L’objectif de cette thèse est de comparer les mécanismes fondamentaux liés à la perception émotionnelle vocale et musicale. Cet objectif est sustenté par de nombreux rapports et théories appuyant l'idée de substrats neuronaux communs pour le traitement des émotions vocales et musicales. Il est proposé que la musique, afin de nous faire percevoir des émotions, recrute/recycle les circuits émotionnels qui ont évolué principalement pour le traitement des vocalisations biologiquement importantes (p.ex. cris pleurs). Bien que certaines études ont relevé de grandes similarités entre ces deux timbres (voix, musique) du point de vue cérébral (traitement émotionnel) et acoustique (expressions émotionnelles), certaines différences acoustiques et neuronales spécifique à chaque timbre ont également été observées. Il est possible que les différences rapportées ne soient pas spécifiques au timbre, mais observées en raison de facteurs spécifiques aux stimuli utilisés tels que leur complexité et leur longueur. Ici, il est proposé de contourner les problèmes de comparabilité de stimulus, par l’utilisation des expressions émotionnelles les plus simples dans les deux domaines. Pour atteindre l’objectif global de la thèse, les travaux ont été réalisés en deux temps. Premièrement, une batterie de stimuli émotionnels musicaux comparables aux stimuli vocaux déjà disponibles (Voix Affectives Montréalaises) a été développée. Des stimuli (Éclats Émotionnels Musicaux) exprimant 4 émotions (joie, peur, tristesse, neutralité) performés au violon et à la clarinette ont été enregistrés et validés. Ces Éclats Émotionnels Musicaux ont obtenu un haut taux de reconnaissance (M=80.4%) et reçu des jugements d’arousal (éveil/stimulation) et de valence correspondant à l’émotion qu’il représentait. Nous avons donc pu, dans un deuxième temps, utiliser ces stimuli nouvellement validés et les Voix Affectives Montréalaises pour réaliser deux études de comparaison expérimentales. D’abord, nous avons effectué à l’aide de l’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle une comparaison des circuits neuronaux utilisés pour le traitement de ces deux types d’expressions émotionnelles. Indépendamment de leur nature vocale ou musicale, une activité cérébrale spécifique à l'émotion a été observée dans le cortex auditif (centrée sur le gyrus temporal supérieur) et dans les régions limbiques (gyrus parahippocampique/amygdale), alors qu'aucune activité spécifique aux stimuli vocaux ou musicaux n'a été observée. Par la suite, nous avons comparé la perception des émotions vocales et musicales sous simulation d’implant cochléaire. Cette simulation affectant grandement la perception des indices acoustiques liés aux hauteurs tonales (important pour la discrimination émotionnelle), nous a permis de déterminer quels indices acoustiques secondaires à ceux-ci sont importants pour la perception émotionnelle chez les utilisateurs d’implant cochléaire. L’examen des caractéristiques acoustiques et des jugements émotionnels a permis de déterminer que certaines caractéristiques timbrales (clarté, énergie et rugosité) communes à la voix et la musique sont utilisées pour réaliser des jugements émotionnels sous simulations d’implant cochléaire, dans les deux domaines. L’attention que nous avons portée au choix des stimuli nous a permis de mettre de l’avant les grandes similarités (acoustique, neuronales) impliquées dans la perception des émotions vocales et musicales. Cette convergence d’évidence donne un appui important à l’hypothèse de circuits neuronaux fondamentaux commun pour le traitement des émotions vocales et musicales. / The aim of this thesis is to compare the fundamental mechanisms related to vocal and musical emotion perception. This objective is supported by many reports and theories bringing forward the idea of common neural substrates for the treatment of vocal and musical emotions. It is proposed that music, in order to make us perceive emotions, recruits/recycles the emotional circuits that evolved mainly for the treatment of biologically important vocalisations (e.g. cries, screams). Although some studies have found great similarities between these two timbres (voice, music) from the cerebral (emotional treatment) and acoustic (emotional expressions) point of view, some