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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
381

O Faktum da razão como argumento crítico na teoria moral de Kant / The Faktum of reason how critical argument in Kant s moral theory

Bicalho, Vanessa Brun 08 August 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:26:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Brun Bicalho.pdf: 823140 bytes, checksum: 841a6cd082d29ce940ff0f686c8893b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research has as main purpose to analyze the validity from argument from Faktum of reason how possible founder of the moral law and freedom in Kant's practical philosophy. In order to explain the moral-practical domain in which conceptualized the argument from Faktum of reason, our text will demonstrate initially from the reading of the Critique of Pure Reason, the limits of theoretical reason by which, by the distinction of objects in general phenomenon and noumena, Kant founds both the speculative domain of reason as well, then the practical reason. The determination of the limits from the understanding´s faculty is crucial to establish the thematization of the freedom´s concept as a concept not only speculative (transcendental freedom), but also practical reason (practical freedom). Only so are presented the conditions to be thought of as not contradictory Nature and Freedom. Through the understanding of how theoretical reason (Verstand) knows, and the proper way to understand what pure reason (Vernunft) admits in favor from thinking of ideas that relate to the knowledge (ex., soul, God, and freedom), Kant developed the project of transcendental reason, the systematic point of view. The presence from the argument from Faktum of reason, a single fact admitted this as the reason (Vernunft) contrasted with the Kantian moral theory, developed and explained to the Groundwork from the Metaphysics of Morals. The argument of a Faktum at this reason, brought by the Critique of Practical Reason, caused a disturbance in the reception of Kant´s moral theory, giving breath to a debate on the possession, by reason, of the freedom´s concept. This new foundation argument was explained by Kant as an consciousness of immediately practical, awareness by itself and in itself guarantees the cogency of justification of possession from freedom, in our view, as the only critical argument can be provided by the faculty of pure practical reason. Unfavorable interpretations and receptions from Kant´s strategy of reasoning from freedom in Faktum of reason are discussed in this dissertation. Many current proposals to counteract the appearance of coherent Kant´s strategy brought by Critique of Practical Reason is shown attached to the previous movements of proof to demonstrate the freedom´s concept. In opposition to these proposals, which are a deconstruct component in the Kant´s argument of the perspective from critical-transcendental reason or systematic conformation, our text establishes a dialogue to elucidate the possible incongruities argumentative these interpretations, the themes of freedom (transcendental) and defense of Faktum as compatible arguments with the main transcendental perspective of reason, so kept in accordance with the project of reason from founding a Metaphysics of Morals. / Esta pesquisa tem como proposta principal analisar a validade do argumento do Faktum da razão como possível fundador da lei moral e da liberdade na filosofia prática kantiana. A fim de explicitar o domínio prático-moral no qual tematizamos o argumento do Faktum da razão, nosso texto demonstrará inicialmente a partir da leitura da Crítica da Razão Pura, os limites da razão teórica mediante os quais, pela distinção dos objetos em geral em fenômeno e númeno, Kant funda tanto o domínio especulativo da razão como também, em seguida, o da razão prática. A determinação dos limites da faculdade do entendimento é decisiva para instituir a tematização do conceito de liberdade como conceito não apenas especulativo (liberdade transcendental), mas também prático da razão (liberdade prática). Unicamente por isso são apresentadas as condições para serem pensados como não contraditórios Natureza e Liberdade. Por meio da compreensão do modo como a razão teórica (Verstand) conhece, e do modo adequado de compreender aquilo que a razão pura (Vernunft) admite em favor do pensamento de ideias que têm relação com o conhecimento (p.e., alma, Deus e liberdade), Kant desenvolveu o projeto da razão transcendental, do ponto de vista sistemático. A presença do argumento do Faktum da razão, de um único fato admitido como presente à razão (Vernunft), contrastou com a teoria moral kantiana, desenvolvida e explicitada até a Fundamentação da Metafísica dos Costumes. O argumento de um Faktum presente à razão, trazido pela Crítica da Razão Prática, provocou uma inquietação na recepção da teoria moral kantiana, dando fôlego a um debate em torno da posse, pela razão, do conceito de liberdade. Esse novo argumento fundamentador foi explicitado por Kant como uma consciência do imediatamente prático, consciência que por si mesma e em si mesma garante a irrefutabilidade da justificação da posse da liberdade, a nosso ver, como o único argumento crítico possível de ser fornecido pela faculdade da razão pura prática. Interpretações e recepções desfavoráveis à estratégia kantiana de fundamentação da liberdade no Faktum da razão são debatidas na presente dissertação. Muitas propostas atuais de neutralizar o aspecto coerente da estratégia kantiana trazida pela Crítica da Razão Prática se mostram apegadas aos movimentos anteriores de prova para demonstrar o conceito de liberdade. Em oposição a essas propostas, que encontram na argumentação kantiana um componente descontrutivo da perspectiva da razão crítico-transcendental ou da sua conformação sistemática, nosso texto estabelece um diálogo visando elucidar as possíveis incongruências argumentativas dessas interpretações, pela tematização da liberdade (transcendental) e da defesa do Faktum, como argumentos compatíveis com a própria perspectiva transcendental da razão, mantidos por isso em conformidade com o projeto da razão de fundar uma Metafísica dos Costumes.
382

