<p>У дисертацији су анализиране мешавине за израду порозног бетонског коловоза. Пројектовано је укупно 12 различитих врста мешавина. За справљање бетонских мешавина коришћене су фракције природног и рециклираног агрегата. Електрофилтерски пепео, који је отпадни материјал из термоелектрана, коришћен је као минерални додатак, којим је замењен део цемента. Справљено је шест мешавина са рециклираним агрегатом и шест мешавина са природним агрегатом. Лабораторијска испитивања су обухватила испитивање чврстоће при притиску бетона након: 7, 28, 56 и 84 дана, чврстоће при савијању (након 28, 56 и 84 дана), модул еластичности (статички и динамички), отпорност према хабању, коефицијент водопропустљивости и порозност. Добијени резултати потврдили су постављене хипотезе да је са рециклираним агрегатом и електрофилтерским пепелом могуће пројектовати и извести порозни бетонски коловоз.</p> / <p>U disertaciji su analizirane mešavine za izradu poroznog betonskog kolovoza. Projektovano je ukupno 12 različitih vrsta mešavina. Za spravljanje betonskih mešavina korišćene su frakcije prirodnog i recikliranog agregata. Elektrofilterski pepeo, koji je otpadni materijal iz termoelektrana, korišćen je kao mineralni dodatak, kojim je zamenjen deo cementa. Spravljeno je šest mešavina sa recikliranim agregatom i šest mešavina sa prirodnim agregatom. Laboratorijska ispitivanja su obuhvatila ispitivanje čvrstoće pri pritisku betona nakon: 7, 28, 56 i 84 dana, čvrstoće pri savijanju (nakon 28, 56 i 84 dana), modul elastičnosti (statički i dinamički), otpornost prema habanju, koeficijent vodopropustljivosti i poroznost. Dobijeni rezultati potvrdili su postavljene hipoteze da je sa recikliranim agregatom i elektrofilterskim pepelom moguće projektovati i izvesti porozni betonski kolovoz.</p> / <p>In the dissertation, mixtures for the production of pervious concrete pavements are analyzed. The project has a total of 12 different types of mixtures. For the preparation of concrete mixtures, the fractions of natural and recycled aggregates were used. Fly ash, which is a waste material from thermal power plants, was used as a mineral supplement, which replaced a part of cement. Six mixtures with a recycled aggregate and six mixtures with a natural aggregate were collected. Laboratory tests included: compressive strength after 7, 28, 56 and 84 days, felxural strength (after 28, 56 and 84 days), modulus of elasticity (static and dynamic), abrasion, permeability and porosity. The obtained results confirmed the hypotheses that it is possible to design and execute a previous concrete pavement with a recycled aggregate and fly ash.</p>

L'apparition récente de nouveaux matériaux dans les structures de chaussée associée à une diminution de l'épaisseur des couches de surface et une augmentation du chargement des poids lourds et de leur fréquence de passage a entrainé de nouvelles pathologies de dégradation. Outre les problèmes d'orniérage bien connus, apparaissent désormais des fissures descendantes (top down cracking) ainsi que des problèmes de décohésion aux interfaces. Ces nouvelles pathologies entrainent des dépenses considérables sur l'ensemble du réseau (environ 15 milliards d'euros par an), particulièrement en zones urbanisées plus sujettes aux dégradations de surface et ne permettent pas d'estimer convenablement les durées de vie de la chaussée, le plus souvent surestimée dans les méthodes de dimensionnement actuelles. Ce travail de doctorat propose une nouvelle approche du contact pneu-chaussée permettant de mieux appréhender les contraintes principales et résiduelles dans une structure de chaussée bitumineuse. A l'aide d'un outil numérique rapide de calcul basé sur une approche semi-analytique (« Semi-Analytical Methods » (SAM)), la géométrie précise du pneumatique est intégrée afin d'obtenir une répartition de pression de contact ainsi qu'un cisaillement surfacique réelle sur la chaussée. Dans un premier temps, un modèle de contact roulant tractif élastique est implémenté pour des cas théoriques simples et validé par des résultats analytiques et numériques de la littérature. Ensuite, ce modèle est étendu pour prendre en compte le comportement élasto-plastique des corps en contact. Ce dernier est comparé à un résultat numérique basé sur la méthode des éléments finis issu de la