acoustic and neural differences specific to each timbre have also been reported. It is possible that the differences described are not specific to the timbre but are observed due to factors specific to the stimuli used such as their complexity and length. Here, it is proposed to circumvent the problems of stimulus comparability by using the simplest emotional expressions in both domains. To achieve the overall objective of the thesis, the work was carried out in two stages. First, a battery of musical emotional stimuli comparable to the vocal stimuli already available (Montreal Affective Voices) was developed. Stimuli (Musical Emotional Bursts) expressing 4 emotions (happiness, fear, sadness, neutrality) performed on the violin and clarinet were recorded and validated. These Musical Emotional Bursts obtained a high recognition rate (M = 80.4%) and received arousal and valence judgments corresponding to the emotion they represented. Secondly, we were able to use these newly validated stimuli and the Montreal Affective Voices to perform two experimental comparison studies. First, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare the neural circuits used to process these two types of emotional expressions. Independently of their vocal or musical nature, emotion-specific activity was observed in the auditory cortex (centered on the superior temporal gyrus) and in the limbic regions (amygdala/parahippocampal gyrus), whereas no activity specific to vocal or musical stimuli was observed. Subsequently, we compared the perception of vocal and musical emotions under cochlear implant simulation. This simulation greatly affects the perception of acoustic indices related to pitch (important for emotional discrimination), allowing us to determine which acoustic indices secondary to these are important for emotional perception in cochlear implant users. Examination of acoustic characteristics and emotional judgments determined that certain timbral characteristics (brightness, energy, and roughness) common to voice and music are used to make emotional judgments in both domains, under cochlear implant simulations. The specific attention to our stimuli selection has allowed us to put forward the similarities (acoustic, neuronal) involved in the perception of vocal and musical emotions. This convergence of evidence provides important support to the hypothesis of a fundamental common neural circuit for the processing of vocal and musical emotions.

Cette thèse traite la problématique d'estimation de la pose (position relative et orientation) d'un corps rigide en mouvement dans l’espace 3D par fusion de données issues de capteurs inertiels et visuels. Les mesures inertielles sont fournies à partir d’une centrale inertielle composée de gyroscopes 3 axes et d’accéléromètres 3 axes. Les données visuelles sont issues d’une caméra. Celle-ci est positionnée sur le corps rigide en mouvement, elle fournit des images représentatives du champ visuel perçu. Ainsi, les mesures implicites des directions des lignes, supposées fixes dans l’espace de la scène, projetées sur le plan de l’image seront utilisées dans l’algorithme d’estimation de l’attitude. La démarche consistait d’abord à traiter le problème de la mesure issue du capteur visuel sur une longue séquence en utilisant les caractéristiques de l’image. Ainsi, un algorithme de suivi de lignes a été proposé en se basant sur les techniques de calcul du flux optique des points extraits des lignes à suivre et utilisant une approche de mise en correspondance par minimisation de la distance euclidienne. Par la suite, un observateur conçu dans l’espace SO(3) a été proposé afin d’estimer l’orientation relative du corps rigide dans la scène 3D en fusionnant les données issues de l’algorithme de suivi de lignes avec les données des gyroscopes. Le gain de l’observateur a été élaboré en utilisant un filtre de Kalman de type M.E.K.F. (Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter). Le problème de l’ambigüité du signe dû à la mesure implicite des directions des lignes a été considéré dans la conception de cet observateur. Enfin, l’estimation de la position relative et de la vitesse absolue du corps rigide dans la scène 3D a été traitée. Deux observateurs ont été proposés : le premier est un observateur