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Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-18T19:22:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Juliana Morais.pdf: 1700968 bytes, checksum: 0e62cb3a74a53d3f828f98d0a112af0b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-06-27T18:58:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Juliana Morais.pdf: 1700968 bytes, checksum: 0e62cb3a74a53d3f828f98d0a112af0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T18:58:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Juliana Morais.pdf: 1700968 bytes, checksum: 0e62cb3a74a53d3f828f98d0a112af0b (MD5) / FAPES / A galanina (GAL) é um peptídeo presente no SNC de vários mamíferos, inclusive do homem. Foram clonados 3 receptores diferentes para a GAL, GALR1 e GALR3, inibitórios, e GALR2, excitatório. A distribuição da GAL em estruturas envolvidas com o controle das emoções, assim como estudos comportamentais sugerem que a GAL esteja envolvida na neurobiologia da ansiedade. O seu efeito parece depender tanto do sítio de administração quanto do subtipo de receptor envolvido. O núcleo dorsal da rafe (NDR) destaca-se pela presença de neurônios serotoninérgicos, importantes para mediar o efeito antidepressivo de diversos fármacos. Cerca de 40 % dos neurônios do NDR co-expressam serotonina (5-HT) e GAL. A ativação de GALR1 pelo peptídeo nessa estrutura diminui a taxa de disparo dos neurônios serotoninérgicos no NDR. Resultado prévio do nosso laboratório mostrou efeito ansiolítico da GAL intra-NDR de ratos expostos ao Labirinto em T elevado (LTE), mas nenhum efeito na fuga, relacionada ao pânico. Uma das limitações do modelo utilizado é que a fuga (latência para deixar o braço aberto) normalmente ocorre em poucos segundos, de forma que detectar o efeito panicogênico (menor latência de fuga) pode ser difícil. Dessa forma, um dos objetivos do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da GAL intra-NDR de ratos em outro modelo experimental de pânico, a estimulação elétrica da matéria cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal (MCPD), mais sensível à detecção do efeito panicogênico. Além disso, considerando a existência de diferentes subtipos de receptores galaninérgicos (GALR1 e GALR2) no NDR com mecanismos de transdução opostos, inibitório e excitatório, respectivamente, é possível que a ativação de receptores GALR1 seja responsável por mediar o efeito ansiolítico/panicogênico, enquanto a ativação dos receptores GALR2 induza efeito ansiogênico/panicolítico. Nesse sentido, testamos essa hipótese usando um agonista seletivo para GALR1 (M617) e um agonista seletivo para GALR2 (AR-M1896) no NDR de ratos expostos ao LTE. A administração de M617 intra-NDR facilitou a esquiva inibitória nas doses de 1,0 e 3,0 nmoles, sugerindo um efeito tipo-ansiogênico, enquanto a administração do AR-M1896 intra-NDR na dose de 3,0nmoles prejudicou a esquiva inibitória, sugerindo um efeito tipo-ansiolítico, ambos sem alterar a atividade locomotora dos animais testados no campo aberto. Esses resultados são contrários à hipótese inicial. Também não foi observado efeito dessas drogas no comportamento de fuga do LTE. Posteriormente, foi testado o WAY100635 com o objetivo de verificar se a administração prévia deste antagonista 5-HT1A seria capaz de bloquear os efeitos observados com o agonista GALR2 nos animais submetidos ao LTE. O efeito ansiolítico do AR-M1896 foi atenuado pela administração prévia do WAY100635, na dose de 0,18nmol. Portanto esses resultados sugerem uma relação entre o efeito observado com o AR-M1896, a liberação de 5-HT e a ativação de receptores 5-HT1A. E finalmente, a GAL, na dose de 0,3nmol, aumentou de modo significativo, mas discreto, os limiares de salto e trote dos animais submetidos à estimulação elétrica da MCPD, sugerindo efeito panicolítico. Os resultados, como um todo, apontam que a GAL no NDR participa da mediação de respostas comportamentais relacionadas à ansiedade e, de forma menos evidente, ao Transtorno de Pânico. Os resultados mostram, ainda, que o efeito da GAL na ansiedade nesse subnúcleo depende do subtipo de receptor galaninérgico ativado. / Galanin (GAL) is a peptide present in the CNS of various mammals, including human being. Three different receptors have been cloned for the GAL, GALR1 and GALR3, inhibitory, and GALR2, excitatory. The distribution of GAL in structures involved in the control of emotions, and behavior studies suggest that GAL may be involved in the neurobiology of anxiety. The effect seems to depend on both the GAL administration site as involved receptor subtype. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is distinguished by the presence of serotonergic neurons, important to mediate the antidepressant effect of several drugs. About 40% of the neurons of the DRN co-expressing serotonin and GAL. The activation of GALR1 in this structure decreases the firing rate of serotonergic neurons in the DRN. Previous results from our laboratory showed anxiolytic effect of GAL intra-DRN in rats exposed to the elevated T maze (ETM), but no effect on the escape, related to panic. One of the limitations of this model is that the escape (latency to leave the open arm) usually occurs within a few seconds, so that detect panicogenic effect (low latency escape) can be difficult. Thus, one aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intra-DRN rat GAL in another experimental model of panic, electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (DPAG), more sensitive to detect panicogenic effect. Furthermore, given the existence of different subtypes of galaninergic receptors (GALR1 and GALR2) in the DRN with opposite transduction mechanisms, inhibitory and excitatory, respectively, it is possible that activation of GALR1 receptors is responsible for mediating the anxiolytic/panicogenic effect while activation of GALR2 receptors induces anxiogenic/panicolytic effect. Accordingly, we tested this hypothesis using a selective agonist for GALR1 (M617) and a selective agonist for GALR2 (AR-M1896) in the DRN in rats exposed to ETM. The administration of M617 1.0 and 3.0 nmol in the DRN facilitated inhibitory avoidance, suggesting an anxiogenic-like effect., while administration of AR-M1896 3,0nmoles in the DRN impaired the inhibitory avoidance, suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect, both without changing locomotor activity of animals tested in the open field. Also there was no effect of these drugs on the ETM escape behavior. Later, the pre-treatment with WAY100635 was tested in order to verify that administration of a 5-HT1A antagonist would be able to block the effects seen with GALR2 agonist in animals exposed to ETM. The anxiolytic effect of AR-M1896 was attenuated by the prior administration of WAY100635 at a dose of 0,18nmol. Therefore these results suggest a relationship between the observed effect with the AR-M1896, the release of 5-HT and activation of 5-HT1A receptors. And finally, the GAL 0,3nmol intra-DRN increased significantly the jumpping and trotting thresholds of animals submitted to electrical stimulation of the DPAG, suggesting a panicolytic effect. Together, the results show that the GAL in the DRN participates in the mediation of behavioral responses related to anxiety and, less clearly, to Panic Disorder. The results also shows that effect of GAL on anxiety depends galaninergic subtype receptor activated.

O gene nuclear GAL1 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae codifica uma galactoquinase induzida por galactose e reprimida por glicose. Três evidências indicam que a transcrição de GAL1 é dependente da atividade mitocondrial. Linhagens petite, com deleção no DNA da organela (ρ-) ou rompimento em gene nuclear, que codifica a farnesil transferase mitocondrial, são incapazes de induzir GAL1. Os inibidores de respiração antimicina-A e azoteto de sódio (NaN3), que atuam, respectivamente, nos complexos III e IV da cadeia de transporte de elétrons, impedem a indução de GAL1. Em células crescidas em glicose ou glicerol, o oligômero formado pela proteína URF13, na presença de metomil, produz um poro na membrana mitocondrial interna que reduz o potencial de membrana ΔΨ e os níveis do mRNA de GAL1. A regulação dependente da atividade da mitocôndria ocorre a nível transcricional, pois o gene repórter GUS, sob controle de GAL1, não é induzido na presença de galactose, após tratamento prévio das células com antimicina-A ou NaN3. Mig1p é um repressor que atua diretamente no promotor de GAL1 e inibe a transcrição da galactoquinase. Os resultados obtidos indicam que Mig1p media a repressão da indução de GAL1, na presença do inibidor da cadeia respiratória antimicina-A. / The nuclear gene GAL1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a galactokinase induced by galactose and repressed by glucose. Three lines of evidence indicate that expression of GAL1 transcript is dependent on mitochondrial activity. Petite strains in which mitochondrial DNA was partialy deleted (ρ-) or cells containing a disruption in the nuclear gene COX10, which encodes the mitochondrial farnesil transferase, are unable to induce GAL1. Respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin-A or sodium azide (NaN3), that inhibit complexes III and IV of the electron transport chain, respectively, affect GAL1 induction. Functional expression of the maize protein URF13, which is translocated to the mitochondrial inner membrane, forming a pore that leads to a reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨ and reduces the leveis of GAL1 transcripts. Experiments using a heterologous gene fusion showed that the inhibition of GAL1 expresion, by treatment of cells with antimycin-A or NaN3, controls the expression of GAL1 at the transcrptional level. Mig1p is a repressor that binds GAL1 promoter. Our results indicate that Mig1p mediates the represion of GAL1 induction, observed in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin-A.