A interpretação liberal de estado em Kant e o problema da resistência / The liberal interpretation status in Kant and the problem of resistance

Freitas, Valter 05 December 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Freitas.pdf: 742881 bytes, checksum: b83f4dcadd8a03875a7b231f7f9bb620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05 / This dissertation aims to analyze how it presents the right of resistance in the thought of Kant. Thus, to study how Kant conceives the relationship between the citizen and the state, and as a liberal view harmonizes with the inability of the right of resistance, it is necessary to deeply understand his political theory. Thus, to argue that the German philosopher, the first function of the state is to protect freedom. From this perspective, the right takes odd function, for it is only by the rule of law can be free. Thus, Kant shows that the state of nature prevails only a temporary and transitional law and only with the passage of the state of nature to the civil state is that individuals have ensured, through state power, the coexistences freedoms according to a law universal. This transition occurs through a social contract in which individuals covenants its submission to the sovereign power, assuming this function representative of the general will and supreme guardian of freedom. Given this, one might conclude that it is a right of citizens to resist the state, violating the social contract, suppress individual freedoms? It would be reasonable to assume a right to rebellion against an unjust state? Kant writes that not. For it remains, in any case, the subject's duty of obedience to the state. Admit a right to resist the sovereign would undermine the foundations of the civil state that is embodied in the submission of the will to state power. A revolution means the destruction of the civil state and the return to the state of nature. So that adds a state for more authoritative as it may seem, it is even more fitting that the state of nature, where everything is insecure and reigns the greatest injustice. Concludes, then, that another hindrance in admitting the right of resistance is that no judge would be able to judge when the sovereign has violated the social contract and, therefore, would be authorized to rebellion. In fact, Kant still up against the right of resistance other arguments, such as the impossibility of malcontents to harmonize the maximum of their actions with the principle of publicity, and that the state is representative of the united will of the people, which would imply whoever attacks the Sovereign is attacking the will of the people own it represented. On one side, however, historically, Kant has been an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, his political theory does not argue that revolutionary processes are able to bring qualitative changes. On the other hand, for most to consider the duty to obey an absolute duty, Kant stands as defender of free expression of thought and the ability of citizens to press their representatives in parliament, so that they operate gradual reforms in laws deemed unfair by the people. Therefore, it is perfectly possible to reconcile Kant's position of denial of the right of resistance to his liberal views, since it is only through the Empire of Law that freedom can exist under a universal law. / Essa dissertação objetiva analisar como se apresenta o direito de resistência no pensamento de Kant. Assim, para estudar como Kant concebe a relação entre o cidadão e o Estado, e como harmoniza sua visão liberal com a impossibilidade do direito de resistência, é preciso compreender com profundidade sua teoria política. Desse modo, argumentaremos que para o filósofo alemão a função primeira do Estado é proteger a liberdade. Nessa perspectiva, o direito assume função ímpar, pois é somente pelo império da lei que é possível ser livre. Assim sendo, apresenta Kant que no estado de natureza vige apenas um direito provisório e transitório e somente com a passagem do estado de natureza para o Estado Civil é que os indivíduos têm assegurado, por meio do poder estatal, a coexistência das liberdades segundo uma lei universal. Essa transição ocorre por meio de um contrato social, no qual os indivíduos pactuam sua submissão ao poder soberano, assumindo este a função de representante da vontade geral e guardião supremo da liberdade. Diante disso, seria possível concluir que é um direito dos cidadãos resistir ao Estado que, violando o contrato social, suprima as liberdades individuais? Seria legítimo admitir um direito a rebelião diante de um Estado injusto? Kant escreve que não. Para ele remanesce, em qualquer hipótese, o dever de obediência do súdito ao Estado. Admitir um direito a resistir ao soberano minaria os fundamentos do Estado Civil que se consubstancia na submissão das vontades ao poder estatal. Uma revolução significa a destruição do Estado Civil e o retorno ao estado de natureza. Por isso, acrescenta que um Estado, por mais autoritário que possa parecer, ainda é mais justo que o estado de natureza, onde tudo é inseguro e reina a máxima injustiça. Conclui, em seguida, que outro empecilho em se admitir o direito de resistência é que não haveria juiz capaz de julgar quando o soberano violou o pacto social e, portanto, estaria autorizada a rebelião. Na realidade, Kant ainda levanta contra o direito de resistência outros argumentos, tais como a impossibilidade dos descontentes de harmonizarem a máxima de suas ações com o princípio da publicidade, e de que o Estado é representante da vontade unida do povo, o que implicaria dizer que quem ataca o Soberano está atacando a vontade do próprio povo nele representada. Por um lado, por mais que, historicamente, Kant tenha sido um entusiasta da Revolução francesa, sua teoria política não defende que os processos revolucionários sejam capazes de trazer mudanças qualitativas. Por outro, por mais que considerasse o dever de obediência um dever absoluto, Kant se coloca como defensor da livre manifestação do pensamento e da possibilidade dos cidadãos de pressionarem os seus representantes, no parlamento, para que estes operem reformas graduais nas leis julgadas injustas pelo povo. Portanto, é perfeitamente possível conciliar a posição kantiana de negação do direito de resistência com sua visão liberal, visto que é somente por meio do Império da Lei que a liberdade pode existir segundo uma lei universal.
383

