Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-22T19:38:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoCanindeDeSousaJunior_TESE.pdf: 1665223 bytes, checksum: a3c9c1fa573d5e42243d0808e537d798 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-28T19:44:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoCanindeDeSousaJunior_TESE.pdf: 1665223 bytes, checksum: a3c9c1fa573d5e42243d0808e537d798 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-28T19:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoCanindeDeSousaJunior_TESE.pdf: 1665223 bytes, checksum: a3c9c1fa573d5e42243d0808e537d798 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / O crescente interesse e aplica??es dos produtos biotecnol?gicos v?m aumentando o desenvolvimento de novos processos de recupera??o e purifica??o de prote?nas. A adsor??o em leito expandido (ALE) tem se destacado como uma t?cnica promissora para essa finalidade, pois combina em uma ?nica opera??o as etapas de clarifica??o, concentra??o e purifica??o da prote?na alvo, reduzindo assim tempo e custos de opera??o. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta tese foi avaliar a recupera??o e purifica??o do ant?geno 503 de Leishmania i. chagasi expresso em E. coli M15 e a remo??o de endotoxina por ALE. Na primeira etapa do trabalho foram realizados ensaios em taques agitados sob a forma de dois planejamentos experimentais, para definir as condi??es ?timas de adsor??o e elui??o do ant?geno na resina Streamline chelating. Nos ensaios de adsor??o usando o leito na forma expandida empregou-se uma coluna de 2,6 cm de di?metro por 30,0 cm de altura, acoplada a uma bomba perist?ltica. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, avaliou-se a remo??o de endotoxina durante o processo de recupera??o do ant?geno, empregando o tensoativo n?oi?nico triton X-114 na etapa de lavagem da ALE. Na terceira etapa, buscou-se elaborar um modelo matem?tico capaz de prever as curvas de ruptura do ant?geno 503 em coluna na forma expandida. Os resultados do planejamento experimental para adsor??o do ant?geno 503 mostraram o pH 8,0 e a concentra??o de NaCl de 2,4 M como melhores condi??es de adsor??o. No segundo planejamento, o ?nico fator significativo para elui??o foi a concentra??o de imidazol, definida em 600 mM. A isoterma de adsor??o do ant?geno 503 mostrou bom ajuste ao modelo de Langmuir (R=0,98) e os valores de qmax (capacidade m?xima de adsor??o) e Kd (constante de equil?brio) estimados foram de 1,95 mg/g e 0,34 mg/mL, respectivamente. Atrav?s dos testes de purifica??o diretamente do homogeneizado n?o clarificado obteve-se uma recupera??o de 59,2% da prote?na de interesse e um fator de purifica??o de 6,0. A adi??o do tensoativo n?o-i?nico Triton X-114 ? etapa de lavagem da ALE proporcionou altos valores (>99%) de remo??o do LPS inicialmente presente nas amostras para todas as condi??es estudadas. O modelo matem?tico obtido para descrever a curva de ruptura do ant?geno 503 na resina Streamline Chelanting em leito expandido apresentou bom ajuste aos dados experimentais, tanto para etapa de estimativa de par?metros quanto para de valida??o. O modelo validado foi utilizado na otimiza??o das efici?ncias, obtendo-se os valores m?ximos de efici?ncia do processo e efici?ncia da coluna de 89,2% e 75,9%, respectivamente. Portanto, ALE mostrou ser uma alternativa eficiente na recupera??o da prote?na-alvo e remo??o de endotoxina a partir de um extrato de E. coli n?o clarificado em apenas uma etapa. / The growing interest and applications of biotechnology products have increased the development of new processes for recovery and purification of proteins. The expanded bed adsorption (EBA) has emerged as a promising technique for this purpose. It combines into one operation the steps of clarification, concentration and purification of the target molecule. Hence, the method reduces the time and the cost of operation. In this context, this thesis aim was to evaluate the recovery and purification of 503 antigen of Leishmania i. chagasi expressed in E. coli M15 and endotoxin removal by EBA. In the first step of this study, batch experiments were carried out using two experimental designs to define the optimal adsorption and elution conditions of 503 antigen onto Streamline chelating resin. For adsorption assays, using expanded bed, it was used a column of 2.6 cm in