en cascade avec découplage entre l’estimation de l’attitude et l’estimation de la position. L’estimation issue de l’observateur d’attitude alimente un observateur non linéaire utilisant des mesures issues des accéléromètres afin de fournir une estimation de la position relative et de la vitesse absolue du corps rigide. Le deuxième observateur, conçu quant à lui directement dans SE(3) , utilise un filtre de Kalman de type M.E.K.F afin d’estimer la pose par fusion de données inertielles (accéléromètres, gyromètres) et des données visuelles. Les performances des méthodes proposées sont illustrées et validées par différents résultats de simulation / AbstractThis thesis addresses the problems of pose estimation of a rigid body moving in 3D space by fusing data from inertial and visual sensors. The inertial measurements are provided from an I.M.U. (Inertial Measurement Unit) composed by accelerometers and gyroscopes. Visual data are from cameras, which positioned on the moving object, provide images representative of the perceived visual field. Thus, the implicit measure directions of fixed lines in the space of the scene from their projections on the plane of the image will be used in the attitude estimation. The approach was first to address the problem of measuring visual sensors after a long sequence using the characteristics of the image. Thus, a line tracking algorithm has been proposed based on optical flow of the extracted points and line matching approach by minimizing the Euclidean distance. Thereafter, an observer in the SO(3) space has been proposed to estimate the relative orientation of the object in the 3D scene by merging the data from the proposed lines tracking algorithm with Gyro data. The observer gain was developed using a Kalman filter type M.E.K.F. (Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter). The problem of ambiguity in the sign of the measurement directions of the lines was considered in the design of the observer. Finally, the estimation of the relative position and the absolute velocity of the rigid body in the 3D scene have been processed. Two observers were proposed: the first one is an observer cascaded with decoupled from the estimation of the attitude and position estimation. The estimation result of the attitude observer feeds a nonlinear observer using measurements from the accelerometers in order to provide an estimate of the relative position and the absolute velocity of the rigid body. The second observer, designed directly in SE (3) for simultaneously estimating the position and orientation of a rigid body in 3D scene by fusing inertial data (accelerometers, gyroscopes), and visual data using a Kalman filter (M.E.K.F.). The performance of the proposed methods are illustrated and validated by different simulation results

社群媒體迅速普及，連帶社群商務益發受到重視。本研究藉助S-O-R模型，期能以建立使用者之行為模式觀點的架構探討社群商務參與意圖。本研究中，欲探討營造社會臨場感的關鍵技術性特質對於社會臨場感的影響，進而對於促成參與意圖的效果，並瞭解媒體豐富性的調節作用。本研究蒐集相關文獻，並設計問卷、透過大量樣本進行研究模型驗證。 本研究共回收1218份有效問卷，並透過最小平方法(PLS)進行有效樣本之實證分析。研究結果發現，感知社交性是營造社會臨場感的關鍵技術性特質；同時，臨場感對參與意圖也有顯著的正向影響。即在社群平台上的社交氛圍、能與好友們社交互動，是最能使人感受到身歷其境的臨場感，也最能使人產生社群商務的參與意圖。 根據研究結果，本研究建議發展社群商務的過程中，在建置社群平台時，需要考量的技術性特質應特別著力於社交性內涵，如此是能產生社會臨場感，以及愈能促成社群商務參與意圖。 / Social media is well widespread, so is Social Commerce. With the use of the S-O-R Model, this study expects to establish a comprehensive structure to investigate the social commerce intention. This research proposes a view on the effect of technological features and social presence on social commerce. This study intends to identify the key technological features which enhance the perception of social presence. Furthermore, we intend to understand whether social presence contributes to the social commerce intention and the moderating effect of the media richness. We collected relevant literature, designed the questionnaire and validated the research model. A total of 1218 valid samples were collected to validate the research model. The result shows that perceived sociability is the key technological feature that leads to the perceived social presence, and social presence positively impacts social commerce intention. The analysis results imply that by making a great effort to enhance users' perceived social presence, social platform marketers can expect fruitful business result.