littérature. Les résultats, pour une application contact pneu-chaussée, montrent une répartition non homogène des contraintes dans la structure et principalement dans les premiers centimètres sous la surface avec des niveaux beaucoup plus importants que peuvent le prédire les modèles actuels qui utilisent une charge uniformément répartie. La pression de contact est comparée aux mesures effectuées par un système nommé TekScan et les champs mécaniques en sous couches sont comparés à ceux d'Alizé-LCPC dans le cas d'une structure simple. Les cisaillements surfaciques sont déterminés dans le cas du roulement tractif. Une application est effectuée sur la modélisation des dégradations des chaussées en surface. Dans un premier temps, des analyses sur le comportement de la chaussée en surface sont effectuées pour une couche de béton bitumineux semi grenu (BBSG) semi-infinie supposée élastique, homogène sous conditions d'accélération, de freinage et de virage. Pour des études sur le top down cracking, des déformations et directions principales sont déterminées et analysées. Ensuite, le modèle de contact élasto-plastique est appliqué sur une couche semi-infinie de grave bitume GB3. Des déformations et contraintes résiduelles générées dans la structure sont déterminées en vue d'une analyse sur les ornières d'instabilité. Une fois validés, ces résultats permettront d'estimer plus fidèlement la durée de vie résiduelle des chaussées mais également de comprendre et d'éviter les mécanismes de dégradation en surface ou proche de la surface. / The recent appearance of new materials in road structures associated with surface layers thickness decreasing and the increasing of trucks loading and their passage frequency has led to new pathologies of degradation. In addition to the well-known rutting problems, top down cracking is now appearing as well as problems of decohesion at the interfaces. These new pathologies led to considerable expenditure on the entire network (around 15 billion euros per year), particularly in urbanized areas that are more prone to surface damage and do not make it possible to adequately estimate the lifetimes of the roadway, most often overestimated in current design methods. This doctoral work proposes a new approach of the tire-road contact allowing for better apprehend of the main and residual stresses in a bituminous pavement structure. Using a fast numerical tool based on a semi-analytical approach ("Semi-Analytical Methods" (SAM)), the precise geometry of the tire is integrated in order to obtain a real contact pressure distribution as well as surface shear on the pavement surface. Initially, an elastic tractive rolling contact model is implemented for simple theoretical cases and validated by analytical and numerical results from the literature.Then, this model is extended to take into account the elastoplastic behavior of the bodies in contact. This is compared to a numerical result based on the nite element method from the literature. The application for tire-pavement contact results, show a non-uniform distribution of stresses in the structure and mainly in the rst centimeters below the surface with much higher levels than can be predicted by current models that use a uniformly distributed load. The contact pressure is compared to the measurements made by a system called TekScan and the mechanical elds in sublayers are compared to those of Alizé-LCPC in the case of a simple structure. The surface shears are determined in the case of tractive rolling. An application is carried out on the modeling of surface pavement damage. Firstly, analyzes of the behavior of the surface pavement are carried out for a semi-innite semi-grit asphalt concrete layer supposed to be elastic, homogeneous under conditions of acceleration, braking and turning. For studies on top down cracking, principals deformations and directions are determined and analyzed. Then, the elastoplastic contact model is applied on a semi-innite asphalt agragate layer. Deformations and residuals stresses generated in the structure are determined for an analysis on the instability ruts. Once validated, these results will make it possible to more accurately estimate the residual life of pavements but also to understand and avoid surface or near surfacedegradation mechanisms.