diameter by 30.0 cm in height coupled to a peristaltic pump. In the second step of study, the removal of endotoxin during antigen recovery process was evaluated employing the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 in the washing step ALE. In the third step, we sought developing a mathematical model able to predict the 503 antigen breakthrough curves in expanded mode. The experimental design results to adsorption showed the pH 8.0 and the NaCl concentration of 2.4 M as the optimum adsorption condition. In the second design, the only significant factor for elution was the concentration of imidazole, which was taken at 600 mM. The adsorption isotherm of the 503 antigen showed a good fit to the Langmuir model (R = 0.98) and values for qmax (maximum adsorption capacity) and Kd (equilibrium constant) estimated were 1.95 mg/g and 0.34 mg/mL, respectively. Purification tests directly from unclarified feedstock showed a recovery of 59.2% of the target protein and a purification factor of 6.0. The addition of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 to the washing step of EBA led to high levels (> 99%) of LPS removal initially present in the samples for all conditions tested. The mathematical model obtained to describe the 503 antigen breakthrough curves in Streamline Chelanting resin in expanded mode showed a good fit for both parameter estimation and validation steps. The validated model was used to optimize the efficiencies, achieving maximum values of the process and of the column efficiencies of 89.2% and 75.9%, respectively. Therefore, EBA is an efficient alternative for the recovery of the target protein and removal of endotoxin from an E. coli unclarified feedstock in just one step.

No description available.

Technology nowadays is evolving at rates that surpass anything imagination could perceive and it certainly affects every public or private enterprise. Well, according to this topic, I’m suggesting the improvement of the communications network of the Regional Government of Lima based on an integrated data and voice platform which includes a Cisco Centralized IP Telephony solution, called Cisco Unified Communications Manager 7.0, that works as a main element in order to achieve meaningful and complete management of internal and external telephone calls within MPLS Networks. Regional Government of Lima has been chosen because of its importance related to the economic activities of the population and the support that could be brought by an institution which could make success and generate productivity about rapid administrative processes . The thesis is divided into distinct chapters that make up the context of the investigation which involves network planning and design as an iterative process, encompassing topological design, network realization, IT asset sourcing and operations planning. For this purpose, information about the old and non sophisticated network status was raised. Costs and more details such as hardware and software features and more ways to make this network work so much better, with all the resources at its disposal, will be found on this whole solution

Mycoplasma hominis est une bactérie opportuniste qui peut être responsable d’infections du tractus urogénital, d’infections néonatales ou d’infections disséminées notamment chez les patients immunodéprimés. La membrane des mycoplasmes constitue l’interface d’interaction directe avec le milieu extérieur en raison de l’absence de paroi. Cette membrane contient de nombreuses lipoprotéines qui ont le pouvoir d’activer des cellules dendritiques humaines (hDCs), d’induire la production de cytokines et de polariser le système immunitaire adaptatif. Nous avons étudié l’interaction de M. hominis PG21 avec les hDCs en nous penchant d’une part sur la fraction du mycoplasme qui active les hDCs et d’autre part sur la réponse immunitaire innée des hDCs. Apres avoir déterminé les lipoprotéines contenues dans un extrait TX-114 de M. hominis PG21, nous avons enrichi en lipoprotéines bioactives une fraction de vésicules membranaires du mycoplasme par une double extraction utilisant deux détergents non dénaturants, le Sarkosyl puis le Triton X-114. Apres séparation par SDS-PAGE, nous avons identifié vingt lipoprotéines qui pourraient entrainer la sécrétion d’IL-23 par les hDCs, notamment la lipoprotéine MHO_4720. Un lipopeptide