John D. Sterman. / Bibliography: p. 37-41.

My aim of this this thesis is to examine the assumed benefits of involving men and work on transforming masculinities when implementing the WPS (Women Peace and Security) agenda focusing on UNSCR (United Nations Security Council Resolutions) 1325 and 1820, in peacebuilding efforts and peacekeeping missions. The empirical findings derives from four semi- structured interviews with informants involved in implementing a masculinity perspective in UNSCR 1325, or informants that had conducted research of this area. A document analysis was also conducted to complement with the interviews and to dig deeper into how a focus on masculinities could be implemented. The document analysis consisted of training material from the Swedish Police force training on UNSCR 1325 for Swedish and international personnel going to UN Peacekeeping missions. The data was analysed with the theories radical feminism and R.W Connell’s masculinity theory. The thesis result indicate that the assumed benefits are multiple. The key reason to include men and to work on transforming masculinities could be that it would mean to take a holistic gender perspective, and to focus on the gendered drivers of conflict as well as the impacts of conflict.

As civil conflicts continue to be the most prevalent form of war, women and children are disproportionately affected by intrastate violence. In response to such findings, the United Nations, at the behest of a transitional activist network, passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, which outlined how to include more women in formal security practices.Because of the normative qualities of the Resolution, I employ a norms framework to explore the properties and evolution of when and how women are part of peace agreements. Before exploring the norm of engendered security, I present a review of feminist security studies and how engendered security is understood using a gender lens. To first establish what a norm is, I developed a three-level approach which illuminates the principles, properties and policies that constitute a norm; I then apply this model to the norm of engendered security. I then use this norm to study peace agreements, and develop graphs and tables illustrating the varied levels of engendered security in different peace processes.Then, to address the ways in which this norm has evolved, I employ a norm lifecycle model which includes four stages: innovation, emergence, enactment and routinization. Subsequent chapters explore the first three phases of engendered security's development into a norm. This includes a discussion of Guatemala as a norm innovator, in which a strong domestic women's movement and feminist leaders promoted a high level of engendered security in their peace process. Norm emergence focuses on the agenda-setting of a Peacewomen's Network who promoted Resolution 1325; it includes an analysis of the developing discourses of security and women, culminating in global recognition of women's insecurity in conflict. The final chapter explores norm enactment and the ways in which norms become common practices and policies in various security-related institutions. This chapter concludes with a study of Sudan's two peace processes and the role the international community played in producing very different levels of engendered security.Ultimately, the views of leaders during peace processes, the presence of an organized women's movement and agenda and gender-conscious mediators seem to account for higher levels of engendered security.

<p>The United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security was passed by the Security Council in 2000. Its passing was made possible by the efforts of NGOs around the world and was seen as a huge step for women in conflict and post-conflict situations as women were not only seen as victims but as agents of peace. The resolution deals with the obligations of Member States as well as those of the Security Council within its peacekeeping missions.</p><p>Eight years have passed since the passing of the resolution and this thesis examines how the resolution is visible in a peacekeeping mission. In order to answer this question reports and resolutions by the Security Council and the Secretary- General have been examined as well as literature on gender and peacekeeping. Field research was conducted in the Sudan from April to June 2008 in Khartoum and Kadugli. Interviews were carried out with NGOs, UN staff and with personnel within the UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan, UNMIS.</p><p>The UN reports and the field research both conclude that there are several obstacles preventing resolution 1325 from being implemented within the UN. One of the main obstacles is the lack of accountability within the UN system. Furthermore, it was found that personal interest played a major role in whether or not a gender perspective was being taken into account. Gender was also regarded by UN staff as ad hoc instead of an integral part of their work. The conclusion is that resolution 1325 is not yet fully visible in the peacekeeping mission observed, UNMIS.</p>