Conventional construction of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP) in Canada consists of placing a round steel epoxy-coated dowel at the mid height of the pavement. Steel dowels reduce stepping at the joint to improve comfort and reduce the stress concentration on the support layer beneath the pavement. Most importantly they transfer load and are commonly referred to as load transfer devices. Problems with dowel bar deterioration, including corrosion causes the slab joint to lock and cause stress concentrations as the slab expands and or contracts and curls due to thermal and shrinkage straining occurring in the concrete. In this research, alternative joint load transfer devices are presented and compared to conventional steel dowels. Four device alternatives are developed and evaluated: a Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) I-beam placed directly on the base material; GFRP tapered plates; a continuous horizontal V device; and a continuous horizontal pipe device both placed directly on the support layer. The two devices that are continuous run the length of the joint similar to a shear key. The GFRP tapered plate and I-beam, as well as conventional steel dowels, were analyzed in a wheel path sized three dimensional finite element model for wheel loading and static loading applied to either side of the joint. An experimental testing program was developed to test joint load transfer capabilities of each device when subjected to a static wheel load applied to either side of the joint. The GFRP tapered plates and I-beams were shown to transfer load based on the results from the wheel path finite element model and experimental testing program. The differential joint deflection, stress concentrations and plastic straining occurring in the concrete is not reduced with either the tapered plate or I-beam compared to a dowel under wheel loading. In addition, a similar plastic straining area identified in the finite element models were noticed as an area of damage in the experimental testing program. All of the devices developed are analyzed in a quarter slab three dimensional finite element model with shrinkage and thermal strains as well as wheel loading applied to the slab to simulate service loading. A detailed investigation into the stress distribution around the devices and the differential deflection at the joint through the service loading applied is presented in this paper. Similarly to the wheel path investigation the stress concentration in the tapered plate and I-beams are greater than conventional dowels and also have greater differential deflection occurring at the joint. Both the continuous Horizontal V and Horizontal Pipe device reduce stress and plastic straining in the concrete during the service load analysis compared to dowels. During daytime wheel loading the differential deflection in the joint is the lowest with no noticeable stepping occurring at the joint with the Horizontal V device; however is greater than conventional steel dowels under nighttime wheel load application. The differential deflection with the Horizontal Pipe during day and night straining and wheel loading is similar to conventional steel dowels.

Pavement markings are vital for safely navigating roadways. The nighttime visibility of pavement markings is enhanced by addition of retroreflective glass beads, most of which are made from recycled glass. Concern has been raised over the presence of heavy metals in glass beads used in pavement markings and their effect on human and environmental health. Based upon the potential risk associated with the presence of arsenic and lead in the glass beads, two Bills are currently being considered before the 112th Congress of the United States of America seeking to set a maximum permissible limit for the amount of arsenic and lead in glass beads used within pavement marking systems on domestic roadways. This study was designed to support legislative decision making by providing data necessary for risk assessment. The experiments carried out provide: an analysis of glass bead metal content and extractability; an evaluation of the relationship between arsenic content of the glass beads and their retroreflective performance; an evaluation of analytical methods used to measure the total bead metal content; and an analysis of samples of glass bead and soil mixture from a glass bead storage site used to determine site-specific metal concentrations in the soil media. Mean arsenic content, measured using the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's KOH fusion digestion, in all the glass beads examined ranged from 11 ppm to 82 ppm, while mean lead content, measured using KOH fusion digestion, ranged from below quantification limit to 199 ppm. Total metal content measurements indicated a high amount of variability in the glass bead samples; most likely associated with the use of recycled glass feed during manufacturing. The relationship between the retroreflective performance and the arsenic content of the glass beads was analyzed and a weak but positive correlation was observed between the two factors. However, a more detailed study is required to evaluate the relationship between arsenic content and retroreflectivity. Different methods to evaluate the total metal content in glass beads were compared; it is recommended that any analytical method may be used, as long as the standard reference material is reproduced within the range of concentration expected in the glass beads. In the analysis of the field site samples of soil containing glass beads obtained from a glass bead storage and transfer facility, the mass content of beads in the soil varied from a mean of 19% to 78% depending on the location within the facility. However, a detailed analysis with larger number of samples must be performed to evaluate the effect of glass beads on the total arsenic content of the soil.