synthétique correspondant à la fraction N-terminale de MHO_4720 est capable de stimuler les hDCs. En analysant les variations transcriptionnelles des gènes codant pour les 48 lipoprotéines de M. hominis PG21 par qRT-PCR, nous avons également déterminé que 21 lipoprotéines sont surexprimées après 4h ou 24h de contact entre le mycoplasme et les hDCs. Enfin, la réponse cellulaire a été évaluée par PCR array et ELISA. Nous avons observé l’activation d’inflammasome(s) par la mise en évidence de la production d’IL-1β dépendant de la caspase 5. / Mycoplasma hominis is involved in urogenital tract infections, neonatal infections or disseminated infections particularly in immunocompromised patients. Mycoplasmas have no cell wall and their membrane is the main interface mediating the interaction between the mycoplasma and its environment. Lipoproteins that are anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane are known to induce the maturation of human dendritic cells (hDCs), to stimulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine production by hDCs and to polarize the adaptive immune system. We studied the interaction of M. hominis PG21 with hDCs in order to assess the lipoproteins that can induce the stimulation of hDCs, to determine the lipoproteins that are regulated upon interaction of the mycoplasma with the host cell and to evaluate the innate host cell response. Using a double extraction strategy with two non-denaturing detergents, Sarkosyl then Triton X-114, and separation by SDS-PAGE, we found that 20 lipoproteins may induce the secretion of IL-23 by the hDCs, especially the MHO_4720 lipoprotein. We showed that a synthetic lipopeptide corresponding to the N-terminus part of the MHO_4720 lipoprotein can stimulate the hDCs in a dose-dependent manner. Using qRT-PCR for the evaluation of the transcriptional regulation of the 48 lipoprotein-coding genes of M. hominis PG21, we also determined that 21 lipoproteins were upregulated upon 4h and 24h of contact of M. hominis with hDCs. Finally, the hDC innate immune response was evaluated by PCR array and ELISA. We observed a caspase 5-dependent production of IL- 1β corresponding to the activation of an inflammasome.

The Grundgestalt (Ger: 'basic shape') is a term coined by Arnold Schoenberg to describe the basis for coherence within a musical composition. Although neither precisely defined, nor adequately supported by examples from his literature, the Grundgestalt remains an important facet of Schoenbergian theory. Composed of several gestalten that occur repeatedly, Schoenberg's Grundgestalt functions as a germinating factor within a piece that allows its motivic, thematic, and rhythmic information to become more accessible through their frequent repetition and diverse presentation. In addition to Schoenberg's definition, the first part of this dissertation discusses the individual findings of Schoenberg's pupils Josef Rufer and Rudolf Réti. Subsequently developed by the contributions of David Epstein, Walter Frisch, Patricia Carpenter, Michael Schiano, and Brent Auerbach, their combined efforts then attempt to illustrate the organicism of the Grundgestalt, to clarify its terminology, and to refine the framework of its analysis. Based upon the framework described in the previous chapter, the second half of this dissertation presents the criteria for the determination of the Grundgestalt. Beginning with a derivation of Brent Auerbach's proto-Grundgestalt analysis that catalogs the various voice-leading strands of a given composition into a summary chart that tracks the frequency of each motive's occurrence within its underlying musical segments, the analysis then evaluates the basis for each motive's hierarchy through a relative valuation according to the principles of cardinality and individuality. Following a subsequent expansion of the rules governing the organic map that Auerbach proposed to provide a visual representation of the hierarchy described in the proto-Grundgestalt analysis, summary chart, and relative valuation, Part III this dissertation uses that data to specify the location of the Grundgestalt in Johannes Brahms' Trio, Op. 114. A subsequent analysis of Brahms' Quintet, Op. 115 then provides the information necessary to qualify the Trio as emergent Grundgestalt archetype, and the Quintet as a cyclic Grundgestalt archetype.

