I denna uppsats presenteras hur den svenska matematikern E.G. Björling bygger upp den matematiska analysen. Björlings matematik från mitten av 1800-taletkommer jämföras med hur den ser ut idag. I uppsatsen analyseras funktionsbegreppet, kontinuitet och derivata, samt vad Björling kan ha haft för påverkan på Cauchys summasats. Vi kommer samtidigt få en förståelse om varför Björling inte blev så uppmärksammad som han skulle kunna blivit.

With purpose of developing the knowledge of language change in the orthographic scientific field, this study maps out three of the orthographic changes that are penned down by Leopold in Afhandling om Svenska stafsättet year 1801. Here, introductions, acceptance and spreading of new spellings the Swedish language use during the end of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century and the reasons for them spreading are in focus. In the essay, changes in k-spelling, j-spelling and ä-spelling within sixteen French loanwords with connections to either music and theatre or the military are analysed in printed newspapers. All the words used in this piece of research are French loanwords which Leopold recommends to be adjusted in their spelling to fit the Swedish spelling system. The period of 1790 to 1849 is divided into two parts. The first one is from 1790 to 1809 and is referred to as the introduction period. The period after that, from 1810 to 1849, is the period of acceptance and spreading. The results consist of numbers of hits and paper publications digitalized by The royal library (´Kungliga biblioteket´).  The conclusions drawn by this study is that most of Leopold´s spellings get a dramatic and fast increase in usage in a period of a few years from year 1800, where the K-words get the largest percentual development. In that period Leopold´s spelling increase particularly from 1804 to 1807. During the 1810s and 1820s, the spellings that Leopold recommends and other spellings are used about as often and no greater changes happen to the k- and ä-spellings. Only the j-spellings get a greater development with an escalation in the use of some words between 1817 and 1818. From 1830 to 1849, Leopold´s spellings are used a lot more often than the other spellings in most cases. From the introduction of the new spellings, it takes between three to six years for the new language norm to break through and somewhere between 30 and 40 years for the norm to spread.  The reasons for these changes can be many different ones, but there is evidence that point to that the status of French, which is lost in Sweden during this period could be behind some of the changes together with an urbanisation which creates demands of higher language accessibility.

The purpose of the study has been to investigate women's theft crime in northern Gotland during the 1840s, and whether the women have committed co-offending together with other perpetrators. The study uses the method of hermeneutic text analysis. The study used court books from Gotland's northern district court from the years 1845 to 1847. The study uses gender theory, which is used to analyze and emphasize power relations between women and other perpetrators. The results of the study show that most women have stolen because of poverty. Clothes and food were the most common items stolen. In the court records, it appears that women are described differently than men. Several women had poor knowledge of Christianity and had given birth to children out of wedlock and were therefore more vulnerable. When co- offending was studied, conclusions could be drawn that women often co-offended with men, and in court, several women declared that they had been forced or threatened to steal. Through the gender theory, it is possible to see tendencies towards unequal power relations within marriage, where women have a lower status than men. Women who co- offended with other women are more likely to have done so consensually. The didactic question of the study dealt with the subject of historical awareness, where the topic of the essay can be linked to discussions about women and crime and what change may be seen over time. The discussions are expressed in terms of gender and how gender patterns can change over time.

This study is the first to focus primarily on the Swedish parish magasins, the country’s most widespread credit institution in the last half of the 18th, and the first part of the 19th, century. During the Early Modern Period, grain price volatility was a matter of great concern. The parish magasins were conceived as a substitute for government action intended to stabilize grain prices and offer relief in case of crop failure. The thesis analyzes the problems of harvest variability and grain price fluctuations utilizing both   theory and empirical evidence. It is concluded that market integration, especially by permitting imports, was more effective than inter-harvest storage in reducing the likelihood of high prices. Initially the peasants were sceptical of the new institution. Although the establishment of the magasins was strictly speaking voluntary, substantial hierarchical pressure was applied.  Once they had come into existence, however, the magasins evolved into a type of grain bank. The parishioners found them useful as a source of communal revenue at a time of rising need for local public expenditure for education and poor relief. In addition, the failure of the grain market to meet the needs of the peasantry created a demand for loans in kind. Although by no means ideal, in the absence of any superior institutions, the magasins provided valuable services. When improvements in both municipal finance and the functioning of the grain markets occurred in the second half of the 19th century, the magasins became obsolete. Both history and geography impact the formation of institutions. This study describes one such case of institutional development and attempts to explain why the outcome deviated from the original intention. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2007</p>

This thesis describes the impact of the notion of a calling on the development of the nursing profession during the period 1850–1933. The focus of the study is on how perceptions andnotions of a calling were altered over time, and in which way this historically shaped conceptinfluenced the professionalisation of the female health care work. Some contexts of relevancefor the notion of a calling and which are emphasised in the thesis are the women’s rights movement, the expansion of the civil servants’ movement, the professionalisation and modernisationof the health care system as well as the general secularisation of society. The study consists of three parts. The first part constitutes a conceptual background tothe notion of a calling and here the Christian heritage of ideas is examined. The second partof the thesis describes three leading institutions of nursing education: the Ersta Institution ofdeaconesses (1851), the Red Cross education (1867), and the Sophia Home (1884). The study shows how Lutheran features influenced these educational institutions, mainly the educationof the deaconesses. The meaning of the calling differed between the deaconesses and thenurses of the Sophia Home. The deaconnesses’ notion of a calling emphasised the value ofhumbly serving fellow beings, whereas the Sophia Home attached more importance to theelevated and noble aspect of the calling. The third part of the thesis is the most comprehensive one. It is here analysed how the circlearound the Swedish Nursing Association (SNA), used and related to the notion of a calling during the period 1910–1933. The description is structured under four themes. The first describes how the notion of a calling expresses a particular professional ideal and an ethical attitude characterised by a Lutheran work ethics with strong altruistic features. Under the second theme, the gendered perception of the vocation is discussed. It is claimed that the nursingprofession was not unambiguously permeated by feminine gendered perceptions. Instead the nurses’ professional ideal espoused a mixture of masculine and feminine gendered metaphors.Under the third theme, it becomes clear that the nurses’ proclamation of a calling strengthened and increased the status of the profession. Under the fourth theme, the nurses’notion of a calling is related to two male professional groups, doctors and clergymen, and thepessimistic and sombre spirit of time at the turn of the century, 1900. The general secularisation of society, and the gradual modernisation of the health care sector seemed to have contributedto a need for a professional corps, marked by strong tradition, apparently considereda guarantee for a health care system that would still comprise Christian love. / Diss. Umeå : Univ., 2002

<p>Ämnet som behandlas i denna uppsats är förnamnsutvecklingen i de två värmländska församlingarna Karlstad och Ekshärad. Det är två typer av utvecklingar som studerats. Dels hur många förnamn föräldrarna gav sina barn under perioden 1800-1920, dels vilka förnamn som gavs de nyfödda barnen mellan åren 1800-1859.</p><p>Vad gäller hur många förnamn barnen fick så var det under hela 1800-talet stor skillnad mellan de båda församlingarna. I Karlstad fick en majoritet på mellan 60 och 80 procent av barnen två förnamn. I Ekshärad var det däremot mer vanligt att endast ge dem ett. Först på 1850-talet var det färre än 90% av de döpta som fick ett förnamn. Ännu vid år 1920 hade man inte kommit ikapp Karlstad, men förändringen till att använda fler förnamn var här betydligt snabbare än i Karlstad.</p><p>Det finns inte mycket som tyder på att namnen har spridits från stad till landsbygd, eller åt andra hållet. I Ekshärad är Lars och Per de populäraste namnen på pojkarna. Flickorna heter bland annat Ingeborg, Kerstin eller Marit. Att göra en liknande sammanfattning för Karlstad är inte lika lätt, där de populäraste namnen varierar kraftigt. Hos pojkarna är det bara namnet Johan som alltid finns med bland de fyra toppnamnen. Två andra namn som varit populära är Anders och Carl. Toppnamnet hos flickorna är fram till 1820-talet det relativt korta Caisa. Sedan blir toppnamnet istället det betydligt längre Carolina, som först delar platsen med Christina och vid 1850-talets slut med Augusta.</p><p>Den största skillnaden mellan församlingarna, vad gäller vilka namn barnen gavs, är dock att de 10 populäraste namnen i Ekshärad representerar över 70% av alla namngivna flickor/pojkar. Dessutom är det bara hos flickorna som flernamnsförnamn kommer in på topp 10, vilket sker först på 1840-talet. I Karlstad är motsvarande siffror under 50%. Det finns dessutom både hos flickor och hos pojkar minst ett flernamnsförnamn representerat på topp 10 i Karlstad. Utvecklingen av namngivningen beror troligast på traditionen med att låta förnamnen gå i arv. Namnen verkar inte ha spridits åt något håll mellan de båda församlingarna Karlstad och Ekshärad.</p>