The aim of this thesis is to find out, and then to analyze, whether adult students of Czech as a foreign language can recognize the differences between Literary and Common Czech language, whether they define where they meet them and whether they are able to use the proper words of Literary and Common form of the Czech language appropriately in selected communication situations. Equally important is the discovery of their personal preferences in teaching whether the Common Czech is intended to be taught in an institutionalized environment or not. The questionnaire survey itself is preceded by a theoretical starting point, in which we deal with the definition of Common and Literary Czech language and the characteristics of their most frequent differences. A partial part of the work is also a brief analysis of the selected teaching material, taking into account the way of presentation of Common Czech language.Based on the results of the questionnaire survey, we will present a linguistic recommendation at the end of the work. Keywords The Common Czech, literary form of the Czech language, teaching Czech as a foreign language, the Common Czech in the textbooks of Czech for foreigners, Czech for foreigners

Un nombre croissant d’applications graphiques 3D ont un impact sur notre société. Ces applications sont utilisées dans plusieurs domaines allant des produits de divertissement numérique, la conception assistée par ordinateur, aux applications médicales. Dans ce contexte, un moteur de recherche d’objets 3D avec de bonnes performances en résultats et en temps d’exécution devient indispensable. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode pour l’indexation de modèles 3D basée sur des courbes fermées. Nous proposons ensuite une amélioration de notre méthode pour l’indexation partielle de modèles 3D. Notre approche commence par la définition d’une nouvelle fonction d’application invariante. Notre fonction d’application possède des propriétés importantes : elle est invariante aux transformations rigides et non rigides, elle est insensible au bruit, elle est robuste à de petits changements topologiques et elle ne dépend pas de paramètres. Cependant, dans la littérature, une telle fonction qui respecte toutes ces propriétés n’existe pas. Pour respecter ces propriétés, nous définissons notre fonction basée sur la distance de diffusion et la distance de migration pendulaire. Pour prouver les propriétés de notre fonction, nous calculons le graphe de Reeb de modèles 3D. Pour décrire un modèle 3D complet, en utilisant notre fonction d’application, nous définissons des courbes de niveaux fermées à partir d’un point source détecté automatiquement au centre du modèle 3D. Chaque courbe décrit alors une région du modèle 3D. Ces courbes créent un descripteur invariant à différentes transformations. Pour montrer la robustesse de notre méthode sur différentes classes de modèles 3D dans différentes poses, nous utilisons des objets provenant de SHREC 2012. Nous comparons également notre approche aux méthodes de l’état de l’art à l’aide de la base SHREC 2010. Pour l’indexation partielle de modèles 3D, nous améliorons notre approche en utilisant la technique sacs de mots, construits à partir des courbes fermées extraites, et montrons leurs bonnes performances à l’aide de la base précédente / A growing number of 3D graphic applications have an impact on today’s society. These applications are being used in several domains ranging from digital entertainment, computer aided design, to medical applications. In this context, a 3D object search engine with a good performance in time consuming and results becomes mandatory. We propose a novel approach for 3D-model retrieval based on closed curves. Then we enhance our method to handle partial 3D-model retrieval. Our method starts by the definition of an invariant mapping function. The important properties of a mapping function are its invariance to rigid and non rigid transformations, the correct description of the 3D-model, its insensitivity to noise, its robustness to topology changes, and its independance on parameters. However, current state-of-the-art methods do not respect all these properties. To respect these properties, we define our mapping function based on the diffusion and the commute-time distances. To prove the properties of this function, we compute the Reeb graph of the 3D-models. To describe the whole 3D-model, using our mapping function, we generate indexed closed curves from a source point detected automatically at the center of a 3D-model. Each curve describes a small region of the 3D-model. These curves lead to create an invariant descriptor to different transformations. To show the robustness of our method on various classes of 3D-models with different poses, we use shapes from SHREC 2012. We also compare our approach to existing methods in the state-of-the-art with a dataset from SHREC 2010. For partial 3D-model retrieval, we enhance the proposed method using the Bag-Of-Features built with all the extracted closed curves, and show the accurate performances using the same dataset