O gene nuclear GAL1 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae codifica uma galactoquinase induzida por galactose e reprimida por glicose. Três evidências indicam que a transcrição de GAL1 é dependente da atividade mitocondrial. Linhagens petite, com deleção no DNA da organela (ρ-) ou rompimento em gene nuclear, que codifica a farnesil transferase mitocondrial, são incapazes de induzir GAL1. Os inibidores de respiração antimicina-A e azoteto de sódio (NaN3), que atuam, respectivamente, nos complexos III e IV da cadeia de transporte de elétrons, impedem a indução de GAL1. Em células crescidas em glicose ou glicerol, o oligômero formado pela proteína URF13, na presença de metomil, produz um poro na membrana mitocondrial interna que reduz o potencial de membrana ΔΨ e os níveis do mRNA de GAL1. A regulação dependente da atividade da mitocôndria ocorre a nível transcricional, pois o gene repórter GUS, sob controle de GAL1, não é induzido na presença de galactose, após tratamento prévio das células com antimicina-A ou NaN3. Mig1p é um repressor que atua diretamente no promotor de GAL1 e inibe a transcrição da galactoquinase. Os resultados obtidos indicam que Mig1p media a repressão da indução de GAL1, na presença do inibidor da cadeia respiratória antimicina-A. / The nuclear gene GAL1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a galactokinase induced by galactose and repressed by glucose. Three lines of evidence indicate that expression of GAL1 transcript is dependent on mitochondrial activity. Petite strains in which mitochondrial DNA was partialy deleted (ρ-) or cells containing a disruption in the nuclear gene COX10, which encodes the mitochondrial farnesil transferase, are unable to induce GAL1. Respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin-A or sodium azide (NaN3), that inhibit complexes III and IV of the electron transport chain, respectively, affect GAL1 induction. Functional expression of the maize protein URF13, which is translocated to the mitochondrial inner membrane, forming a pore that leads to a reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨ and reduces the leveis of GAL1 transcripts. Experiments using a heterologous gene fusion showed that the inhibition of GAL1 expresion, by treatment of cells with antimycin-A or NaN3, controls the expression of GAL1 at the transcrptional level. Mig1p is a repressor that binds GAL1 promoter. Our results indicate that Mig1p mediates the represion of GAL1 induction, observed in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin-A.

Uppsatsen är en komparativ studie, där James D. G. Dunns och Thomas R. Schreiners tolkningar av vad som enligt Paulus gör att en människa räknas som rättfärdig samt varför Kristus dog utifrån Gal 2:15-21, 3:10 jämförs och värderas. Viktiga begrepp för tolkningen av dessa verser är rättfärdighet, δικαιοσύνη och laggärnigar, ἔργων νόμου. Dunn anser att rättfärdighet enligt Paulus nås genom att vara i Kristus, ἐν Χριστῷ vilket leder till en förändring av människans väsen till Kristuslikhet. Schreiner tolkar däremot rättfärdighet och rättfärdiggörelse som främst juridiskt, där det centrala är att tillräknas rättfärdighet från Kristus genom hans ställföreträdande syndaoffer. Utifrån de argument av Dunn och Schreiner som jag tar upp i analysen av Gal 2:15-21, 3:10 anser jag att Dunns tolkning av vad som leder till rättfärdighet enligt Paulus är mest rimlig. Om varför Kristus dog anser Dunn att det främst var för att göra förbundet med Gud tillgängligt för hedningarna, medan Schreiner anser att det främst var för att sona för människornas synder. Även på denna punkt anser jag att Dunns argument för sin ståndpunkt är mest rimliga.