Inadequate financial allocation for road maintenance is a threat to the impaired rural highways in Atlantic Canada. The conventional means of pavement rehabilitation has been to place a hot mix asphalt concrete overlay on the existing worn out pavement which is only a short term adjustment. The purpose is to provide a smooth wearing surface at a low cost. This traditional way of pavement repair does not fix the damage embedded within the pavement structure. After a certain extent of time the cracks in the original pavement start to reflect to the smooth new wearing surface, causing deterioration on the overlay. The advanced approach which is becoming more popular is the application of Full Depth Reclamation (FDR). This technique helps to repair the extensively defective roads by pulverizing the flexible pavement along with a fraction of the underlying damaged base layer. Thus a damage free base layer can be obtained by stabilizing and recompacting the pulverized materials. FDR is a sustainable and an environmentally beneficial repair method as it re-uses the in-situ materials. FDR process has been used around the world for over 25 years yet confronts some difficulties regarding the fluctuation in the strength of materials in various projects. It is inferred that some of these difficulties are due to the variability and poor quality in the restored materials. The variability in the recycled base layer is a result of currently utilizing a retroactive depth control method to attain a specific blend of asphalt concrete to granular base for the pulverized materials. Two FDR projects applying two different pulverization control methods (conventional retroactive and GPR depth control methods) were analyzed to investigate the improvements in consistency of the restored materials by using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). A wide range of asphalt concrete/base layer blend ratio was detected in retroactive control section, while consistent blend ratio was maintained in GPR survey by mapping the variability in the depth of pavement and sub-dividing the test sections accordingly. A GPR controlled constant blend ratio during pulverization displayed improvements in consistency of materials, physical and mechanical properties and performance as anticipated. The materials obtained by using the conventional retroactive depth control method exhibited higher variability in grain size distribution, optimum moisture content, optimum density, California Bearing Ratio, resilient modulus and shear strength. All materials from both projects exhibited excessive air voids and inadequate fines content as the as-obtained particles acted as conglomerated particles and enough fines were not generated after the pulverization. It is recommended that efficient quality control, precise specifications and appropriate pulverization methods will provide more reliable and impressive FDR pavements. / This thesis contains research on unstabilized full depth reclaimed aggregates properties

Conventional construction of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP) in Canada consists of placing a round steel epoxy-coated dowel at the mid height of the pavement. Steel dowels reduce stepping at the joint to improve comfort and reduce the stress concentration on the support layer beneath the pavement. Most importantly they transfer load and are commonly referred to as load transfer devices. Problems with dowel bar deterioration, including corrosion causes the slab joint to lock and cause stress concentrations as the slab expands and or contracts and curls due to thermal and shrinkage straining occurring in the concrete. In this research, alternative joint load transfer devices are presented and compared to conventional steel dowels. Four device alternatives are developed and evaluated: a Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) I-beam placed directly on the base material; GFRP tapered plates; a continuous horizontal V device; and a continuous horizontal pipe device both placed directly on the support layer. The two devices that are continuous run the length of the joint similar to a shear key. The GFRP tapered plate and I-beam, as well as conventional steel dowels, were analyzed in a wheel path sized three dimensional finite element model for wheel loading and static loading applied to either side of the joint. An experimental testing program was developed to test joint load transfer capabilities of each device when subjected to a static wheel load applied to either side of the joint. The GFRP tapered plates and I-beams were shown to transfer load based on the results from the wheel path finite element model and experimental testing program. The differential joint deflection, stress concentrations and plastic straining occurring in the concrete is not reduced with either the tapered plate or I-beam compared to a dowel under wheel loading. In addition, a similar plastic straining area identified in the finite element models were noticed as an area of damage in the experimental testing program. All of the devices developed are analyzed in a quarter slab three dimensional finite element model with shrinkage and thermal strains as well as wheel loading applied to the slab to simulate service loading. A detailed investigation into the stress distribution around the devices and the differential deflection at the joint through the service loading applied is presented in this paper. Similarly to the wheel path investigation the stress concentration in the tapered plate and I-beams are greater than conventional dowels and also have greater differential deflection occurring at the joint. Both the continuous Horizontal V and Horizontal Pipe device reduce stress and plastic straining in the concrete during the service load analysis compared to dowels. During daytime wheel loading the differential deflection in the joint is the lowest with no noticeable stepping occurring at the joint with the Horizontal V device; however is greater than conventional steel dowels under nighttime wheel load application. The differential deflection with the Horizontal Pipe during day and night straining and wheel loading is similar to conventional steel dowels.