A identidade na segmentação do corpo de diversos organismos, durante o desenvolvimento, é devida, em grande parte, à ação das proteínas homeóticas. Em especial, dois grupos de proteínas, Trithorax (trxG) e Polycomb (PcG) têm um papel fundamental na manutenção, respectivamente, da ativação e da repressão da transcrição gênica, associando-se à cromatina. A importância das PcG nos estimulou a buscar a caracterização das proteínas humanas ortólogas ao \"Enhancer of Polycomb\" (Epc) de Drosophila, até então não descritas no genoma humano. Para tanto, buscamos: - obter a sequência completa e mapear o cDNA do novo gene humano homólogo ao \"Enhancer of Polycomb\" de Drosophila; - analisar sua expressão em tecidos fetais, adultos e tumorais e fazer estudos buscando sua caracterização funcional. Encontramos, mapeamos e obtivemos a seqüência completa de dois genes humanos, ortólogos de Epc1 (10p11-22) e de Epc2 (2q21-23) de camundongo, publicando estes dados em 2001 (Camargo et al., 2001). Ambos os genes são bastante conservados entre várias espécies, sendo que o cDNA de hEPC2 humano, por exemplo, é 94% idêntico ao Epc2 de camundongo e possui 96% de identidade ao nível de proteína, sugerindo que a função do gene deve ter sido mantida durante a evolução. No entanto, as seqüências protéicas de hEPC1 e hEPC2 humanos possuem apenas 68% de identidade entre si. Portanto, é provável que após a duplicação dos parálogos, estes tenham divergido funcionalmente. A expressão de ambos os genes foi avaliada utilizando \"dot-blots\" contendo 76 mRNAs de amostras de tecidos fetais, adultos e tumorais, mostrando-se fraca e ubíqua. Análises in silico sugeriram a existência de 4 isoformas de splicing para hEPC2, as quais foram validadas por RT-PCR ou \"Northern blots\". Uma das isoformas (de 2.7 Kpb) se mostrou mais abundante em todas as linhagens tumorais estudadas através de análises de \"Northern blot\", principalmente nas linhagens de linfoma de Burkitt\'s Raji e na linhagem de leucemia pró-mielocítica HL-60. Esta isoforma é gerada através de um sítio alternativo de poli-adenilação, que reduz sua porção 3\'UTR, retirando 4 dos 5 \"elementos ricos em adenilatos e uridilatos\" (AREs), envolvidos com a degradação de mRNAs lábeis que codificam proteínas regulatórias. Estes resultados se encontram em um manuscrito recentemente submetido à publicação (anexo à tese). Interação entre hEPC2 e SMADs e sua modulação por TGF-β. Durante a montagem da seqüência completa de hEPC2, verificamos que duas ESTs patenteadas mostravam alta identidade com o gene. Estas seqüências foram descritas como sendo parte de uma nova proteína de interação com as proteínas da família SMAD, envolvidas com transdução de sinais desencadeados por TGF-β. Esta citocina por sua vez, regula a proliferação, diferenciação e morte celular. Partimos para a avaliação da possível interação entre hEPC2 e as SMADs, em colaboração com o grupo do Dr. Aristidis Moustakas, do Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research de Uppsala, Suécia. Os resultados de co-imunoprecipitação sugeriram que as SMADs 2, 3, 4, 7 e 8 interagem com hEPC2, sendo que a interação entre as SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4 e hEPC2 nas células tratadas com TGF-β1, mostraram uma redução na co-imunoprecipitação. Este resultado sugere que TGF-β1 modula negativamente a interação entre essas proteínas. Da mesma maneira, foi observada uma redução na interação de hEPC2 com SMAD8 após o tratamento com BMP-7. Esse resultado é ainda mais destacado para as SMADs 2 e 3. Estes dados foram observados para ambas as construções de hEPC2, o que sugere fortemente a veracidade da interação entre estas proteínas. A localização celular de hEPC2, e também sua co-localização com SMAD2 foram investigadas através de imunofluorescência indireta e confirmaram a predição do programa PSORTII, de que hEPC2 se localiza no núcleo. No entanto, não foi possível observar a co-localização entre hEPC2 e SMAD2. É possível que hEPC2 não se ligue diretamente ao DNA, necessitando se associar como parceiro de um fator de transcrição. Esta foi uma das hipóteses para a atuação de hEPC2, como um co-fator que se associe com uma das SMADs e se ligue a um elemento específico de ligação a SMAD (SBE). Para investigar essa hipótese um ensaio de gene repórter foi feito utilizando uma construção de um repórter contendo 12 repetições da seqüência CAGA (seqüência específica de ligação das SMADs 2,3 e 4) fusionado com o gene da luciferase. No entanto, este ensaio não demonstrou que a transcrição de SMAD2 é dependente de hEPC2 e o experimento deverá ser repetido. Para confirmar a interação entre hEPC2 e as SMADs, será feito um experimento de \"pull-down\". Para tal o cDNA de hEPC2 foi clonado no vetor pET-32A de expressão indutível em bactérias. A proteína recombinante já foi produzida, tendo sido induzida e posteriormente purificada em condições desnaturantes. Apesar de dezenas de genes PcG terem sido caracterizados em Drosophila, poucos destes genes foram estudados em mamíferos. Portanto, a descrição do gene hEPC2 e seus transcritos alternativos, contribui para o conhecimento de PcG humanos, indicando a associação de maior expressão de uma de suas isoformas em linhagens celulares tumorais. Em relação à interação de hEPC2 com as SMADs, é interessante observar que nenhuma outra proteína foi descrita por possuir a particularidade de interagir com as SMADs de diferentes categorias. Talvez este seja um dado importante, que indique o papel singular de hEPC2 na sinalização