Turkish Air Quality Control Regulation (AQCR) is in force since 1986. However, AQCR does not contain any standards for odour control. In order to respond to various odour complaints and handle odour problems in Turkey, a regulation for odour control is necessary. Since Turkey is a candidate country for European Union, environmental legislation of Turkey has to be improved to the standards of the other member countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the &ldquo / odour problem&rdquo / in Turkey, specifically in Ankara, and to establish the odour measurement techniques. The techniques and information acquired throughout this study will form the basis of &ldquo / Odour Regulation&rdquo / in Turkey. For this purpose, odorous gas samples were collected from different industries in Ankara and these samples were analysed with the Olfactometer TO7. The results of the emission measurements have shown that there are numerous industries in Ankara which are discharging high concentrated odorous gases into the environment. Also, field measurements (immission measurements) were performed around a sugar factory in order to determine immission levels. At the end of the immission measurements, a setback distance (buffer zone) of 1.5 km is determined that should be around a sugar factory. The implementation of an odour regulation and odour control technologies in Turkey is expected in near future.

Hot forming is highly utilized in manufacturing of complex shapes. Relatively low flow stresses of materials at elevated temperatures provide ease of manufacturing. On the other side, the current trend is to replace hot forming with cold forming due to the superior mechanical properties and higher dimensional accuracy of the products and less energy consumption. However, cold forming requires high tooling costs and forming loads. In this study, a new process is proposed for production of complex shaped products where the disadvantages of both of the alternatives are tried to be minimized. The basic idea is to control the mode of deformation by heating the specimen locally prior to forming. Electromagnetic induction is used for local heating. Numerical simulations are carried out by finite element method (FEM) for further investigation on the effect of parameters. Thermo-mechanical analysis of heat diffusion and upsetting is supported by electromagnetic analysis of induction heating. The failure modes and operational window of the novel process is established. Conclusions are drawn on the applicability of the process and the effect of process parameters on the efficiency.

As metals have high formability at elevated temperatures, hot forming is preferred and widely used in manufacturing of complicated geometries. The term hot forming is usually used if the whole workpiece is processed at elevated temperatures. However, for certain products high formability is required only locally. Forming by local heating is proposed to provide ease of manufacturing of local forms on the workpiece. Also, tools can be simplified by this method. In this study, local laser heating procedures are applied to obtain local forms on cylindrical bulk metal products in a single step. Locally heated workpieces are formed between two flat dies. Both solid and hollow products have been investigated experimentally and by finite element modeling. The experimental studies and finite element analyses are done simultaneously in order to obtain optimum local deformation characteristics. Three different materials together with different initial geometries and various local laser-heating procedures are applied to search for the process window. The limits of applicability are determined and examples of application are supplied.

This thesis focuses on the feasibility of designing a commercial hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). In this work, relevant system models are developed for the vehicle including powertrain, braking system, electrical machines and battery. Based on these models ten different HEV configurations are assembled for detailed assessment of fuel consumption. This thesis also proposes a smart power management strategy which could be applied to any kind of HEV configuration. The suggested expert system deals with the external information about the driving conditions and modes of the driver as well as the internal states of the internal combustion engine efficiency and the state of charge of the battery, and decides on the power distribution between two different power supplies based on the predefined algorithms. The study illustrates the characteristics of the powertrain components for various HEV configurations. The work also shows the power flow of HEV configurations with the developed smart power management system and therefore, the effectiveness of power management strategies has been evaluated in detail.