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Nesta dissertação são avaliados os efeitos dinâmicos provenientes da travessia de comboios de veículos sobre o tabuleiro irregular de obras de arte rodoviárias de concreto armado. O modelo matemático empregado para simular o comportamento do sistema veículo-ponte considera a participação da massa e da rigidez das viaturas na definição das freqüências do sistema e, conseqüentemente, a força de interação entre os veículos e a ponte é afetada pela flexibilidade desta. A ponte é modelada a partir do emprego de elementos finitos de barra unidimensionais e discretizado com massas concentradas e flexibilidade distribuída. O modelo de veículo empregado baseia-se no veículo TB-12 preconizado pela norma brasileira NBR 7188. Este veículo é simulado por sistemas de massas, molas e amortecedores sendo descrito por graus de liberdade à translação e rotação no plano. As irregularidades da pista são definidas por um modelo não-determinístico com base na densidade espectral do pavimento. O carregamento sobre a ponte é constituído por sucessões de veículos deslocando-se com velocidade constante sobre a obra. Devido à própria natureza das irregularidades da pista e do comboio de veículos, atenção especial é concentrada na fase permanente da resposta do sistema. São estudadas as respostas de dois modelos estruturais existentes, com base em tabuleiros isostáticos, em concreto armado, com e sem balanços, em seção do tipo T e duplo T, respectivamente, em termos de deslocamentos e esforços nas seções onde ocorrem os efeitos máximos. As conclusões do trabalho versam sobre a influência da velocidade, espaçamento e do número de veículos, referentes a situações distintas de carregamento, no que tange a resposta dinâmica das pontes rodoviárias de concreto armado. A magnitude dos efeitos dinâmicos associados à interação dos veículos com o pavimento irregular também é investigada. / In this investigation the dynamic effects induced by the vehicles crossing on the irregular pavement surfaces of reinforced concrete highway bridge decks were evaluated. The mathematical model considered the participation of the mass and stiffness of the vehicles in the definition of the system natural frequencies. The vehicle-bridge mathematical model includes the interaction between the vehicles and bridge dynamical properties. The bridge deck was modelled using beam finite elements with concentrated masses and distributed stiffness. The vehicle model was based on the Brazilian code NBR 7188 standard vehicle TB-12. This vehicle was simulated as mass-spring-damper system and the degrees of freedom of these cars are defined as in plane vertical translations and rotations. The deck surface roughness was defined by a non-deterministic model based on the spectral density of the pavement. The moving load is formed by an infinite succession of vehicles equally spaced and with constant velocity. Only the steady-state response was considered. The dynamic response of two existing structural models corresponding to reinforced concrete highway bridge decks was investigated in terms of displacements and efforts. The conclusions have shown the influence of the velocity, spacing and number of vehicles on the bridges dynamic response. The magnitude of the response amplification due to the surface irregularities was investigated.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As pontes rodoviárias de concreto armado estão sujeitas à ações dinâmicas variáveis devido ao tráfego de veículos sobre o tabuleiro. Estas ações dinâmicas nem sempre são corretamente consideradas pelos projetistas. Deste modo, a correta consideração destes aspectos mostra-se de fundamental importância, de forma a se avaliar os esforços dinâmicos oriundos do tráfego de veículos sobre o tabuleiro. De acordo com este contexto, a ponte rodoviária investigada nesta dissertação é constituída por duas vigas longitudinais, três transversinas, sendo uma central e duas sobre os apoios, e por um tabuleiro em concreto armado. O modelo computacional, desenvolvido para a análise dinâmica da ponte, foi concebido com base no emprego de técnicas usuais de discretização através do método dos elementos finitos. Os veículos são representados a partir de sistemas do tipo "massa-mola-amortecedor". O tráfego destes veículos é considerado mediante a simulação de comboios semi-infinitos, deslocando-se com velocidade constante sobre a ponte. As técnicas para a contagem de ciclos de tensões e a aplicação das regras de dano acumulado foram analisadas através das curvas S-N de diversas normas e recomendações internacionais vigentes que versam sobre o tema. As conclusões deste trabalho de pesquisa se referem à análise da resposta dinâmica bem como da vida útil de serviço da obra de arte rodoviária de concreto armado investigada, quando submetida às ações dinâmicas provenientes do tráfego de veículos pesados sobre o tabuleiro. / Reinforced concrete highway bridges are subjected to dynamic actions of variable magnitude due to vehicles crossing on the deck pavement. In general, these dynamic actions are not properly considered by the designers. The proper consideration of these aspects has shown to be of fundamental importance to assess the actions from the vehicles traffic on the bridge deck. According to this context the investigated bridge consists of two longitudinal beams (girders), three transverse beams, one central and two on the supports, and a reinforced concrete deck. The computational model, developed for the bridge dynamic analysis, adopted the usual mesh refinement techniques present in finite element method simulations. The vehicles were simulated by spring-mass-damper models. The vehicles traffic is considered based on semi infinity convoys moving with constant speed on the bridge deck. The stress cycles counting techniques and the cumulative damage rules were applied through S-N curves related to international codes. The conclusions of this research were related to the dynamic response as well the service life of the investigated highway reinforced concrete bridge, when subjected to dynamic actions from the heavy vehicles traffic on the deck pavement surface.