Orientadores: Márcio Lopes Miranda, Joaquim Murray Bustorff Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_RogerioFortunatode_D.pdf: 7693178 bytes, checksum: 55f02301a0933dc093626f6cdc21d65b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Objetivo: Elevações da pressão intra-abdominal durante o pneumoperitônio podem ocasionar oligúria ou anúria em mamíferos. Possível lesão renal decorrente ainda não foi bem documentada na literatura médica. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o impacto do pneumoperitônio no parênquima renal em um modelo experimental de ratos jovens, através da expressão da neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL), um biomarcador de lesão renal precoce. Materiais e Métodos: Vinte ratos machos jovens Sprague-Dowley foram utilizados no trabalho. Dezesseis ratos foram previamente anestesiados, traqueostomizados, flebotomizados e ventilados mecanicamente. Para análise, foram distribuídos em 4 grupos: Pneumoperitônio 1hora(h), Controle 1h, Pneumoperitônio 2h, Controle 2h. O quinto grupo, de quatro ratos, foi submetido à lesão renal através da administração de cisplatina para testar o biomarcador. Após 24h, todos os ratos foram submetidos à coleta de urina por 2 horas em gaiola metabólica; nefrectomia esquerda para quantificação por western blotting e nefrectomia direita para qualificação por immunofluorescência utilizando o biomarcador N-GAL Resultados: Os resultados foram analisados em 5 grupos de 4 ratos: Pneumoperitônio 1 e 2h, Controle 1 e 2h e Cisplatina. A expressão do N-GAL estava significantemente aumentada no grupo Cisplatina. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos Pneumoperitônio 1 e 2h e Controle 1 e 2h (P>0,05). . Conclusão: O Pneumoperitônio controlado de 1 e 2 horas em ratos não promoveu lesão renal aguda / Abstract: Objective: Elevations of intra-abdominal pressure during pneumoperitoneum can lead to oliguria or anuria in mammals. Consequent kidney injury has not been well demonstrated in the literature. The aim of this study is to investigate the post-operative kidney status after pneumoperitoneum in a rat model through expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL), an early kidney injury biomarker. Materials and methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dowley rats were used in this experiment. Sixteen rats were previously anesthetized, tracheostomized, phlebotomized and mechanically ventilated were distributed in 4 groups: Pneumoperitoneum 1hour (h), Control 1h, Pneumoperitoneum 2h and Control 2h. The fifth group, composed of four rats, was kidney injuried with cisplatine to test the biomarker. After 24 hours all rats were submitted to a urine 2 hours output measurement, left nefrectomy to western blotting quantification and a right nefrectomy to immunofluorescence qualification of N-GAL. Results: The results were analyzed within 5 groups: Pneumoperitoneum 1 and 2h, Control 1 and 2h and Cisplatine group. The N-Gal expression was increased in the Cisplatine group. There weren't significant statistical difference between Pneumoperitoneum 1 and 2h and Control 1 and 2h groups (P>0,05). Conclusion: The 1 and 2hours controlled pneumoperitoneum isn't related to acute renal injury / Doutorado / Ciências da Cirurgia / Doutor em Ciências

This essay will explain the electoral success of radical right parties in thirteen Western European countries over time. Based on a theory of convergence and polarization as a recent for the upsurge of radical right partiers. The two main factors that will be tested as potential explanations to the success of these parties are polarization and convergence along the leftright and the Gal-Tan dimensions respectively. The questions (and hypothesis) that will be answered in the essay are; Does left-right convergence between established parties lead to electoral success for Radical right parties (H1); Does Gal-Tan polarization lead to electoral success for radical right parties (H2). This research problem is approached then with statistical methods. The conclusion is that radical right parties benefits from polarization between parties in the party system on the left right and the Gal-Tan dimensions. Yet, the findings show that Gal-Tan polarization has a more profound effect than left-right polarization.