<p>Det har gått 10 år sedan resolution 1325 om kvinnor, fred och säkerhet antogs. Den följs av olika handlingsplaner för att implementera resolutionen. Dessutom finns studier om och erfarenheter i hur man skall lyckas med implementeringen av resolution 1325. Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra Regeringens handlingsplan för resolution 1325 och Försvarsmaktens arbete med resolution 1325, för att lyfta fram likheter och skillnader. Syftet är även att visa vilka erfarenheter som dragits av studier om implementering av resolution 1325 och hur Regeringens plan och Försvarsmaktens arbete stämmer överens med de dragna erfarenheterna. Uppsatsen presenterar resolution 1325 och de studier som finns om resolution 1325, samt Regeringens handlingsplan för att implementera resolution 1325 och en intervju med ansvarig förimplementering av resolutionen i Försvarsmakten. Resultatet av dokumentanalysen och intervjun visar att det finns likheterna mellan Regeringens och Försvarsmaktens planer samt de studier som finns om resolution 1325, men även att det finns skillnader. Resultatet visar även vart fokus ligger i implementeringen av resolution 1325 och på vilket sätt arbetet följs upp av Regeringen och Försvarsmakten. Slutsatsen är att det finns likheter men också skillnader mellan Regeringens plan och Försvarsmaktens arbete och att båda i många fall är kopplade till tidigare studier om resolution 1325.</p> / <p>It’s been 10 years since Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security was adopted. It’s followed by various action plans to implement the Resolution. In addition, studies and experience in how to succeed with the implementation of Resolution 1325 have followed. The purpose of this paper is to compare the Government's Action Plan on Resolution 1325 and the Swedish Armed Forces work with Resolution 1325, to highlight similarities and differences. The aim is also to present experiences learned from studies on how to implement Resolution 1325 and how the Government's action plan and the Armed Forces work in line with those drawn experiences. This thesis presents the Resolution 1325 and different studies available on Resolution 1325. It presents The Government's action plan to implement Resolution 1325 and an interview with the person who is responsibility for implementation of the Resolution in the Armed Forces. The results of the document analysis and the interview show that there are some similarities between the Governments and the Armed Forces plans and the studies of Resolution 1325, but also that there are some differences. The result also proves where the focus lies in the implementation of Resolution1325 and how the work is monitored by the Government and the Armed Forces. The conclusion is that there are similarities but also differences between the Government's plan and the Armed Forces work and that both in many cases are linked to previous studies on Resolution 1325.</p>

Det har gått 10 år sedan resolution 1325 om kvinnor, fred och säkerhet antogs. Den följs av olika handlingsplaner för att implementera resolutionen. Dessutom finns studier om och erfarenheter i hur man skall lyckas med implementeringen av resolution 1325. Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra Regeringens handlingsplan för resolution 1325 och Försvarsmaktens arbete med resolution 1325, för att lyfta fram likheter och skillnader. Syftet är även att visa vilka erfarenheter som dragits av studier om implementering av resolution 1325 och hur Regeringens plan och Försvarsmaktens arbete stämmer överens med de dragna erfarenheterna. Uppsatsen presenterar resolution 1325 och de studier som finns om resolution 1325, samt Regeringens handlingsplan för att implementera resolution 1325 och en intervju med ansvarig förimplementering av resolutionen i Försvarsmakten. Resultatet av dokumentanalysen och intervjun visar att det finns likheterna mellan Regeringens och Försvarsmaktens planer samt de studier som finns om resolution 1325, men även att det finns skillnader. Resultatet visar även vart fokus ligger i implementeringen av resolution 1325 och på vilket sätt arbetet följs upp av Regeringen och Försvarsmakten. Slutsatsen är att det finns likheter men också skillnader mellan Regeringens plan och Försvarsmaktens arbete och att båda i många fall är kopplade till tidigare studier om resolution 1325. / It’s been 10 years since Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security was adopted. It’s followed by various action plans to implement the Resolution. In addition, studies and experience in how to succeed with the implementation of Resolution 1325 have followed. The purpose of this paper is to compare the Government's Action Plan on Resolution 1325 and the Swedish Armed Forces work with Resolution 1325, to highlight similarities and differences. The aim is also to present experiences learned from studies on how to implement Resolution 1325 and how the Government's action plan and the Armed Forces work in line with those drawn experiences. This thesis presents the Resolution 1325 and different studies available on Resolution 1325. It presents The Government's action plan to implement Resolution 1325 and an interview with the person who is responsibility for implementation of the Resolution in the Armed Forces. The results of the document analysis and the interview show that there are some similarities between the Governments and the Armed Forces plans and the studies of Resolution 1325, but also that there are some differences. The result also proves where the focus lies in the implementation of Resolution1325 and how the work is monitored by the Government and the Armed Forces. The conclusion is that there are similarities but also differences between the Government's plan and the Armed Forces work and that both in many cases are linked to previous studies on Resolution 1325.