Appien est l’auteur d’une histoire universelle, l’Histoire romaine, allant de la fondation de Rome jusqu’à l’époque de Trajan. Parmi les livres qui la composent, nous pouvons remarquer la présence d’un Livre Parthique. Bien qu’Appien lui-même manifeste à plusieurs reprises l’intention d’écrire un Livre Parthique, la tradition manuscrite ne nous a transmis qu’un texte très problématique, intitulé Παρθική, qui n’est qu’un centon d’extraits tirés du Livre Syriaque d’Appien et des Vies d’Antoine et de Crassus de Plutarque. Il est évident que la nature de ce texte a engendré un vif débat sur son authenticité. C’est pour trancher la question que notre thèse fournit une nouvelle édition critique du texte de la Παρθική, prenant en compte les études les plus récentes sur la tradition manuscrite de l’Histoire Romaine ; mais surtout elle vise à prendre parti sur la question de l’authenticité de ce texte, en étudiant la méthode historiographique d’Appien et l’usage qu’il fait de ses sources. Compte tenu de cette analyse, nous pouvons conclure que la Παρθική n’accomplit pas ce que l’historien s’était fixé et que son contenu ne correspond pas aux informations qu’il avait déjà à sa disposition. C’est pourquoi il ne paraît pas possible de considérer authentique la Παρθική. / Appian’s principle surviving work, known as Roman History, inspects the events occurred from Rome foundation until the reign of the Emperor Trajan. Among its different books, we can notice the Parthian History. Despite Appian’s intention of writing a Parthian History, the test that reached us – called Παρθική – is made only of excerpts from Appian’s Syrian History and from Plutarch’s Life of Crassus and Life of Antony. It is clear that the characteristics of this test have generated an intense debate on its authenticity. Object of this work is to shed light on this issue, writing a new critical edition of Παρθική, that takes into account the latest studies of the Roman History manuscript tradition. Furthermore, this work has the aim of taking a position on the question of authenticity through a deep study of Appian’s historiographical method and his use of sources. From this analysis it results that Παρθική is not adherent to Appian purposes and its contents does not match with the information he had available. For these reasons it doesn’t seems possible to take the position of the book authenticity.

Architektur als sozialer Interaktionsraum. Das Centro Cultural São Paulo 1975‒1982. Architektur ist Teil der symbolischen Dimension einer Gesellschaft. Als Gestaltungsdisziplin bedarf sie der räumlichen Materialisierung und Aneignung durch die Nutzer. Zugleich besitzt die gebaute Gestalt einen eigenen Einfluss auf die sozialen Aktivitäten im Raum. In der Dissertation wird dieser Doppelcharakter der Architektur am Beispiel des Centro Cultural São Paulo und seiner Entstehungszeit untersucht. Das Gebäude, geschaffen von den beiden Architekten Eurico Prado Lopes und Luiz Benedito de Castro Telles, wird von 1975 bis 1982 realisiert und ist ursprünglich als neue Zentralbibliothek geplant. Zwei große Argumentationslinien tragen die Arbeit. Sie formen den Doppelcharakter der forschungsleitenden Fragestellung nach der Bedeutung des Centro Cultural São Paulo als Produkt des sozialen Raums der sechziger und siebziger Jahre und nach dem Einfluss der Architektur auf die soziale Praxis der Nutzung des Gebäudes. Die erste untersucht den sozialen Raum im Spannungsfeld der brasilianischen Militärdiktatur in São Paulo von 1964 bis 1985. Dabei werden politische Abhängigkeiten und Grenzen in denen sich die Architektur als Gestaltungsdisziplin bewegt offensichtlich. Die zweite betrachtet die soziale Praxis der Architektur des Kulturzentrums am Beispiel der gebauten Gestalt. Das Konzept der Inneren Straße verkörpert die Idee der Interaktion von Aktivitäten, Nutzer und Raum. Methodisch verfolgt die Dissertation einen interdisziplinären Ansatz, der sich im Doppel-Blickpunkt von kultur- und medientheoretischer Perspektive sowie architektonischer Analyse zeigt. Die Arbeit basiert auf relevanter Primarliteratur in