Neutron-rich rare-earth nuclei are among the most collective nuclei that can be found in nature. In particular, the doubly mid-shell nucleus 170Dy is expected to be the nucleus where the collective structure is maximized. This has implications for the astrophysical r-process, since it has been suggested that the collectivity maximum plays an important role in the abundances of the rare-earth elements that are created in supernova explosions. In this work, the collective structure of the five nuclei 168,170Dy and 167,168,169Ho are studied and different theoretical models are used to interpret the evolution of collectivity around the mid-shell. In order to produce and study even more neutron-rich nuclei in this mass region, new radioactive ion beam facilities will be a valuable tool. These facilities, however, require advanced instruments to study the weak signals of exotic nuclei in a high background environment. Two of these instruments are the γ-ray tracking spectrometer AGATA and the neutron detector array NEDA. For AGATA to work satisfactorily, the interaction position of the gamma rays must be determined with an accuracy of at least five millimetres. The position resolution is measured in this work using a model independent method based on the Doppler correction capabilities of the detector at two different distances between the detector and the source. For NEDA, one of the critical parameters is its ability to discriminate between neutrons and γ rays. By using digital electronics it is possible to employ advanced and efficient algorithms for pulse-shape discrimination. In this work, digital versions of the common analogue methods are shownto give as good, or better, results compared to the ones obtained using analogue electronics. Another method which effectively distinguishes between neutrons and γ rays is based on artificial neural networks. This method is also investigated in this work and is shown to yield even better results.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 991045 bytes, checksum: da03167739459ff1a37fde435bdf3668 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The work is about the formal equality before the material inequality on the domestic labour relation. Although the domestic employees are entitled of minimally fundamental rights to a worthy life, the constant human rights violations reveals that the conquest of equality still appears distant regarding the acknowledgment and respect from the society towards this segment. But why is so hard to secure the rights of the domestic employees? On a search to comprehend such fact, the research starts from the premise that the domestic employee is devalued for being a conflict point for class, gender and race discrimination, and also not considered a profit generating activity. This discrimination that affects the domestic labour is due to a historical, social and legal construction, therefore, firstly, the social and historical contexts regarding the emergence of the domestic class is analyzed, as well as the legal posture adopted referring the job, including the international level, trough the analysis of the 189th Convention from the International Labour Organization. Promptly, the work brings the conception for the equality principle and demonstrates, trough a gender perspective, that the domestic labour is much discriminated due to social residue from slavery and patriarchate, besides being an easy target for the capitalist exploitation. Beyond this, registers the peculiarity of the domestic labour not relying on a supervision system due the home inviolability principle, as well as the difficulty of producing proof on an eventual court litigation. At last, the study confronts the present scenario of the domestic labour in Brazil with the principles of human dignity, citizenship and the social value of work; and analyzes how the instruments from the affirmative actions are being used by the State on the combat agains inequality of this labour relation. The research concludes that the acknowledgment of ratified rights when confronting the inequalities have not produced any effects, as this occupation is widely socially devalued. This way, the implementation of actions aiming to promote a decent work for this category is indispensable, consisting on an important tool to include these historically excluded individuals. For this research there were used, essentially, the historical and bibliographic methods. The pertinence for this study advent from the rising debate around the legal regulation of the domestic employees which involves thousand of women. / O trabalho trata da igualdade formal ante a desigualdade material na relação empregatícia doméstica. Embora os empregados domésticos sejam detentores dos direitos mínimos fundamentais para uma vida digna, as constantes violações de direitos humanos revelam que a conquista da igualdade ainda se mostra distante quanto ao reconhecimento e respeito da sociedade por esta categoria. Mas por que é tão difícil assegurar os direitos dos empregados domésticos? Em busca de compreender tal fato, a pesquisa parte da premissa que o emprego doméstico é desvalorizado por ser ponto de embate de discriminações de gênero, raça e classe, além desta atividade não ser considerada geradora de lucro. Essa discriminação que afeta o trabalho doméstico é fruto de uma construção histórica, social e jurídica, por isso, primeiramente, analisam-se os contextos social e histórico do surgimento da classe dos domésticos, bem como, os posicionamentos legais adotados referentes à profissão, inclusive no plano internacional, através da análise da Convenção 189 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho. Seguidamente, o trabalho traz a concepção do princípio da igualdade e demonstra, através da perspectiva de gênero, que o trabalho doméstico é bastante discriminado devido aos resíduos sociais da escravidão e do patriarcado, além de ser um alvo fácil para a exploração capitalista. Além disso, registra-se a peculiaridade do trabalho doméstico não contar com um sistema de fiscalização do trabalho devido ao princípio da inviolabilidade domiciliar, bem como, a dificuldade na produção de provas em eventuais litígios trabalhistas. Por derradeiro, o estudo confronta o atual cenário do trabalho doméstico no Brasil com os princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana, da cidadania e do valor social do trabalho; e analisa como os instrumentos das ações afirmativas estão sendo utilizadas pelo Estado no combate às desigualdades desta relação de trabalho. A pesquisa conclui que o reconhecimento de direitos positivados no enfrentamento das desigualdades não tem operado efeitos, na medida em que, esta profissão é bastante desvalorizada socialmente. Deste modo, imprescindível se faz a implementação de ações que visem promover o trabalho digno para esta categoria, que consiste em uma importante ferramenta na inclusão de indivíduos historicamente excluídos. Para a pesquisa foi utilizado, essencialmente, o método bibliográfico e histórico. A pertinência para o estudo adveio do crescente debate que gira em torno da regulamentação jurídica das empregadas doméstica e que envolve milhares de mulheres.