La Philosophie politique de Kant

Foudah, Fathi January 1976 (has links)
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
384

La Philosophie politique de Kant

Foudah, Fathi January 1973 (has links)
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
385

On Human Separatism

Mylius, Benjamin January 2023 (has links)
This is a dissertation about human separatism. Human separatism is the social imaginary according to which Humanity should aim to use technology to “separate” itself from nature. It is incoherent and self-undermining. But it has also proven persistent and resilient, and appears to be intensifying in the face of fears about phenomena like climate change. In chapter 1 I unpack three distinct conceptions of “separation” that I argue have prevailed at different times in European philosophical and cultural history. The first is ontological, or related to being; the second is epistemological, or related to knowing; and the third is “nomological”, or related to law-making and laws. These correspond roughly to Ancient thought (in Plato and Augustine), Early Modern thought (in Bacon and Descartes) and Modern thought (in Kant and the contemporary “Ecomodernists”), respectively. I also offer some reasons for concluding that the concept of separation is in general incoherent. In chapter 2 I reflect upon why this imaginary has proven so difficult to overcome. Specifically, following existential psychology, I propose that it is a perverse manifestation of terrors that are central to the human condition. In particular it is a manifestation of the fears we have as human beings about our limited agency and our mortality or finitude. These fears are powerful enough to override rational thinking. Insofar as fantasies about separation from nature provide a salve for them, these fantasies persist over time. Insofar as fears of death and mortality are more and more front-and-centre for us as individuals and collectives, these fantasies become ever-more resilient to critique, and continue to intensify. In chapter 3 I consider some challenges that emerge when we attempt to gather resources for imaginative alternatives to separatism. I consider the ideas that we might either (a) invent a new story from whole cloth, or (b) appropriate the stories and theories of other cultures and attempting to graft them onto our own. I reject these approaches, and explore some resources from critical ecofeminism as intellectual tools to understand them, and develop some design parameters for alternative approaches. In chapter 4, I explore the narratives of some First Nations Australian cosmologies as they speak to the relationship between human beings and the natural world in the work of the First Nations writers Mary Graham and Tyson Yunkaporta. I then consider what might be involved in presenting some of these same insights in terms that adhere to the design parameters I set out in chapter 3. I propose that the genre of narrative tragedy is a powerful place to do some of this work. To flesh out this claim, I offer a series of detailed reflections on narrative tragedy, drawing on the work of Julian Young, and suggest that tragic narratives offer a powerful place for metabolizing existential anxieties, for coming to terms with ecological reality, and for encouraging and engaging in dialogue about imaginative alternative futures.
386