portugiesischer Sprache; es wird umfangreiches, auch unveröffentlichtes Material gesichtet und ausgewertet. Einen besonderen Wert bilden neun Fallstudien originalsprachiger Interviews mit Akteuren der Entstehungs- und Nutzungsgeschichte des Centro Cultural São Paulo. / Arquitetura como Espaço de Interação Social. Centro Cultural São Paulo 1975‒1982 A arquitetura é parte da dimensão simbólica de uma sociedade. Como disciplina de criação, requer a materialização e apropriação espacial pelos usuários. Ao mesmo tempo, a forma construída tem sua própria influência nas atividades sociais do espaço. Na dissertação, esse caráter dual da arquitetura é examinado usando o exemplo do Centro Cultural São Paulo e sua época de origem. O edifício, criado pelos arquitetos Eurico Prado Lopes e Luiz Benedito de Castro Telles, realizado de 1975 a 1982, foi originalmente planejado como uma nova biblioteca central. Duas grandes linhas de argumentação direcionam o trabalho. Elas formam o caráter duplo do questionamento orientado para a pesquisa sobre a importância do Centro Cultural São Paulo como produto do espaço social dos anos sessenta e setenta e a influência da arquitetura na prática social do uso do edifício. A primeira linha examina o espaço social no campo de conflito entre a ditadura militar brasileira em São Paulo, de 1964 a 1985. Dependências políticas e limites em que a arquitetura se move se tornam evidentes. A segunda considera a prática social da arquitetura do Centro Cultural São Paulo pelo exemplo da forma construída. O conceito de Rua Interna incorpora a ideia de interação entre atividades, usuários e espaço. Em termos de metodologia, a dissertação segue uma abordagem interdisciplinar, que se revela no duplo aspecto da teoria da cultura e da mídia, bem como na análise arquitetônica. O trabalho é baseado em literatura relevante de fonte primaria em português; um extenso e até inédito material foi visualizado e avaliado. De especial valor são nove entrevistas originais com pessoas marcantes no processo de criação e realização do Centro Cultural São Paulo, como o arquiteto Luiz Telles (1943–2014). / Architecture as a Space for Social Interaction. The Centro Cultural São Paulo 1975‒1982. Architecture is part of the symbolism of society. As a design discipline, it requires spatial realization and appropriation by its users. At the same time the built form has its own social influence on the activities within the space. This doctoral thesis investigates the dual character of architecture using the example of the Centro Cultural São Paulo during its period of development. The building, which was initially planned as a new central library for São Paulo was conceptualized and planned by the architects Eurico Prado Lopes along with Luiz Benedito de Castro Telles between 1975 and 1982. The dissertation is supported by two primary arguments that explore the dual nature of the research-led question: how the Centro Cultural São Paulo is a product of the social space of the sixties and seventies and how its architecture influences the social practice of using the building. The first line of argument examines the social space under the tension of the Brazilian military dictatorship in São Paulo from 1964 to 1985. This reveals the political dependencies and boundaries within which architecture, as a design discipline, moves. The second line of argument uses the cultural centre's built form to study the social practice of architecture. The architectural concept of an Inner Street embodies the idea of interaction between activities, users and space. Methodically, this dissertation pursues an interdisciplinary approach that is expressed in the ambiguity between a cultural- and media-theoretical perspective as well an architectural analysis. The work is based on the interpretation of relevant primary literature in Portuguese. Unpublished material is combined. Of special value is the analysis of nine case studies of original interviews, which were conducted with participants involved in the development and subsequent use of the Centro Cultural São Paulo.

No description available.

