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The name James Cameron is not a familiar one. Despite being one of the missionary pioneers of Methodism in southern Africa, serving for more than forty-six years in various districts and being elected as chairman of two of these districts, very few people have ever heard of James Cameron. Barnabas Shaw says of Cameron that he "excelled in preaching the great truths of the gospel, and applying them to the heart of sinners".¹ Whiteside describes Cameron as a "remarkable man ... well read in most things".² W.B. Boyce pays Cameron an even greater tribute: In my day, as a preacher and as a theologian, he was unequalled in South Africa; and I do not think that he was second in these respects to any of his brethren in England.³ Notwithstanding the high esteem in which he was held by prominent peers, Cameron is mentioned only in passing in a few secondary sources, and to date has not been the subject of academic research. The reason for this is not clear. He was well educated, read and wrote extensively, and most of his correspondence has been preserved. Cameron's Journal is very well written, containing some beautiful poetic sections. It is a personal record of a missionary coping with peculiar and difficult circumstances, and a record of how determination, courage and faith enabled Cameron to overcome seemingly insurmountable difficulties. Cameron's recording of his struggles help fill out our understanding of missionaries and their tasks and problems in the nineteenth century. I believe that so important a figure in South African Methodism should be examined and deserves a definitive study. The aim of this thesis has been to provide a reference to his work in the western Cape, possibly to form a basis for closer historical scrutiny. ¹ Shaw 1840:232 ² Whiteside 1906:374 ³ Boyce 1874:179-80.

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This study examines stories from the 1800s about the Swedish folklore creature Näcken with the purpose to define what kind of view on gender they are presenting. The geographical area in focus is the Swedish south province Småland. The ambition is to see how the stories describe the thinking, acting and meaning about gender and authority. This will also be studied in relation to the norms and ideals of gender that dominated in the 1800s. Former studies has shown that the view of folklore and gender interacted and carried each other in the 1600s and the 1700s. There are also research that indicate that the creature Näcken maintained gender patterns in the 1800s. This research determines more general patterns concerning gender and has not done a more firmly analysis in relation to the change in the view on gender which took place between the 1700s and the 1800s, which this study intend to do by using Yvonne Hirdman’s gender system as a theoretical framework. The result has shown that the understandings of Näcken had a role to play in the context of social control, seeing as the understandings affected the behavior of people. The most clear message the stories expresses is that men had more capacity to act than women, which is in line with the 1800s ideals about gender that derived from a polarization norm. This can also be seen in the context in which the meeting with Näcken took place, namely the in the context of work and other activities, but not in connection to physical places in line with the polarization norm, in which the women should have met the creature closer to the farm and the men’s meeting should have more distance from the farm. The stories also expresses a valuing of characteristics which were highly valued as norms in the 1800s. The characteristics also have a moral dimension. Men with highly valued characteristics were more likely to succeed with their attempts and had bigger chances of escaping Näcken. Within the moral spectrum one can find a Christian motive as well, since warnings about neglecting the religion takes place. For women though, the stories’ moral dimension spoke about precepts and the negative consequences which could follow if the women did not practice restraint and carefulness. From the 1600s and 1700s to the 1800s Småland, there is also a continuity regarding sexual relationships between women and Näcken to be found. Those kinds of relationships are rare to find in the sources.