Kant on reason in history

Sharkey, Robert John. January 1982 (has links)
No description available.
387

The Withered Root of Socialism: Social Democratic Revisionism and Parlamentarismus in Germany, 1917-1919

York, Owen Walter January 2010 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis examines a group of German intellectuals and politicians who, during World War I, formulated and proposed a democratic ideology based on their interpretation of the German Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant and integrated his ideas with those of Karl Marx, the father of modern socialism. Their theory was an attempt to legitimize democracy in Germany at a time when democratic reforms came to the forefront of German politics. These thinkers advocated a non-revolutionary foundation for social democracy by emphasizing the role of human reason and agency in the process of democratization. Because they had abandoned the need for revolution, which most early nineteenth-century socialists believed was socialism’s ‘final goal,’ these thinkers were known as revisionists. The revisionists’ primary medium through which they espoused their views of social democracy was the journal Sozialistische Monatshefte, which ran from 1893 until 1933. The timeframe on which this argument focuses is the last two years of World War I, when Germany’s failure achieve a victor’s peace opened new avenues for the center-left of the political spectrum to achieve democratic reform. The revisionists sought to carry forward the process of democratization, and by doing so, reconnected with the ideas of the Enlightenment.
388

La red de poder del virrey marqués de Castelfuerte, 1724-1736

Ruiz Philipps, Alejandro Paolo 27 June 2018 (has links)
La presente tesis analiza la formación y el funcionamiento de la red de poder del virrey marqués de Castelfuerte, durante su periodo de gobierno (1724-1736). El mandato del vicesoberano fue parte del primer intento de reformas planteadas a los territorios americanos. Estas trataron de reactivar el comercio transatlántico y mejorar la recaudación fiscal. Para lograr dichos objetivos fue vital la participación de los criados y familiares del virrey dentro de la corte limeña. Justamente, las operaciones de los socios y miembros del séquito virreinal fueron de vital importancia para la gestión política del virrey. Por ello, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar la creación y fortaleza de los lazos comerciales y sociales de los miembros de la red de poder del virrey que los unieron, así como, el impacto político positivo que generaron para la gestión del virrey. Estos lazos se lograron estudiar a partir del análisis exhaustivo de los protocolos notariales y el seguimiento de los miembros de esta red a través de las actas de matrimonios y bautizos. De tal manera, se logra evidenciar la importancia de las relaciones sociales y económicas como herramienta política del vicesoberano para la consolidación de la agenda virreinal y de su fortuna personal.
389

Cyberespace & cybermonde : réflexion philosophique sur le rapport au monde & la technique / Cyberespace et cybermonde

Mussi, Sébastien 12 November 2021 (has links)
Le rapport que l'être humain entretient avec son monde est modifié par l'apparition de nouveaux savoirs, la réalisation de nouveaux exploits ou l'utilisation de nouvelles techniques. Le cyberespace, cette hallucination consensuelle comme le définit le romancier américain William Gibson, et déjà maintenant l'Internet, mettent en jeu des bouleversements de ce genre. La notion philosophique d'espace, perçue à travers Descartes, Kant et Husserl, nous permettra de comprendre comment s'établit et se modifie pour une subjectivité la relation à une objectivité et une extériorité. Elle nous servira d'outil conceptuel pour envisager les conséquences de l'avènement du cyberespace sur notre incarnation dans le monde.
390

Transcendent freedom as the basis of Kant's philosophy of history : a criticism of Emil Fackenheim's and George Armstrong Kelly's interpretation of Kant

Sharkey, Robert John January 1974 (has links)
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