In estimating auditory Evoked Potentials (EPs) from ongoing EEG the number of sweeps should be reduced to decrease the experimental time and to increase the reliability of diagnosis. The &macr / rst goal of this study is to demon- strate the use of basic estimation techniques in extracting auditory EPs (AEPs) from small number of sweeps relative to ensemble averaging (EA). For this purpose, three groups of basic estimation techniques are compared to the traditional EA with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) improve- ments in extracting the template AEP. Group A includes the combinations of the Subspace Method (SM) with the Wiener Filtering (WF) approaches (the conventional WF and coherence weighted WF (CWWF). Group B con- sists of standard adaptive algorithms (Least Mean Square (LMS), Recursive Least Square (RLS), and one-step Kalman &macr / ltering (KF). The regularization techniques (the Standard Tikhonov Regularization (STR) and the Subspace Regularization (SR) methods) forms Group C. All methods are tested in sim- ulations and pseudo-simulations which are performed with white noise and EEG measurements, respectively. The same methods are also tested with experimental AEPs. Comparisons based on the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) show that: 1) the KF and STR methods are the best methods among the algorithms tested in this study,2) the SM can reduce the large amount of the background EEG noise from the raw data, 3) the LMS and WF algo- rithms show poor performance compared to EA. The SM should be used as 1 a pre-&macr / lter to increase their performance. 4) the CWWF works better than the WF when it is combined with the SM, 5) the STR method is better than the SR method. It is observed that, most of the basic estimation techniques show de&macr / nitely better performance compared to EA in extracting the EPs. The KF or the STR e&reg / ectively reduce the experimental time (to one-fourth of that required by EA). The SM is a useful pre-&macr / lter to signi&macr / cantly reduce the noise on the raw data. The KF and STR are shown to be computationally inexpensive tools to extract the template AEPs and should be used instead of EA. They provide a clear template AEP for various analysis methods. To reduce the noise level on single sweeps, the SM can be used as a pre-&macr / lter before various single sweep analysis methods. The second goal of this study is to to present a new approach to extract single sweep AEPs without using a template signal. The SM and a modi- &macr / ed scale-space &macr / lter (MSSF) are applied consecutively. The SM is applied to raw data to increase the SNR. The less-noisy sweeps are then individu- ally &macr / ltered with the MSSF. This new approach is assessed in both pseudo- simulations and experimental studies. The MSSF is also applied to actual auditory brainstem response (ABR) data to obtain a clear ABR from a rel- atively small number of sweeps. The wavelet transform coe&plusmn / cients (WTCs) corresponding to the signal and noise become distinguishable after the SM. The MSSF is an e&reg / ective &macr / lter in selecting the WTCs of the noise. The esti- mated single sweep EPs highly resemble the grand average EP although less number of sweeps are evaluated. Small amplitude variations are observed among the estimations. The MSSF applied to EA of 50 sweeps yields an ABR that best &macr / ts to the grand average of 250 sweeps. We concluded that the combination of SM and MSSF is an e&plusmn / cient tool to obtain clear single sweep AEPs. The MSSF reduces the recording time to one-&macr / fth of that re- quired by EA in template ABR estimation. The proposed approach does not use a template signal (which is generally obtained using the average of small number of sweeps). It provides unprecedented results that support the basic assumptions in the additive signal model.