Les matériaux de construction par excellence que sont les matériaux à base cimentaire offrent une faible résistance à la traction ainsi qu’une faible capacité de déformation. Ils sont fragiles et particulièrement sensible à la fissuration, notamment la fissuration due au retrait dans le cas d’éléments à grande surface. Des joints de retrait judicieusement espacés permettent de localiser la fissuration et d’éviter le désordre apparent. Malheureusement, ils constituent aussi le point de départ de futurs désordres (pénétration d’agents agressifs, tuilage, etc.). Cette thèse est une contribution au développement d’un nouveau composite cimentaire présentant une capacité de déformation améliorée. Dans cet objectif, des granulats en caoutchouc (G.C.) issus du broyage de pneus usagés ont été utilisés en remplacement partiel du sable. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la présence de ces granulats est préjudiciable vis-à-vis de la rhéologie du matériau à l’état frais mais que l’utilisation d’un superplastifiant et d’un agent de viscosité permet de réaliser les corrections nécessaires. A l’état durci, une chute de la résistance mécanique et du module d’élasticité est observée, en contrepartie la capacité de déformation au stade de la localisation de la macrofissuration est significativement augmentée. Des essais dédiés permettent de démontrer que cette incorporation de G.C. permet de réduire la sensibilité à la fissuration de retrait avec un intérêt évident pour les applications à grande surface comme les chaussées et dallages sur terre-plein. L’influence de la présence de ces G.C. sur la cinétique de la fissuration a été analysée et confirmée par le biais d’une variable d’endommagement et par l’activité (émission) acoustique accompagnant le processus de fissuration.Le potentiel du composite dans les applications à grande surface comme les chaussées en béton a aussi été abordé par le biais de l’indice de qualité élastique qui a confirmé les promesses attendues. Compte tenu du rôle joué par le module d’élasticité du composite sur ces nouvelles propriétés et les applications potentielles, les outils prédictifs de ce module en fonction du dosage en G.C. présentent un intérêt pratique évident. Dans ce sens, cette thèse a permis de tester la pertinence de quelques modèles analytiques. Dans ce cadre, la borne inférieure de Hashin-Shtrikman qui reste perfectible s’est avérée la mieux indiquée.A côté de l’intérêt en termes d’application matériau Génie Civil, l’incorporation de G.C. constitue une voie de valorisation de pneus usagés non réutilisables et une contribution à la protection de l’environnement / Cement-based materials exhibit low tensile strength and poor strain capacity. They are brittle and are very sensitive to cracking particularly to shrinkage cracking in large area applications. Sawn joints allow shrinkage cracking to be localised a way to avoid unsightly cracking. Unfortunately they are also the starting point of future distress (ingress of aggressive agent, curling, etc.).This work is a contribution to the design of a cement-based material exhibiting an enhanced strain capacity. For a such objective rubber aggregates (RAs) obtained from grinding end of life tyres partly replacing natural sand have been used.Results showed that RAs are detrimental to the properties of the fresh materials (workability and segregation). However the use of optimized content of a superplasticiser and of a viscosity agent allows the required behaviour to be achieved.With regard to harden state, RAs reduce the strength and the modulus of elasticity of the composite but the strain capacity corresponding to the macrocracking formation is significantly improved. Specific tests showed that RAs reduced the propensity of the material for shrinkage cracking, offering an interest for large surface area such as pavements.Analysis by a scalar damage variable and by acoustic emission is in a good agreement with expected effect of RAs on the cracking kinetics and on the mechanical behaviour of the composite.The interest of the rubberized concrete in large area application such as concrete pavements has been studied and confirmed through the Elastic Quality Index. Given the major role of the modulus of elasticity of the composite on the new properties and expected applications, tools aimed to predict this modulus of elasticity as a function of RAs content are of practical benefit. With this purpose, the work allowed the relevance of some analytical models to be tested. In this context, the lower Hashin-Shtrikman bound which remains perfectible proved to be the most appropriate.Finally, apart from application of civil engineering material, the use of RAs from grinding end of life tyres is a solution of recovery of an industrial by-product and a contribution to a clean environment

