent alors être utilisés pour préparer divers dipeptides et tripeptides. A l’exception du groupe N-Fmoc, les conditions de déprotection du groupe N-Bus clivent également les groupements N-Boc, N-Cbz et O-Bn. Une déprotection sélective et orthogonale des groupes N-Boc, N-Cbz, N-Fmoc et O-Bn est également possible en présence du groupe protecteur N-Bus. Le nouvel acide aminé non-naturel (3R, 2R) 3–méthyl-D-leucine (β-Me-Leu) et son régioisomère 2-méthyle ont été synthétisés par ouverture d’une N-Ts aziridine en présence d’un excès de LiMe2Cu. Chacun des régioisomères du mélange (1:1,2) a été converti en la méthylleucine correspondante, puis couplé à l’acide D-phényllactique puis au motif 2-carboxyperhydroindole 4-amidinobenzamide en présence de DEPBT. Des élaborations ultérieures ont conduit à des analogues peptidiques non-naturels d’aeruginosines telles que la chlorodysinosine A. Les deux analogues ont ensuite été évalués pour leur activité inhibitrice de la thrombine et la trypsine. La présumée aeruginosine 3-sulfate 205B et son anomère β ont été synthétisés avec succès à partir de 5 sous-unités : la 3-chloroleucine, l’acide D-phényllactique, le D-xylose, le 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole et l’agmatine. La comparaison des données RMN 1H et 13C reportées avec celles obtenues avec l’aeruginosine synthétique 205B révèle une différence majeure pour la position du groupe présumé 3'-sulfate sur l’unité D-xylopyranosyle. Nous avons alors synthétisés les dérivés méthyl-α-D-xylopyranosides avec un groupement sulfate à chacune des positions hydroxyles, afin de démontrer sans ambiguïté la présence du sulfate en position C-4' par comparaison des données spectroscopiques RMN 1H et 13C. La structure de l’aeruginosine 205B a alors été révisée. Une des étapes-clés de cette synthèse consiste en la formation du glycoside avec le groupe hydroxyle en C-6 orienté en axial sur la sous-unité Choi. Le 2-thiopyridylcarbonate s’est avéré une méthode efficace pour l’activation anomérique. Le traitement par AgOTf et la tétraméthylurée en solution dans un mélange éther-DCM permet d’obtenir l’anomère α désiré, qui peut alors être aisément séparé de l’anomère β par chromatographie / We have demonstrated the usefulness of tert-butylsulfonyl (N-Bus) protecting group in amino acid and peptide chemistry. It is formed in a 2-step procedure involving reaction of an amine with tert-butylsulfinyl chloride, followed by oxidation with m-CPBA to obtain the corresponding tert-butyl- sulfonamides in excellent yields. The N-Bus group can be cleaved to regenerate the corresponding amino salt in 0.1 N TfOH/DCM/anisole at 0 oC for 10 h. A variety of N-Bus protected amino acids and other common amino acids can be used to form dipeptides and tripeptides. With the exception of the N-Fmoc group, the conditions required for the N-Bus group cleavage also cleaved the N-Boc, N-Cbz and O-Bn groups. Selective and orthogonal deprotection of N-Boc, N-Cbz, N-Fmoc and O-Bn groups could be achieved in the presence of the N-Bus protecting group. The new unnatural amino acids (3R, 2R) 3–methyl-D-leucine (β-Me-Leu) and its 2-methyl regioisomer were synthesized by ring opening of an N-Ts aziridine intermediate with excess LiMe2Cu. The 1:1.2 mixture of regioisomers were each converted to the corresponding methyl leucines, then coupled to D-phenyllactic acid, followed by coupling with 2-carboxyperhydroindole 4-amidino-benzamide core in the presence of DEPBT. Further elaboration led to linear peptidic unnatural analogues of known aeruginosins such as chlorodysinosin A. The two analogues were also evaluated in enzymatic assays for their inhibitory activity against thrombin and trypsin. The presumed 3-sulfated aeruginosin 205B and its β–anomer were successfully synthesized from 5 subunits: 3-chloroleucine, D-phenyllactic acid, D-xylose, 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole, and agmatine. Comparison of 1H and 13C NMR reported data with that of synthetic aeruginosin 205B revealed a disturbing discrepancy with regard to the position of the presumed 3'-sulfate on the D-xylopyranosyl unit. We synthesized methyl α-D-xylopyranosides with sulfates at each of the hydroxyl groups and conclusively demonstrated the the presence of a C-4'-sulfate by comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data. Thus, the structure of aeruginosin 205B should be revised. One of the key steps in the synthesis is glycoside formation of the axially oriented C-6 hydroxyl group in the Choi subunit. The 2-thiopyridyl carbonate was a suitable method for anomeric activation, followed by treatment with AgOTf and tetramethylurea in ether-DCM solution to give the desired α-anomer, which was easily separable from the β-anomer by column chromatography.

Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) utgår ifrån att alla individer vill visa sin kompetens vilket tar sig uttryck i två målinriktningar; ego och task. Individen påverkas av omgivningen som driver ett motivationsklimat som kan uttryckas i samma typer av målinriktning. Motivationsklimatet och målinriktningarna anses påverka hur individen agerar och hanterar t.ex. ängslan/oro och prestation. Denna studie behandlar samband mellan individuella målinriktningar, upplevt motivationsklimat drivet av tränare, träningskamrater och föräldrar, tävlingsrelaterad ängslan/oro och upplevd prestation. Undersökningsdeltagare var femtonåriga svenska ungdomar som tävlade i alpin utförsåkning (N=56). Multipel regressionsanalys användes för att analysera samband och signifikanta förklaringsvarianser. Störst bidrag från omgivningen på tävlingsrelaterad ängslan/oro verkade mammor ha (negativt bidrag). Kamrater var viktigare för individen än övrigt socialt stöd. Den alpina gruppen var mer ego-orienterad jämfört med resultat i studier med andra ungdomar i samma ålder och uppvisade en individuell målorientering som snarare motsvarade äldre elitidrottares, samtidigt som den relativt sett skattade ett lägre taskinriktat motivationsklimat