nÃo hà / Annona muricata, conhecida popularmente como gravioleira, à uma planta usada amplamente na medicina popular na forma de chÃs e infusÃes para o tratamento de diversas doenÃas, como o cÃncer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a citotoxicidade e a atividade antitumoral do extrato acetÃnico das sementes de Annona muricata. O presente estudo foi realizado frente a um painel de 4 linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais, as cÃlulas HL-60, HCT-116, SF-295 e OVCAR-8 obtiveram os valores de IC50 0,1944Âg/mL, 0,1488Âg/mL, 0,0601Âg/mL e 0,0987 Âg/mL respectivamente. Na anÃlise frente a eritrÃcitos de camundongos obtivemos a IC50 de 9,23Âg/mL. O estudo de toxicidade aguda foi realizado in vivo e a DL50 foi de 310,2 mg/kg. O estudo da atividade hemolÃtica foi feita utilizando suspensÃo de eritrÃcitos de camundongos nÃo causando lise. O estudo da avaliaÃÃo antitumoral nas doses (7,5; 15 e 30mg/kg/dia por via oral) em camundongos transplantados com Sarcoma 180 revelou atividade em todas as doses, causando uma reduÃÃo de 48,41% do crescimento tumoral na maior dose. As anÃlises do fÃgado e rins revelaram que houve algumas alteraÃÃes no fÃgado, como esteatose e necrose focal sugerindo toxicidade hepÃtica nos camundongos tratados com o extrato acetÃnico das sementes da Annona muricata. Essas alteraÃÃes sÃo, entretanto, consideradas de possÃvel reversÃo do tecido com a descontinuidade do tratamento ou adequaÃÃo da dose. As anÃlises bioquÃmicas, revelaram um aumento nos nÃveis sÃricos da creatinina nas doses de 15 e 30 mg/kg/dia. Nos testes hematolÃgicos nÃo houve alteraÃÃes nos grupos tratados com o extrato acetÃnico das sementes da Annona muricata. Os resultados mostraram poucas alteraÃÃes dos animais nos parÃmetros fÃsicos, bioquÃmicos e hematolÃgicos, mostrando que o extrato à bem tolerado e pouco tÃxico. / Annona muricata, popularly known as soursop, is a plant widely used in folk medicine as teas and infusions for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer. The aim of this study was to cytotoxicity evaluate the antitumor activity of the acetone extract of the seeds of Annona muricata. This study was conducted with a panel of four tumor cell lines, HL-60 cells, HCT-116, SF-295 and OVCAR-8 IC50 values obtained 0.1944 Âg/ ml, 0.1488 Âg/mL, 0.0601 Âg/mL and 0.0987 Âg/mL, respectively. In the analysis across from erythrocytes of mice obtained the IC50 of 9.23 Âg/mL. The acute toxicity study was conducted in vivo and DL50 was 310.2 mg/kg. The study of hemolytic activity was performed using cell suspension from mice without causing lysis. The evaluation study antitumor doses (7.5, 15 and 30mg/kg/day orally) in mice transplanted with Sarcoma 180 showed activity at all doses, causing a reduction of 48.41% of tumor growth at the highest dose . Analyses of liver and kidney revealed that there were some changes in the liver, such as steatosis and focal necrosis suggesting liver toxicity in mice treated with acetone extract of the seeds of Annona muricata. These changes are, however, considered the possible reversal of the tissue with treatment discontinuation or dose adjustment. Biochemical analysis revealed an increase in serum creatinine at doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg/day. In haematological tests there were no changes in the groups treated with acetone extract of the seeds of Annona muricata. The results showed little change in physical parameters of the animal, biochemical and hematological showing that the extract is well tolerated and less toxic

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Annona muricata, conhecida popularmente como gravioleira no Brasil, à uma planta usada amplamente na medicina popular na forma de chÃs e infusÃes para o tratamento de diversas doenÃas, incluindo o cÃncer. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil toxicolÃgico, genotoxicolÃgico e antitumoral do extrato acetÃnico das folhas de Annona muricata e foi realizado utilizando ensaios de curta e longa duraÃÃo in vivo e in vitro. Inicialmente foi avaliada a citotoxicidade in vitro contra vÃrias linhagens tumorais humanas, havendo resposta tÃxica a muitas delas, principalmente K-562, HCT-8, HCT-116 e SF-295 com concentraÃÃo inibitÃria mÃdia (CI50) de 0,1452 Âg/mL, 0,2457 Âg/mL, 0,2956 Âg/mL e 0,2191 Âg/mL respectivamente. Os estudos de toxicidade aguda foram realizados in vivo e a dose letal mÃdia (DL50) foi de 310,2 mg/Kg. Os estudos de toxicidade crÃnica foram realizados utilizando-se as doses 12,5 mg/Kg, 25 mg/Kg e 50 mg/Kg do extrato acetÃnico. Os resultados mostraram poucas alteraÃÃes nos animais nos parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos, bioquÃmicos e hematolÃgicos, mostrando que o extrato à bem tolerado e pouco tÃxico. Os estudos de genotoxicidade foram realizados in vivo. Os animais foram tratados, por via oral, com trÃs doses do extrato acetÃnico (12,5 mg/Kg, 25 mg/Kg e 50 mg/Kg). ApÃs 24 h e 48 h, o sangue perifÃrico e a medula Ãssea foram coletados. No ensaio do cometa nÃo houve detecÃÃo de nenhum cometa de grau elevado, sendo as doses testadas estatisticamente semelhantes ao controle negativo. No ensaio do micronÃcleo, todas as doses testadas do extrato acetÃnico nÃo induziram