de TGF-β1. / The identity of body segmentation in several organisms during development is, to a large extent, due to the action of the homeotic proteins. In particular, two groups of proteins, the Trithorax (trxG) and Polycomb (PcG), have a major role in maintenance of respectively, transcription activation and repression, when associated to the chromatin. The importance of PcGs has motivated us to pursue the isolation and characterization of two new human proteins that are orthologs of the \"Enhancer of Polycomb\" (Epc) of Drosophila. To achieve this goal we undertook the task of the cloning and mapping of complete cDNA sequence of the novel genes hEPC1 and hEPC2, analyzing its expression in fetal, adult and tumoral tissues and functionally characterizing the hEPC2 protein. In 2001, we published the mapping and cloning of the complete cDNA sequences of both genes, as being orthologs of the mouse Epc1 (10p11-22) and Epc2 (2q21-23), together with the strategy used to obtain the full-length cDNAs (Camargo et al., 2001). Both genes are shown to be highly conserved among several species. Thus, the human hEPC2 cDNA is 94% identical to the mouse Epc2 and displays 96% identity at the protein level, suggesting maintenance of its function during the evolution. However, the protein sequences of the human hEPC1 and hEPC2 display only 68% identity. Therefore, it is likely that they have undergone a functional divergence after their duplication. The expression of both genes was evaluated using \"dot-blots\" containing 76 mRNAs samples from fetal, adult and tumoral tissues and is shown to be weak and ubiquitous. \"In silico\" analysis suggested the existence of 4 hEPC2 splicing isoforms that were validated by RT-PCR and/or Northern-blots. One of the isoforms (of 2.7 Kbp) is shown to be more abundant in all of the tumoral cell lines evaluated using Northern-blot analysis, mainly in the Burkit\'s Raji lymphoma and in the promyelocytic leukemia HL-60. This isoform results from the use of an alternative polyadenylation site that reduces the 3\'UTR, abolishing 4 of 5 \"adenylates and urilates rich elements\" (AREs), involved in the degradation of labile mRNAs that codify to regulatory proteins. These results have been recently submitted to publication (manuscript attached to this thesis). Interaction between the hEPC2/SMADs and its modulation by TGF-β. During the assembly of the hEPC2 full-length cDNA sequence, we found two patented ESTs that tagged a portion of the gene. These sequences were described as partial sequences of a \"new SMAD interacting protein\", involved in signal transduction of TGF-β, a cytokine that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and death. To evaluate this putative interaction between hEPC2 and the SMADs proteins, we begun a collaboration with the TGF-β signalling group of the Dr. Aristidis Moustakas, from the Uppsala Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Sweden. The results of co-imunoprecipitation assays suggested that SMADs 2, 3, 4, 7 e 8 interact with hEPC2. Moreover, the interaction among SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4 and hEPC2 in cells treated with TGF-β1 showed decreased co-imunoprecipitation. This result suggests that TGF-β1 negatively modulates the interaction of these proteins. Likewise, we observed a reduction in hEPC2 interaction with SMAD8 upon BMP-7 treatment. This effect was even more dramatic for SMADs 2 and 3. These data were observed for both hEPC2 plasmid constructs, which strongly suggest the veracity of these proteins interaction. The cell localization of the hEPC2 protein, as well as its co-localization with the SMAD2, were investigated through indirect immunofluorescence assay, confirming the predicted localization of hEPC2 in the cell nucleus using the PSORTII program. However, we were not able to confirm the co-localization of hEPC2 and SMAD2. It is possible that hEPC2 does not bind directly to the DNA, requiring an association with a partner such as a transcription factor. This raises the hypothesis of hEPC2 having a role as a co-factor associated to one of the SMADs and binding to a \"SMAD binding element\" (SBE). To investigate this hypothesis, gene reporter assays were undertaken using a reporter construct containing 12 CAGA sequence repetitions (specific binding sequence of the SMADs 2, 3 and 4) fused to the luciferase gene. However, this assay could not demonstrate that the transcription of the SMAD is dependent on hEPC2. This experiment must be repeated. To confirm the interaction of hEPC2 and SMADs, a pull-down assay will be performed. To this end, the coding region of hEPC2 was cloned into the pET-32A bacterial inducible expression vector. The recombinant protein was already produced, having been induced and purified under denaturing conditions. Despite the dozens of PcG genes that were described in Drosophila, only a few of these genes have been characterized in mammals. Therefore, the description of the hEPC2 and its alternative transcripts is a contribution to better knowledge of the human PcGs. Regarding the hEPC2 and SMADs interaction, it\'s it is noteworthy that this is the first protein described to interact with SMADs of distinct categories. This may be an important indication of a unique role for hEPC2 in the TGF-β1 signaling pathway.