Snus förbjöds inom EU år 1992, men Sverige erhöll ett undantag från förbudet vid anslutning till EU år 1995. Anledningen till snusförbudet var att vissa medlemsstater redan infört förbud mot snus i nationell lagstiftning, vilket skapade en obalans på den inre marknaden. År 2016 lanserades vitt snus, en produkt som liknar snus men saknar tobak. Tobakssnus och vitt snus har sitt ursprung i Sverige. Vitt snus har nyligen förbjudits i flera medlemsstater, som Belgien, Nederländerna och delar av Tyskland. EU har ännu inte tagit ställning till frågan om vitt snus, vilket gör framtiden för vitt snus oviss. Syftet med EU:s tobakspolitik och regleringar är att tobaksvaror inte ska vara tilltalande och attraktiva för unga. EU har som mål att vara en tobaksfri generation år 2040 enligt Europas plan mot cancer. Denna uppsats undersöker om ett nationellt förbud mot vitt snus strider mot den fria rörligheten för varor och hur en framtida reglering kan se ut.  Genom analys av tobaksvaror, tobaksdirektiv, svensk lagstiftning, ställningstagande från medlemsstater, EU:s inre marknad, fri rörlighet av varor och handelshinder har följande slutsatser framkommit. Eftersom Tobaksdirektivet är från 2014 är det möjligt att ett nytt tobaksdirektiv kommer införas inom en snar framtid. I ett nytt tobaksdirektiv borde vitt snus regleras, såvida inte ett separat direktiv skapas för tobaksfria nikotinprodukter. Tobakspolitiken tar alltmer sikte på nikotin, eftersom nikotin är den beroendeframkallande komponenten. Det är möjligt att vitt snus kategoriseras som snus och därmed omfattas av Sveriges undantag från snusförbudet. En sådan kategorisering kan utlösa diskussioner i andra medlemsstater och äventyra det svenska undantaget. Det är viktigt att identifiera varan vitt snus för att avgöra huruvida det kan regleras enligt befintliga regleringar för tobaksvaror eller om vitt snus är en egen vara som saknar regleringar. Vitt snus saknar harmoniseringsåtgärder, vilket ger medlemsstaterna utrymme att fastställa sina egna skyddsnivåer för vitt snus förutsatt att det inte strider mot den fria rörligheten av varor. Ett nationellt förbud mot vitt snus är ett handelshinder, då det begränsar vitt snus och skapar obalans på den inre marknaden. Dock kan ett sådant handelshinder motiveras av folkhälsoskäl enligt artikel 36 FEUF. Slutsatsen är att ett förbud mot vitt snus i nationell lagstiftning inte strider mot den fria rörligheten av varor, förutsatt att det är ett motiverat handelshinder som godkänns av EU. Framöver kan en reglering av vitt snus förväntas. / Snus was banned in the EU in 1992, However, Sweden was granted an exception from the ban in 1995 when Sweden joined the EU. The reason for the ban on snus was that some Member States had already banned snus in their national legislation, creating an imbalance in the internal market. Nicotine pouches, which are similar to snus, were introduced in 2016. The distinction between snus and nicotine pouches is that nicotine pouches do not contain tobacco. Both snus and nicotine pouches are Swedish products. However, nicotine pouches have recently been banned in Member States such as Belgium, the Netherlands and parts of Germany. The EU has not yet taken a position on the issue of nicotine pouches, making their future unpredictable. The aim of the EU's tobacco policy is to prevent tobacco products from being appealing and attractive to young people, with a target of achieving a tobacco-free generation by 2040. The thesis examines whether a national ban on nicotine pouches conflicts with the free movement of goods and what a future regulation might entail.  This thesis analyses the EU regulation of tobacco products and the Swedish legislation, as well as the position taken by Member States on the free movement of goods and trade barriers within the EU's internal market. It is expected that a new tobacco directive will be introduced in the near future, which will likely include regulations for nicotine pouches, unless a separate directive is created for tobacco-free nicotine products. Tobacco policy increasingly focuses on nicotine, as it is the addictive component. Nicotine pouches may be classified as snus due to their similar features, which means that nicotine pouches will be included in Sweden's exemption from the snus ban. It is possible that snus could then trigger discussions in other Member States and thus jeopardise the Swedish exemption. Classifying