Le travail domestique est une des formes d’emploi les plus anciennes au monde. Au Brésil, ce type de service tire son origine de l’esclavage, technique d’exploitation économique qui a marqué l’histoire du pays durant environ 400 (quatre cents) ans. Encore au XXIème siècle, le travail domestique est sous-évalué et peine à être reconnu comme un vrai travail. La législation nationale a progressé au point de reconnaitre aux employés de maison les mêmes droits dont jouissent les autres salariés (amendement constitutionnel, 2013). Le droit international du travail joue un rôle crucial dans l’encadrement de la situation des travailleuses domestiques au monde. La Convention concernant le travail décent pour les travailleurs et travailleuses domestiques (n° 189) et la Recommandation n° 201 l’accompagnant de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) occupent une place importante dans la promotion du travail décent aux travailleurs domestiques. Malgré l’existence de normes – nationales et internationales – importantes, la problématique de la condition de travail et de vie des travailleuses domestiques au Brésil va au-delà de la législation, impliquant la notion culturelle de dévalorisation du travail domestique, cette même conception qui associe le travail à domicile à l’esclavage. / Domestic work is one of the oldest forms of employment in the world. In Brazil, this type of service has its roots in slavery, an economic exploitation technique that has marked the history of the country for about 400 (four hundred) years. Even in the XXI century, domestic work is undervalued and barely recognized as a real job. National legislation has progressed to the point of recognizing domestic workers the same rights enjoyed by other employees (Constitutional Amendment, 2013). The International labor law has a crucial importance in the supervision of the situation of domestic workers in the world. The Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (n° 189) and the Recommendation n° 201 of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) play a key role in promoting decent work for domestic workers. Despite the existence of relevant national and international standards, the matter of working and living conditions of domestic workers in Brazil goes beyond the legislation because it involves the notion of cultural devaluation of domestic work, the same idea that associates home work to slavery.

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Le présent travail est une analyse du concept d’instrument qui en fait apparaître les exigences théoriques et demande si et dans quelle mesure le système de Thomas d’Aquin les remplit. D’abord, on montre que la notion d’instrument telle que Thomas la définit en général et conformément à l’aristotélisme dont il hérite — à savoir, comme un «moteur mû» — est contradictoire, dans la mesure où rien, d’après Thomas, ne peut être à la fois moteur et mû selon le même mouvement. Ensuite, on montre que la notion d’instrument telle que Thomas la redéfinit dans le contexte restreint de sa théologie sacramentelle — à savoir, comme ce qui «agit en vertu d’un autre» — échappe à cette contradiction, même si elle est, à son tour, problématique, parce qu’elle implique qu’un même pouvoir (virtus) transite de l’agent principal à l’instrument. Il faut étudier le modèle auquel Thomas renvoie — à savoir, l’être intentionnel des espèces sensibles — pour répondre à ce problème : il s’agit alors de montrer comment l’apparence peut être conçue comme une propriété en transit numériquement identique en plusieurs sujets (la chose, le milieu, le percepteur). Enfin, on justifie l’application de ce modèle au pouvoir instrumental grâce à deux thèses centrales de l’ontologie thomasienne des pouvoirs — à savoir, qu’ils sont distincts de la forme substantielle et qu’ils en fluent — qui reviennent à accorder au pouvoir, comme tel, le même statut ontologique qu’à l’espèce sensible, c’est-à-dire un être intentionnel (esse intentionale). On en conclut que ce qui fonde, en définitive, la causalité instrumentale, ce n’est pas tant la physique d’Aristote que l’ontologie des pouvoirs de Thomas. / The aim of this study is to offer a better understanding of instrumental causation in Aquinas. It starts by calling into question the idea that an instrument is a « moved mover ». Behind this apparently innocuous phrase lurks a contradiction, for, as Aquinas states, it is impossible for something to both be a mover and be moved according to the same motion. Having argued that this contradiction may not be satisfyingly solved, an alternate definition is suggested, according to which an instrument acts "in virtue of another". Indeed, according to Aquinas’s sacramental theology, an instrument acts insofar as it contains a certain power (virtus). This power isn’t its own, but the individual property of something else, namely the principal cause. The question here is to account for what seems to be a transferable trope: an individual power present both in the principal and in the instrumental cause. Aquinas does this by comparing the power in the instrument to the species of color in the air. We follow this cue. First, by understanding how a sensible species may be understood as numerically identical across different subjects, namely the sensible object, the medium and the perceiver. Second, by turning to Aquinas’s thesis that powers are distinct and flow from a thing’s substantial form. This, it is argued, amounts to granting powers the same ontological status as sensible species, namely intentional being (esse intentionale). The study concludes that it is not Aristotelian physics but Aquinas’s metaphysics of powers that ultimately grounds instrumental causation.

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