A reciclagem de pavimentos com adição de cimento Portland é uma técnica que permite reutilizar estruturas degradadas de pavimentos flexíveis na conformação de uma nova camada estabilizada. Seu dimensionamento, no Brasil, tem sido abordado de forma empírica. Entretanto, os métodos racionais desenvolvidos para pavimentos semirrígidos estão baseados principalmente na previsão da vida de fadiga das camadas cimentadas, associada ao nível de deformação atuante na sua fibra inferior. Com o intuito de contribuir no desenvolvimento de um método de dimensionamento de pavimentos com camadas recicladas com adição de cimento, a pesquisa relatada nesta dissertação teve como objetivo principal o estudo laboratorial do comportamento a fadiga de misturas constituídas por fresado asfáltico (20%, 50% e 70%), brita graduada e cimento Portland (teores de 2% e 4%). O programa experimental foi baseado no protocolo para caraterização de materiais cimentados da Austroads (2008; 2012), para ensaios estáticos e de fadiga, além de recomendações para caracterização flexural da JCI (1984), procurando-se avaliar a sua aplicabilidade. Os ensaios de fadiga foram realizados em vigotas com dimensões 10 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm, curadas por pelo menos 28 dias. O modo dos ensaios foi o de tensão controlada como função da resistência à tração na flexão, previamente determinada. O sistema de carregamento é conhecido como fadiga a 4 pontos. Foram obtidos modelos de fadiga em função da tensão de tração atuante, da deformação inicial e da energia dissipada inicial. Os resultados dos ensaios estáticos indicam a predominante influência do teor cimento na resistência a tração na flexão das misturas (valores entre 0,21 MPa e 1,53 MPa), enquanto a porcentagem de fresado tem efeito significativo na deformação de ruptura, tornando as misturas mais dúcteis, e no Módulo de Elasticidade Flexural (que variou entre 1483 MPa e 12800 MPa). No caso dos ensaios de fadiga, os Módulos de Resiliência Flexural iniciais (valores entre 2913 MPa e 7725 MPa) mostraram-se mais dependentes do teor de cimento e independentes do nível de tensão. Nos modelos de fadiga obtidos, os valores dos exponentes de dano por deformação variaram entre 7 e 15, sendo próximos aos relatados pela Austroads para materiais cimentados. Esses modelos foram empregados na modelagem de estruturas de pavimento com camadas de base reciclada, de espessura de 18 cm a 40 cm, visando quantificar o efeito do teor de cimento e da porcentagem de fresado na vida de fadiga, bem como das espessuras da camada reciclada e da nova camada asfáltica sobrejacente. Observou-se que espessuras de camada reciclada inferiores a 30 cm terão curta vida de fadiga. Por outro lado, também ficou evidenciado que a vida de fadiga dessa camada depende significativamente da espessura da nova camada asfáltica sobrejacente, recomendando-se espessuras de no mínimo 10 cm. Finalmente, destaca-se que o volume de dados gerado durante os ensaios de fadiga, e seu processamento por meio de algoritmos desenvolvidos na pesquisa, permitiram abordar conceitos de energia dissipada, como aproximação à definição de critérios de micro e macrofissuração, o que mostrou a utilidade deste tipo de abordagem para futuras pesquisas. / Full-depth reclamation with Portland cement (FDR-C), is a technique allowing the reuse of flexible pavements damaged structures, in order to build a new stabilized layer. In Brazil, pavement design with FDR-C has been determined by empirical approaches. However, mechanistic approach developed for semi-rigid pavements mainly use fatigue relationships based on deformations occurring at the bottom of the cemented layer. In order to develop a pavement design method with FDR-C materials, this research work aimed to study, in laboratory, the fatigue behavior of FDR-C mixtures, for three cement grades (2 %, 4 % e 6 %) and three RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) percentages (20 %, 50 % e 70 %).The experimental program was based on the protocol for the characterization of cemented materials of the Austroads (2008; 2012), for static and dynamic tests, and on the recommendations for flexural characterization of concrete reinforced with steel fibers, of the JCI (1984), evaluating the availability of these procedures. Fatigue tests were executed using beams (10 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm), static compacted and with a minimum curing time of 28 days. Stress controlled mode was used, based on flexural strength, previously determined. Loading