Le premier romantisme, au tournant du XIXe siècle, serait l’héritier du rousseauisme. Il nous semble pourtant lire une rupture radicale entre l’idée de nature comme l’entend le XVIIIe siècle et l’idée de paysage telle que l’expriment les jeunes écrivains des années 1800.L’idée de nature reste envisagée, jusqu’à la Révolution, comme le décor idéal d’un bonheur possible, dont témoignent, jusque sur le terrain, les paysagistes de la fin de l’Ancien Régime. Du jardin régulier au jardin paysager, le paysage n’est toujours conçu que comme le fond du tableau. Au lendemain de la Révolution, le paysage prend un tout autre sens. Il n’est plus l’écrin divin où doit s’épanouir l’homme raisonnable, il est devenu la figure sublime d’une nouvelle relation qu’a l’homme à lui-même. Les représentations de la culture des Lumières reposaient sur la transcendance et la verticalité ; elles font place aux représentations de la pensée romantique, construite sur l’immanence et l’horizontalité.Le paysage, en s’élevant ainsi au statut de concept, induit un nouveau rapport au temps et à l’espace, redéfinit le point de vue et l’horizon, fait primer le rapport sur l’essence. Cette métamorphose des représentations, qui signe l’entrée dans l’ère contemporaine, nous semble l’effet le plus profond du bouleversement qu’a produit la Révolution. Il convient, c’est notre thèse, de parler de l’émergence d’une idéologie paysagère, pour ces années 1800, si l’on veut comprendre ce qui engendre à la fois la littérature des Senancour, Germaine de Staël, Chateaubriand, la philosophie des Destutt de Tracy, Maine de Biran, et l’essor tant des sciences physiques, avec Georges Cuvier, que des sciences humaines, avec Jean-Baptiste Say, pour citer nos principaux auteurs. / The first romanticism at the turn of the 19th century would be the successor to Rousseauism. However, we believe this translates into a radical break between the idea of nature as understood in the 18th century and the idea of landscape as expressed by the young writers in the 1800s. Until the Revolution, the idea of nature is still considered as the ideal setting for potential happiness, as evidenced, even on the ground, by landscape designers at the end of the former Regime. From the regular garden to the landscaped garden, landscape was only ever designed as a background. In the wake of the Revolution, landscape takes on a whole new meaning. It is no longer the divine setting where the intelligent man flourishes, but becomes the sublime figure of a new relationship that the man has with himself. Representations of the Enlightenment culture were based on transcendence and verticality; these give way to representations of romantic thought, built on immanence and horizontality.Thus elevated to the status of concept, the landscape gives rise to a new relationship with time and space, redefines the view point and the horizon and prioritises the relationship on the essence. We believe that this transformation of representations, which heralds the entry into the modern era, is the most profound effect of the upheaval caused by the Revolution. Our thesis claims that it is important to talk about the emergence of a landscape ideology for these 1800s if we are to understand what leads not only to the literature of Senancour, Germaine de Staël and Chateaubriand, but also the philosophy of Destutt de Tracy and Maine de Biran as well as the growth in the physical sciences, with Georges Cuvier, and the human sciences, with Jean-Baptiste Say, to quote our principal authors.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia / En la siguiente investigación se realizó un análisis de la representación social de la infancia por parte del movimiento obrero de Tarapacá durante el ciclo salitrero (1890-1924). Para alcanzar este objetivo, la investigación se iniciará a partir del período 1890- 1907, etapa en la cual el movimiento obrero comenzó a estructurarse a partir de una intensificación de su presencia social y capacidad de gestión. Pero este proceso tendría un corte forzoso en diciembre de 1907, con la tristemente afamada masacre de la escuela Santa María de Iquique. A partir de este acontecimiento, y hasta 1919, el movimiento obrero atravesó una fase de articulación, caracterizada por una reestructuración que tuvo como eje principal el declive de un antiguo referente como la Mancomunal y la emergencia y posterior predominio del socialismo. Finalmente, se abordará el dramático y nefasto período de crisis salitrera (1919-1925). En esta última etapa, seremos testigos de la aparición de un gran referente sindical como la Federación Obrera de Chile (FOCH) y el advenimiento del Partido Comunista de Chile. De esta manera, el marco cronológico conlleva una revisión sustancial del movimiento obrero en la zona, buscando de esta manera adquirir una noción más completa de su representación de la infancia. La investigación utilizará información proporcionada por la bibliografía referente al movimiento obrero y a la infancia en Tarapacá. Respecto a la utilización de fuentes, se trabajará de preferencia con medios de prensa obrera, tales como "El Despertar de los Trabajadores", "El Trabajo", "El Obrero", etc. Como resultado esperamos obtener un cuadro socialmente representativo de la infancia salitrera en el movimiento obrero, considerando tanto los consensos como las tensiones que se puedan derivar de ella y esperando avanzar más allá de lo ya constatado por otros historiadores.

Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur kyrkogårdar har utvecklats fram till idag. Det syftar också till att ge förslag på hur en modern kyrkogård kan rekonstrueras samt skötas för att återspegla förhållandena under 1700-talet. Den valda kyrkogården är Hjortsberga i Ronneby församling. Dagens kyrkogård med klippta häckar och krattade grusgångar har en ca hundraårig historia. Före 1800-talet var den i huvudsak en anläggning med sparsam växtlighet som inte ägnades någon planering. Gräs var högvuxet och det hände även att kreatur betade innanför murarna. Arbetet bygger på litteratur- och arkivstudier såväl som intervjuer. Rekonstruktionsförslaget utgörs till stor del av en återgång på kyrkogården till ängsmark, samt nedtagande av planterade parkträd till förmån för lokala trädslag. Äldre brukningsformer kan då med fördel införas som till exempel lieslåtter och hamling. I arbetet diskuteras även etiska frågeställningar kring ingrepp på kyrkogården och vad de medför för sorgearbetet.

Le Ministère italien des Affaires Étrangères promeut depuis longtemps des cours de langue et culture italiennes dans le monde. Ces cours sont inscrits dans un plan de sauvegarde de l’identité culturelle des enfants des Italiens à l’étranger et des citoyens d’origine italienne.On trouvera dans cette thèse l’exposé de la réalité du système des cours et des écoles italiennes en Belgique, depuis le début du XXe siècle. L’attention a été portée sur les activités développées pour promouvoir la langue et la culture italiennes auprès des enfants italiens dans le Royaume, en réalisant un historique, le plus complet possible, des politiques italiennes et belges qui ont soutenu, et qui soutiennent, cette forme d’intégration scolaire. La période particulièrement exploré va de 1971 à 2012, dates entre lesquelles l’Italie et la Belgique ont établi les normes législatives les plus importantes pour réglementer ces cours. Cependant, afin d’offrir un tableau suffisamment clair et complet des politiques et des pratiques italiennes et belges, tant d’intégration des enfants d’immigrés italiens, que de mise en valeur et diffusion de la langue et de la culture italiennes dans le Royaume, j’ai également analysé ce qui s’est passé auparavant, à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle. De même, j’ai projeté mon regard jusqu’ aux activités de l’année scolaire 2015-2016 et sur les perspectives d’avenir. Enfin, pour donner une vue d’ensemble de la diffusion de la langue italienne et de l’amour que lui portent des Belges adultes, on trouvera un chapitre consacré aux organismes qui promeuvent la culture et la langue italiennes en Belgique, depuis le début de XXe siècle également, mais en dehors du système scolaire. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Despite a situation of poor state finances 1848 marks the starting point of Sweden’s railroad history, as this is year when the country’s first railroad was proposed and approved in parliament. Not sufficient funds for the project was raised though, and a new motion was raised in parliament in 1851 with improved financial support from the state. This caused an intense debate which is the main subject of this essay. By analyzing the public discussion regarding railroads, as expressed in news media, during 1851 this essay aims to analyze the discussions about railroads in search of the 19th century’s overarching themes of modernity and nationalism. These terms are to be understood as rhetorical expressions, in accordance with Aguiars and Andersons interpretation of the terms. The performed analysis displays how nationalism is a theme present in both sides of the debate in 1851, though in different ways. Those skeptical of the planned railroad line argues about the nation being tricked into embarking on an expensive project that will never be financially viable by bought foreign interest. Those in favor argues rather that the project will bind together a fragmented Sweden into one nation. Arguments involving modernity though, are just to be found amongst those in favor. Here we find arguments about the promises that the future holds with railroads connecting the swedes and a pervasive optimism regarding the future. Less concern is displayed to current day problems, other than how it might threaten future railroad expansions.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica mención Literatura / Este proyecto trata la inclusión de los antiguos mexicanos en la defensa del saber criollo en los prólogos de don Juan José de Eguiara y Eguren a su obra la Biblioteca Mexicana (1755); esto en el marco del apogeo cultural en el territorio novohispano –en específico, lo que se considera América septentrional y México– en el siglo XVIII. Eguiara y Eguren responde las injurias contra el saber novohispano, transmitidas en una epístola por el deán de Alicante, Manuel Martí. Para esta respuesta el erudito emprende la labor de crear un catálogo de sabios criollos, reunidos en una obra llamada Biblioteca Mexicana, a modo de muestra de la equivocación de los dichos de Martí, quien aseguraba que el saber no proliferaba en estas tierras. Esta obra se complementó con un conjunto de prólogos –mi objeto de estudio– en los que el autor trata cada punto de las injurias del deán; también explica sus motivaciones para realizar la Biblioteca y sus perspectivas del desarrollo del saber criollo en el territorio de México.