Ämnet som behandlas i denna uppsats är förnamnsutvecklingen i de två värmländska församlingarna Karlstad och Ekshärad. Det är två typer av utvecklingar som studerats. Dels hur många förnamn föräldrarna gav sina barn under perioden 1800-1920, dels vilka förnamn som gavs de nyfödda barnen mellan åren 1800-1859. Vad gäller hur många förnamn barnen fick så var det under hela 1800-talet stor skillnad mellan de båda församlingarna. I Karlstad fick en majoritet på mellan 60 och 80 procent av barnen två förnamn. I Ekshärad var det däremot mer vanligt att endast ge dem ett. Först på 1850-talet var det färre än 90% av de döpta som fick ett förnamn. Ännu vid år 1920 hade man inte kommit ikapp Karlstad, men förändringen till att använda fler förnamn var här betydligt snabbare än i Karlstad. Det finns inte mycket som tyder på att namnen har spridits från stad till landsbygd, eller åt andra hållet. I Ekshärad är Lars och Per de populäraste namnen på pojkarna. Flickorna heter bland annat Ingeborg, Kerstin eller Marit. Att göra en liknande sammanfattning för Karlstad är inte lika lätt, där de populäraste namnen varierar kraftigt. Hos pojkarna är det bara namnet Johan som alltid finns med bland de fyra toppnamnen. Två andra namn som varit populära är Anders och Carl. Toppnamnet hos flickorna är fram till 1820-talet det relativt korta Caisa. Sedan blir toppnamnet istället det betydligt längre Carolina, som först delar platsen med Christina och vid 1850-talets slut med Augusta. Den största skillnaden mellan församlingarna, vad gäller vilka namn barnen gavs, är dock att de 10 populäraste namnen i Ekshärad representerar över 70% av alla namngivna flickor/pojkar. Dessutom är det bara hos flickorna som flernamnsförnamn kommer in på topp 10, vilket sker först på 1840-talet. I Karlstad är motsvarande siffror under 50%. Det finns dessutom både hos flickor och hos pojkar minst ett flernamnsförnamn representerat på topp 10 i Karlstad. Utvecklingen av namngivningen beror troligast på traditionen med att låta förnamnen gå i arv. Namnen verkar inte ha spridits åt något håll mellan de båda församlingarna Karlstad och Ekshärad.

Today's research into entrepreneurship focuses largely on the influence of small-scale business enterpriseon regional development. How has this appeared from an historical perspective, and has small-scaleentrepreneurship been an important prerequisite of regional development? This dissertation is a casestudy and illuminates how changes in the local environment influence entrepreneurship in conjunctionwith new relationships and conditions over a protracted period of economic transformation. It analyses aninteraction between different factors at local level over a long period of time between changes ineconomic conditions and changes in the socio-cultural sphere from which the development of localentrepreneurship has benefited. In this interaction between such factors as the economic and sociocultural,new demarcation phenomena can arise in the enterprise culture. Such a demarcationphenomenon is whether the local environment in the Skellefteå region creates, to a greater extent than inother regions, a propensity to develop entrepreneurship in industrial enterprises. Norrland has often beencharacterised as a region of Sweden where lack of entrepreneurship has been considerable and animportant partial explanation of the economic problems of that province. How well does such anobservation accord with the facts, and is it the case that entrepreneurship has difficulty in developing inperipheral parts of the country because conditions are not good enough?The dissertation studies changes in business enterprise, business networks and entrepreneurship in aregion situated in the northern part of Sweden, i.e. in the Skellefteå region. The case study may beregarded as an attempt to test a thesis about how local entrepreneurship can develop in a region over aprotracted period. When the great international Boliden corporation was established in the 1930s, wasthere, either already or alongside it, a tradition of local entrepreneurship which subsequently developed inunison with the expansion of the corporation?The study shows that even at the beginning of the 1930s, there was already a more elaborateenterprise environment than was previously known, and that important changes occurred at an early stagein the entrepreneurial network which was built up in the region. What the study also shows is that theenterprise culture which developed in the Skellefteå region was largely a result of a combination ofNorrland and other entrepreneurial traditions for example from Småland. In this encounter at local levelbetween entrepreneurs from different peripheral parts of Sweden, where domestic manufactures andoccupational versatility had been prominent features, entrepreneurship did develop. The study gives aninsight into how local business networks can be changed and linked together in new constellations duringperiods of economic transformation. The results indicate that small-scale entrepreneurship is an importantprerequisite of regional development. / digitalisering@umu

The purpose of this paper is to survey the textile based proto-industrialism in Sweden in the middle of the 19th century. This case study is founded upon Anders Hansson’s pre-industrial textile production at the estate of Mölneby, Östra Frölunda in the rural district of Kind in the province of Västra Götaland. Account books from the year 1853 related to Anders Hansson’s wool fabric manufacturing have been looked into and categorized using a quantitative research method. The research has also been supplemented with a number of interviews. The result of the survey shows that Anders Hansson’s business activities fit into Mendel’s theory of proto-industrialists at a practice level. By collaborating with a merchant in Gothenburg the fabrics were traded in unknown markets, as well as in more familiar neighbouring districts. The amount of production varied due to agricultural season. Usually it contributed to the income of the peasant’s family, but for some people living in poor-houses it was their only income. The theory of proto-industrialism also assumes that there is a surplus of food production in adjacent districts, something that is not completely evident in this study.  However, an accumulation of capital can be seen as continuous investments in forest land and agricultural properties took place. Furthermore, the study shows that Anders Hansson’s business activities also led to his acquisition of trading skills as well as specialist knowledge of how to organize production. Consequently, the conclusion of the study has to be put forward in the following way: by looking into the case study and earlier research of the proto-industrial theory it is evident that this activity at practice level co-existed in a symbiotic relationship in the rural society as well as in the urban society. Mendel’s proto-industrial theory discusses and analyses different parts of this manufacturing as a contributing factor to the industrialization or as in the case of Anders Hansson’s manufacturing; the de-industrialization.

No description available.