La segmentation des données par la langue et le thème des tests psycholinguistiques devient de plus en plus un obstacle important à la généralisation des modèles de prédiction. Cela limite notre capacité à comprendre le cœur du dysfonctionnement linguistique et cognitif, car les modèles sont surajustés pour les détails d'une langue ou d'un sujet particulier. Dans ce travail, nous étudions les approches potentielles pour surmonter ces limitations. Nous discutons des propriétés de divers modèles de plonjement de mots FastText pour l'anglais et le français et proposons un ensemble des caractéristiques, dérivées de ces propriétés. Nous montrons que malgré les différences dans les langues et les algorithmes de plonjement, un ensemble universel de caractéristiques de vecteurs de mots indépendantes de la langage est capable de capturer le dysfonctionnement cognitif. Nous soutenons que dans le contexte de données rares, les caractéristiques de vecteur de mots fabriquées à la main sont une alternative raisonnable pour l'apprentissage des caractéristiques, ce qui nous permet de généraliser sur les limites de la langue et du sujet. / Data segmentation by the language and the topic of psycholinguistic tests increasingly becomes a significant obstacle for generalization of predicting models. It limits our ability to understand the core of linguistic and cognitive dysfunction because the models overfit the details of a particular language or topic. In this work, we study potential approaches to overcome such limitations. We discuss the properties of various FastText word embedding models for English and French and propose a set of features derived from these properties. We show that despite the differences in the languages and the embedding algorithms, a universal language-agnostic set of word-vector features can capture cognitive dysfunction. We argue that in the context of scarce data, the hand-crafted word-vector features is a reasonable alternative for feature learning, which allows us to generalize over the language and topic boundaries.

Des progrès importants ont été obtenus dans les principales populations porcines pour les caractères inclus dans l'objectif de reproduction, à savoir la croissance, l'efficacité alimentaire, la composition de la carcasse et, dans les lignées maternelles, la prolificité des truies. Les animaux sélectionnés pour une forte efficacité productive peuvent être particulièrement sensibles à des problèmes comportementaux, physiologiques ou immunologiques, c'est-à-dire être moins robustes. Ces effets défavorables de la sélection sont souvent difficiles à mettre en évidence, car les caractères correspondants ne sont pas systématiquement enregistrés dans les programmes de sélection. L'utilisation d’un stock de sperme congelé est une méthode élégante pour estimer les évolutions génétiques pour un grand nombre de caractères (habituellement non enregistrés). Deux groupes expérimentaux (L77 et L98) ont été produits par l'insémination de truies LW, nées en 1997-1998, soit avec du sperme congelé stocké à partir des verrats LW de 1977, soit avec du sperme frais de verrats nés en 1998. Cette étude a montré que deux décennies de sélection ont permis des progrès importants pour les principaux caractères d'intérêt, mais ont également affecté de façon défavorable des caractères tels que la longévité, le risque de mortalité, la variabilité de caractères, qui suggèrent un effet défavorable de la sélection sur la robustesse des porcs. Nos résultats soulignent la nécessité d'intégrer des caractères liés à la robustesse dans l'objectif de sélection des populations porcines. Il est donc nécessaire de poursuivre les recherches afin de mieux caractériser les différentes composantes de la robustesse et leur impact sur l’efficience, le bien-être et la santé des porcs afin de pouvoir définir les objectifs de sélection les plus pertinents pour l’avenir. / Large improvements have been obtained in major pig populations for traits included in the breeding goal, i.e. growth, feed efficiency, carcass composition and, in maternal lines, sow prolificacy. Animals selected for high production efficiency may in particular be more sensitive to behavioral, physiological, or immunological problems, I.e., be less robust. These adverse effects of selection are often difficult to reveal, as corresponding traits are not routinely recorded in breeding programs. The use of stored frozen semen has been shown to be an elegant method to estimate genetic trends for a large number of (usually not recorded) traits. Two experimental groups (L77 and L98) were produced by inseminating French Large White (LW) sows born in 1997-1998 with either stored frozen semen from the above-mentioned 1977 LW boars or with fresh semen from LW boars born in 1998. This study has shown that 2 decades of selection have resulted in large gains for major traits of interest, but have also adversely affected traits such as longevity, risk of mortality, trait variability, which tend to indicate an unfavorable effect of selection on pig robustness. Our results stress the necessity to integrate robustness related traits in the breeding goal of pig populations. Thus, further research is needed to better characterize the different components of robustness and their impact on pig efficiency, welfare and health to be able to define the most relevant breeding objectives for the future.