nicotine pouches as goods may determine whether banning them in national legislation would conflict with the free movement of goods. Nicotine pouches are not subject to harmonization measures. Therefore, Member States have the opportunity to determine their own levels of protection, as long as it does not conflict with the free movement of goods. A ban on nicotine pouches in national law is a barrier to trade under Article 34 TFEU because it restricts the product and creates an imbalance in the internal market. However, a trade barrier can be justified if it is justified on grounds of public health under Article 36 TFEU. Therefore, a national ban on nicotine pouches may be a justified trade barrier. The burden of proof for a justified trade barrier lies with the Member State, after which the EU approves it. The conclusion is that banning nicotine pouches in national legislation does not conflict with the free movement of goods, because a justified trade barrier should be approved by the EU. In the future, we may have to expect a harmonisation measure for the product nicotine pouches. / Le snus a été interdit dans l'UE en 1992. Cependant, la Suède a obtenu une exception à l'interdiction en 1995, lorsque la Suède a rejoint l'UE. La raison de l'interdiction du snus était que certains États membres l'avaient déjà interdit dans leur législation nationale, créant ainsi un déséquilibre au sein du marché intérieur. Les sachets de nicotine, similaires au snus, ont été introduits en 2016. La distinction entre le snus et les sachets de nicotine est que les sachets de nicotine ne contiennent pas de tabac. Les sachets de nicotine ont récemment été interdits dans des États membres comme la Belgique, les Pays-Bas et certaines parties de l'Allemagne. L'UE n'a pas encore pris position sur la question des sachets de nicotine, ce qui rend leur avenir imprévisible. L'objectif de la politique antitabac de l'UE est d'empêcher les produits du tabac d'être attrayants pour les jeunes, avec pour objectif d'atteindre une génération sans tabac d'ici 2040. La thèse examine si une interdiction nationale des sachets de nicotine est en conflit avec la libre circulation des marchandises et ce que pourrait impliquer une future réglementation.  Cette thèse analyse la réglementation de l'UE, la législation suédoise, la position prise par les États membres sur la libre circulation des marchandises et les barrières commerciales au sein du marché intérieur de l'UE. On s'attend à ce qu'une nouvelle directive sur le tabac soit introduite dans un avenir proche, qui comprendra probablement des réglementations sur les sachets de nicotine, à moins qu'une directive distincte ne soit créée pour les produits à base de nicotine sans tabac. La politique antitabac se concentre de plus en plus sur la nicotine, car c'est elle qui crée la dépendance. Les sachets de nicotine peuvent être classés comme snus en raison de leurs caractéristiques similaires et inclus dans l'exemption suédoise de l'interdiction du snus. Il est possible que le snus déclenche alors des discussions dans d'autres États membres et mette ainsi en péril l'exemption suédoise. Classer les sachets de nicotine comme marchandises peut déterminer si leur interdiction dans la législation nationale serait contraire à la libre circulation des marchandises. Les sachets de nicotine ne sont pas soumis aux mesures d'harmonisation au titre de l'article 114 du TFUE. Les États membres ont donc la possibilité de déterminer leurs propres niveaux de protection, pour autant que cela n'entre pas en conflit avec la libre circulation des marchandises. L'interdiction des sachets de nicotine dans la législation nationale constitue une barrière commerciale au sens de l'article 34 du TFUE, car elle restreint le produit et crée un déséquilibre sur le marché intérieur. Toutefois, une barrière commerciale peut être justifiée s’il est justifié par des raisons de santé publique au titre de l’article 36 du TFUE. Par conséquent, une interdiction nationale sur les sachets de nicotine pourrait constituer une barrière commerciale justifiée. La charge de la preuve d’une barrière commerciale justifiée incombe à l’État membre, après quoi l’UE l’approuve. La conclusion est que l'interdiction des sachets de nicotine dans la législation nationale n'est pas contraire à la libre circulation des marchandises, car une barrière commerciale justifiée devrait être approuvée par l'UE.