Donald Trump’s candidacy for president has led to a substantial debate not only in the Republican party but also in the media. Using a two-dimensional theoretical model consisting of the left-right scale and the GAL-TAN scale, this study aims to review the conflict that Donald Trump’s campaign has led to in the Republican party. Using content analysis, a range of statements from Republicans have been analyzed, aiming to answer the following questions; How do the republican political actors contend for or against Donald Trump’s candidacy? and: what material or post-material values are linked to these arguments and statements? This study shows that the conflict following Donald Trump’s candidacy can mainly be placed in the post-material conflict dimension, even though some left-right arguments can also be found in the studied material. The political actors supporting Trump’s candidacy are mainly using arguments possible to place in the TAN-part of the post-material conflict dimension, whereas the actors criticizing Trump are mainly using arguments possible to place in the GAL-part.

The aim of this study is to examine two cleavages in a Swedish political context and how the political debate of parentel leave among the parliamental parties relates to the cleavages. The cleavages examined are the right-left-scale and the new cleavage GAL-TAN. To do so, the study examines party platforms and debate articles to see if the proposals and arguments used are mainly related to the right-left-scale or to GAL-TAN. The result shows that the debate mostly relates to GAL-TAN due to the fact that most parties use proposals and arguments that are connected to social and cultural values, such as equality and freedom of choice, rather than economic values. Even though the proposals and arguments for the most part relate more to GAL-TAN, the economic arguments are not insignificant. Almost all parties discuss economic values in some way but not in the same amount as social and cultural values. This is the case for all parties except for two who focuses on both sides equally much. The main conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that GAL-TAN is a cleavage that is able to organize Swedish party politics in some political areas and can therefore be seen as a complement to the rightleft-scale.

L’étude de la voirie antique du site archéologique de Saint-Romain-en-Gal (Rhône), menée depuis vingt-cinq ans, a permis de mettre en lumière le rôle essentiel de la rue du Portique dans le développement de ce quartier de Vienne antique, situé sur la rive droite du Rhône. Traversant la plaine d’ouest en est, cette rue qui s’interrompait brutalement sur la berge du Rhône en face du cœur ancien de la capitale des Allobroges, a soulevé la question du franchissement du fleuve. Le nombre des ponts attribués à l’époque romaine a connu des évolutions au fil du temps. Une recherche historiographique importante a donc été menée afin d’établir la connaissance effective des indices prouvant la présence d’un ou de plusieurs ouvrages d’art antiques à la hauteur de Vienna, duplex urbs. Mais pour comprendre leur logique d’implantation, il a fallu également suivre la genèse d’installation des points de franchissement plus récents qui ont été soumis aux mêmes contraintes topographiques et urbaines que les ouvrages antiques. Il ressort de cette étude que deux ponts peuvent être attribués à l’époque romaine. Le troisième, plus monumental, le pont de pierre, considéré dans la mémoire collective comme le Pont Romain de la ville, semble toutefois remonter au Haut Moyen Âge. / The study of the ancient road to the archaeological site of Saint-Romain-en-Gal (Rhône), conducted for twenty-five years, helped to highlight the essential role of the Portico street in the development of this area of Antique Vienna, on the right bank of the Rhône. Across the plain from west to east, the street would strop abruptly on the bank of the Rhône opposite the ancient heart of the capital of the Allobroges, raised the issue of crossing the river. The number of bridges attributed to the Roman era has seen changes over time. An important historiographical research has been conducted to determine actual knowledge clues proving the presence of one or more works of ancient art at the height of Vienna, duplex urbs. But to understand their logic implementation, it took also follow the genesis of installing newer crossing points that were subject to the same topographical and urban and ancient books constraints. It appears from this study that two bridges can be attributed to the Roman era. The third, more monumental, stone bridge, seen in the collective memory as the roman bridge in the city, however, seems to go back to the High Middle Age.