The United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security was passed by the Security Council in 2000. Its passing was made possible by the efforts of NGOs around the world and was seen as a huge step for women in conflict and post-conflict situations as women were not only seen as victims but as agents of peace. The resolution deals with the obligations of Member States as well as those of the Security Council within its peacekeeping missions. Eight years have passed since the passing of the resolution and this thesis examines how the resolution is visible in a peacekeeping mission. In order to answer this question reports and resolutions by the Security Council and the Secretary- General have been examined as well as literature on gender and peacekeeping. Field research was conducted in the Sudan from April to June 2008 in Khartoum and Kadugli. Interviews were carried out with NGOs, UN staff and with personnel within the UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan, UNMIS. The UN reports and the field research both conclude that there are several obstacles preventing resolution 1325 from being implemented within the UN. One of the main obstacles is the lack of accountability within the UN system. Furthermore, it was found that personal interest played a major role in whether or not a gender perspective was being taken into account. Gender was also regarded by UN staff as ad hoc instead of an integral part of their work. The conclusion is that resolution 1325 is not yet fully visible in the peacekeeping mission observed, UNMIS.

Peace agreements are important tools towards gender equality, and how they are written in terms of language is of particular importance. In October 2000 the United Nations Security Council acknowledged among other things the need for gender inclusive peace agreements with their Resolution 1325. This study is a qualitative textual analysis that with the use of a content analysis and a critical discourse analysis analyzes two peace agreements, one from before the implementation of Resolution 1325 and one from after. The findings of the study suggest that references towards women and gender have increased since the implementation of Resolution 1325, and that the way women are portrayed in terms of agency and stereotypes have changed for the better. However, the latter agreement was still missing gender provisions that sufficiently addressed issues that fundamentally structure gender relations.

Women’s roles in peacebuilding are often marginalized, necessitating a reevaluation of their contributions to peace initiatives. Research has shown that participation of women in peace processes and peacebuilding activities can increase the chances of democratization as they are less violent and more caring, i.e more suitable for these activities. To be able to analyze the long-term changes and consequences of female participation in peacebuilding this study focused  on the women's organization the Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET). Through this organization, this research sought to understand if Resolution 1325 made any long-term differences for women in peacebuilding in Liberia from 2003 until 2023.   Scholars underscores Liberian women’s pivotal role in shaping peacebuilding strategies, advocating for gender-inclusive measures. While post-conflict countries have increased women’s participation in governance, Resolution 1325’s impact needs scrutiny. Despite progress, substantial investment is needed to achieve gender parity, especially in local governance and public service. This study employs a qualitative research approach, focusing on the analysis of existing data with a specific emphasis on women’s rights organization in Liberia. The goal is to enrich understanding of women’s peacebuilding roles and the lasting effects of international resolutions from their engagement.  It was the advocacy efforts of women that led to a recognition of the interrelation between gender equality and sustainable peace. Women were included in various post-conflict mechanisms and transition processes as a result of this recognition. It is evident that the journey toward gender equality is both complex and intertwined between international resolutions, local advocacy, and the subsequent inclusion of women in leadership roles.

I oktober år 2000 antog FN:s säkerhetsråd resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) som behandlar kvinnor, fred och säkerhet. Detta var första gången kvinnors status i säkerhetspolitik behandlades på högsta internationella nivå, och resolutionen är delvis en produkt av lobbyarbete gjort av kvinnors NGO:s. Denna studie ämnar undersöka vilka potential UNSCR 1325 har för uppluckrandet av ojämlika mönster i könspositioner som finns inom fältet för fred och säkerhet. Studien består av en idéanalys och en praktisk analys som görs utifrån tre dimensioner ur feministisk teori. Analysen visar att de idéer resolutionen vilar på inte utmanar de rådande snäva mönster i könspositioner som finns i dagens säkerhetspolitik och har därför heller inte potential att göra det praktiskt. Emellertid visar analysen att resolutionen har potential att bidra till jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män genom att uppmuntra till kvantitativ jämställdhet på maktpositioner. Nyckelord: UNSCR 1325, feminism, könspositioner, kvinnor, fred, säkerhet Antal ord: 22564 Abstract / In October 2000, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) that discusses women, peace and security. This was the first time that women’s status in security issues is treated on this level of international politics, and the resolution is partly a product of the lobbying of women’s NGO:s. This study aims to examine what the potentials of UNSCR 1325 are in loosening the unequal patterns of gender roles in the area of peace and security. The study consists of an analysis of ideas and an analysis of the practical aspects of the resolution, on the basis of the dimensions of feminist theory. The analysis shows that the ideas upon which the resolution is based do not challenge the existing patterns of gender roles in today’s politics of security, and the resolution has therefore not the potential to do so in practice either. However, the analysis shows that the resolution does have the potential to contribute to equality between men and women through its encouragement of quantitative equality between the sexes in positions of power. Keywords: UNSCR 1325, feminism, gender roles, women, peace, security Word count: 22564