Thema der Arbeit ist die Konzeption, Entwicklung und Einführung in die Anwendung eines Entwurfssystems, das die Leistungsfähigkeit der derzeit während des Entwurfsprozesses angewandten Programme durch neue Funktionen erweitert. Die implementierte integrative Schnittstellenlösung fasst die bisher genutzten Applikationen zu einem Gesamtsystem zusammen. Der bidirektionale Datenaustausch zwischen allen integrierten Modulen verhindert zur Zeit noch notwendige Mehrfacheingaben identischer Daten. Die für die Modellierung eingesetzten CAD-Systeme bieten für die rechnerinterne Abbildung der Geometrie von Bauteilen eine hohe Funktionalität. Ungenügend ist aber die Erstellung der Funktionsstruktur mit rechentechnischen Hilfsmitteln gelöst. Dieses führt zum Entwurf neuer Produkte nahezu ohne den Einsatz der Informationstechnik und zur anschließenden Anfertigung der CAD-Modelle und Zeichnungen, wenn die Bauteile bereits in ihrer Grundstruktur bestimmt sind. Auch die Vorteile der parametrischen 3D-Modellierung, die für die Beschreibung der bauteilinternen Abhängigkeiten anwendbar ist, werden nur begrenzt genutzt. Gründe dafür liegen in der komplizierten Definition eineindeutig bestimmter Modelle und im ungenügend gelösten Datenaustausch mit externen Applikationen. Während die Ergebnisse einer Konstruktion als rechnerinterne Geometriemodelle detailliert vorliegen, werden die Daten der zugrunde liegenden Funktionsstruktur nicht oder nur zum geringen Teil erfasst. Wichtige Informationen über den Entstehungsprozess sind somit nach Abschluss einer Konstruktion nicht mehr verfügbar. Aufgrund dessen muss die gleichwertige Modellierung von Funktions- und Wirkstruktur sowie der Geometrie realisiert werden. Mit dem beschriebenen Entwurfssystem werden diese Strukturen erstellt und in einem komplexen Modell gespeichert. Im Rahmen folgender Konstruktionen kann dann nicht nur auf die Geometriedaten, sondern auch auf die Beziehungen, auf denen die Bauteilstruktur basiert, zugegriffen werden.

The aim of this Master’s Thesis is to describe protections for overhead lines in distribution networks. Here are described requirements for the protection and the basic protections. Protections are divided according to their protective function. For each protection is given its use and its power plans. It is stated in the work setting of protection in the real network. On this network is simulated place with short-circuit and described the action of protection. The work also deals with the coordination of protection with automatic circuit breakers. This chapter shows that, given the selectivity is not possible to deploy two or more reclosers (remotely-operated switches) to the core network management. The next chapter describes two representatives reclosers available on the Czech market OSM 27 and GVR 27. Chapter describes and compares their performance characteristics. Conclusion the work includes a proposal protected the lead in incorporating automatic circuit breakers (remotely operated circuit breakers and reclosers). The proposal is based on two different levels of annual number of interruptions and duration of annual general interruption of electricity supply. For these levels the company EGÚ Brno, a.s. proposed several variants of the use of remote-controlled in terms of reducing the cost of the penalty. Our task was to choose a variant that would be applicable in the real network. Reducing costs is feasible only in the limits Ln = 6 failures / year and Lt = 720 min / year, where the selected option No. 4. The limits Ln = 8 failures / year and Lt = 1,080 min / year, not in the real network may no option in terms of selectivity.