system was a four-point bending test. Were developed fatigue strain, stress and dissipated energy relationships. Static tests results show that cement is the principal influence on the flexural strength of the mixtures (0.21 MPa up to 1.53 MPa), while the RAP have a major effect in the increasing of the tensile strains making it more ductile (flexural elastic modulus were 1483 MPa up to 12800 MPa). In the case of fatigue tests, flexural modulus were more dependent on the degree of cementation (2913 MPa up to 7725 MPa), and not on the applied stress level. About the fatigue models of FDR-C mixtures, strain damage exponents (7 up to 15) were similar to those reported by Austroads. Laboratory models based on strain were used in modeling of pavement structures, with a FDR-C base layer. Results showed benefits of thickness in FDR-C mixtures and asphalt layers (18 cm up to 40 cm), in order to evaluate the effect of the cement and RAP content on fatigue life, and FDR-C new asphalt thickness as well. This model highlights that FDR-C with a thickness inferior than 30 cm will have a shorter fatigue life. On the other side, was showed that the fatigue life of this layer mainly depends on new hot mix asphalt thickness layer (thickness recommended up to 10 cm). Finally, the volume of data generated during the fatigue tests and his processing through algorithms developed in research allowed using dissipated energy criteria as an approximation of the definition of micro and macro-cracking limits which indicate the utility of this methodology for future research. / El reciclaje de pavimentos con adición de cemento Portland es una técnica que permite la reutilización de estructuras degradadas de pavimentos flexibles para la conformación de una nueva capa estabilizada. Su diseño, en Brasil, ha sido abordado de forma empírica. Sin embargo, métodos racionales desarrollados para pavimentos semirrígidos están basados en la vida de fatiga de las capas cementadas, asociada al estado de deformaciones actuante en su base. Con el objetivo de contribuir al desarrollo de un método de dimensionamiento de pavimentos con capas recicladas con adición de cemento, la investigación relatada en esta disertación tuvo como objetivo principal el estudio laboratorial del comportamiento de fatiga de mezclas constituidas por fresado asfáltico (20%, 50% y 70%), base granular y cemento Portland (2%, 4 % y 6 %). El programa experimental fue basado en protocolos de caracterización de materiales cementados de la Austroads (2008, 2012), para ensayos estáticos y de fatiga, además de recomendaciones para caracterización flexural de concreto reforzado con fibras de acero de la JCI (1984), procurando evaluar su aplicabilidad. Los ensayos de fatiga fueron realizados en vigotas con dimensiones de 10 cm x 10 x cm x 40 cm, moldadas estáticamente y curadas por lo menos 28 días. El modo de carga fue de esfuerzo controlado en función de la resistencia de tracción en la flexión, previamente determinada. El sistema de carga es conocido como fatiga 4 puntos. Los resultados de los ensayos estáticos mostraron una influencia predominante del contenido de cemento respecto a la resistencia flexural de las mezclas (valores entre 0,21 MPa y 1,53 MPa), mientras que el material fresado tiene un efecto significativo en la deformación de tracción al tonar más dúctiles las mezclas, afectando módulo de elasticidad flexural (valores entre 1483 MPa y 12800 MPa). En el caso de los ensayos de fatiga, los Módulos de Resiliencia Flexural iniciales (valores entre2913 MPa y 7725 MPa) mostraron ser más dependientes del grado de cementación e independientes del nivel de esfuerzo aplicado. Los valores de los exponentes de daño por deformación en los modelos de fatiga, que variaron entre 7 y 15, fueron próximos a los relatados por la Austroads. Estos modelos fueron usados en la modelación de estructuras de pavimento con capas de base reciclada, de espesor entre 18 cm y 40 cm, buscando cuantificar el efecto del contenido de cemento y de fresado en la vida de fatiga. Se observó que espesores de la capa reciclada inferiores a 30 cm tendrán corta vida de fatiga. Por otro lado, fue evidenciado que la vida de fatiga de esta capa depende significativamente del espesor del nuevo revestimiento asfáltico, recomendándose espesores superiores a 10 cm. Finamente, se destaca que el volumen de datos generados durante los ensayos de fatiga y su procesamiento por medio de algoritmos desarrollados en la investigación permitieron abordar conceptos de energía disipada, como aproximación a la definición de criterios de micro y macro fractura que mostraron la utilidad de este tipo de metodologías para estudios futuros.