a formaÃÃo de micronÃcleos, sendo semelhantes estatisticamente em relaÃÃo ao controle negativo, ao contrÃrio do observado no controle positivo. Os ensaios antitumorais mostraram que o extrato apresenta atividade inibidora do crescimento tumoral, tanto em ratos, no modelo do carcinossarcoma de Walker 256, como em camundongos, no modelo Sarcoma 180. Todos esses resultados indicam que o extrato acetÃnico das folhas de Annona muricata apresenta poucas aÃÃes tÃxicas e significante atividade inibidora do crescimento tumoral nos modelos testados / Annona muricata, popularly known as soursop in Brazil, is a plant widely used in vernacular medicine as teas and infusions for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicological, genotoxicological and antitumor profile of the acetone extract from the leaves of Annona muricata and test it using short-and long-term in vivo and in vitro assays. We initially assessed in vitro cytotoxicity against several human tumor cell lines. There was a toxic response to many of them, especially K-562, HCT-8, HCT-116 and SF-295 with average inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.1452 Âg/mL, 0.2457 Âg/mL, 0.2956 Âg/ml and 0.2191 Âg/mL respectively. Acute toxicity studies were performed in vivo and the average lethal dose (LD50) was 310.2 mg/kg. Chronic toxicity studies were performed using doses of 12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of acetone extract. Results showed little change in animalsâ physical, biochemical and hematological parameters, showing that the extract is well tolerated and not very toxic. Genotoxicity studies were performed in vivo. Animals were given three oral doses of the acetone extract (12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). After 24 and 48 hours peripheral blood and bone marrow were collected. In the comet assay no high grade comet was detected and tested doses were statistically similar to the negative control. In the micronucleus test, none of the tested acetone extract doses induced the formation of micronuclei. They were statistically similar to the negative control, unlike what was observed in the positive control. Antitumor testing showed that the extract has tumor growth inhibitory activity, both in rats, in the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma model, and in mice, in the Sarcoma 180 model. All such results indicate that the acetone extract from the leaves of Annona muricata has little toxic action and significant activity inhibiting tumor growth in the models we tested.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2095_1.pdf: 1057308 bytes, checksum: 50b74bfcc18e94fbc43b4e4cb86c8001 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A família Meliaceae compreende 50 gêneros que estão distribuídos predominantemente nos trópicos de todo mundo. São plantas geralmente arbóreas, as flores são pequenas em inflorescência, hermafroditas. A espécie Azadirachta indica A. Juss, conhecida popularmente por nim e amargosa é originária da Ásia. Diferentes partes da planta apresentam propriedades medicinais como atividade antiviral, antibacteriana, antifúngica, antidiabética, antiinflamatória, antiséptica, contra doenças de pele, anti-úlcera e antitumoral. O nim apresenta atividade contra insetos causando repelência e atraso no desenvolvimento. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade aguda (CL50 e DL50) e as atividades farmacológicas (antiinflamatória e antitumoral) em roedores do extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de A. indica. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda, por via oral, observação das alterações comportamentais resultantes da administração de cada dose. Os animais tratados apresentaram reações tóxicas, sendo comportamentais estimulantes os efeitos mais pronunciados. Em todas as doses administradas não houve óbito dos animais. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de A. indica possui baixa toxicidade quando administrado por via oral. Também foi avaliada a concentração letal 50% (CL50) em larvas de Artemia salina e o valor encontrado da CL50 foi de 617,25537 μg/ml indicando que o extrato possui toxicidade moderada em larvas de Artemia salina. Na avaliação da atividade antiinflamatória foi utilizado o modelo de edema de pata induzido por carragenina em ratos, com administração por via oral. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o extrato das folhas de A.indica apresenta atividade edematogênica, sendo capaz de aumentar o tamanho do edema durante o processo inflamatório. No estudo da atividade antitumoral, o extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de A. indica foi analisado frente às linhagens Carcinoma de Ehrlich e Sarcoma 180. O extrato produziu uma redução dos tumores, com 63,8% e 18,01% (não significativa) de inibição tumoral para os animais portadores de Carcinoma de Ehrlich tratados com doses de 250 e 500mg/kg/v.o respectivamente e para dose de 1000mg/kg/v.o houve um aumento não significativo dos pesos dos tumores. Para o animais portadores de Sarcoma 180 não foi observada inibição tumoral significativa para as doses de 250, 500 e 1000mg/kg/v.o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2150_1.pdf: 1894355 bytes, checksum: 6f7ca672c3632bec7bb7871d1166a10e (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As plantas contêm princípios ativos capazes de curar diversas doenças, no entanto, são poucos os estudos que possibilitam uma visão ampla da grande diversidade das espécies com propriedades terapêuticas. Himatanthus drasticus (Janaguba) pertence à família Apocynaceae, é de ocorrência restrita ao Brasil, é usada popularmente como antitumoral, antifúngica, vermífuga, antianêmica e diversos males estomacais. No Nordeste é bastante utilizado no tratamento do câncer, porém quase sem registro na literatura. Este estudo avaliou o perfil fitoquímico, a toxicidade aguda e a atividade antitumoral in vivo frente aos tumores Sarcoma 180 e Carcinoma de Ehrlich do látex e do extrato metanólico das folhas de Himatanthus drasticus. O material foi coletado na Chapada do Araripe no município de Jardim-CE. A determinação da toxicidade aguda foi realizada segundo a metodologia da OECD 423 e o transplante dos tumores sólidos Sarcoma 180 e Carcinoma de Ehrlich foram realizados de acordo com Stock. Todos os ensaios foram realizados por via oral. No estudo fitoquímico para o extrato metanólico das folhas constatou-se a presença de flavonóides (quercetina e rutina), terpenos, proantocianidinas condensadas e leucoantocianidinas. No látex, foi encontrado terpenos (-sitosterol e -amirina). No ensaio de toxicidade aguda tanto para o extrato metanólico das folhas como para o látex foram verificadas reações estimulantes seguidas por reações depressoras sobre o Sistema Nervoso Central. Não houve óbitos em nenhuma das doses testadas. A atividade antineoplásica frente ao Sarcoma 180 do extrato metanólico das folhas apresentou uma inibição tumoral significativa em relação ao grupo controle nas doses de 300mg/Kg e 400mg/Kg de peso do animal com um percentual de inibição de 67,7% e 68% respectivamente. Já para o Carcinoma de Ehrlich apresentou inibição tumoral significativa para todas as doses testadas chegando a 86,8% para a dose de 300mg/Kg. Para a avaliação antitumoral frente ao Carcinoma de Ehrlich, apenas os animais tratados com a maior dose do látex apresentou redução significativa dos tumores chegando a um percentual de 76,9% de inibição. Para o Sarcoma 180, apesar de ter apresentado uma redução dos pesos médios dos tumores, o látex não apresentou resultado estatisticamente significativo. Na análise histológica foram observadas alterações a nível renal e hepático principalmente para os animais tratados com o látex

Orientador : Francisco Benjamin de Souza Netto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T07:36:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra_David_M.pdf: 8159746 bytes, checksum: c6e141dffc721706f1b811962b356536 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: "O problema da felicidade em Sêneca e Marco Aurélio" tem como propósito definir o conceito de felicidade para os autores estóicos do segundo período, chamado Estoicismo imperial, a partir dos filósofos Sêneca( 4 a . C.- 65) e Marco Aurélio( 121-180). O texto procura estabelecer também o universo em tomo da questão felicidade, isto é, busca estabelecer os conceitos de dor, destino e paixão e de que forma eles se relacionam, segundo à razão estóica, à possibilidade ou impossibilidade do alcance da felicidade / Abstract: "The problem of happiness in Seneca and Marcus Aurelius" intent to definy the concept ofhappiness to the stoics authors ofthe second period, called Imperial Stoicism, trough out the philosophers Seneca(4 b. C.- 65 a . d.) and Marcus Aurelius(121- 180). The dissertation whishes establishes, too, the universe around the matter happiness, i. e., it wants to put the concepts of pain, destiny and passion and by which way they match, in accord to stoic reason, to the possibility or impossibility of reach ofhappiness / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia