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Questions de sources : les janissaires ottomans dans les récits de voyage européens au XVIIIe siècleBlain, Charles-André 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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A aceitação da óptica newtoniana no século XVIII: subsídios para discutir a Natureza da Ciência do Ensino / The acceptance of Newtonian optics in eighteenth century: discussing Nature of Science in Science TeachingBreno Arsioli Moura 06 October 2008 (has links)
A compreensão da Ciência como um empreendimento dinâmico e em constante transformação tem se tornado uma das mais importantes metas da educação científica nos últimos anos. É quase senso comum que discussões sobre a Natureza da Ciência (NdC) sejam incorporadas nos currículos de ciências. De uma forma geral, a NdC pode ser definida como um arcabouço de saberes sobre as bases ou princípios epistemológicos envolvidos na construção do conhecimento científico. Uma das maneiras de se ensinar NdC é a discussão de episódios da História da Ciência. Nesse trabalho, analisamos em detalhes o desenvolvimento, a repercussão e a aceitação da óptica newtoniana; particularmente, estudamos sua popularização na Europa do início do século XVIII, principalmente na Grã-Bretanha. Neste período ocorreram mudanças sociais e culturais significativas, entre elas, a valorização da Filosofia Natural e seus produtos, o estabelecimento da mecânica e óptica newtonianas e da imagem de Isaac Newton como um representante da genuína filosofia natural. Assim, na época, foram selecionados e incorporados aos tratados de física apenas aspectos de sua óptica que evidenciavam o caráter indutivista e que ao mesmo tempo podiam ser conciliados com sua mecânica. A partir deste estudo histórico, aspectos da NdC podem ser explicitamente discutidos, por exemplo, a questão da inexistência de um método científico universal, a influência do contexto e do prestígio do pesquisador em questão na aceitação ou rejeição de suas idéias, o caráter provisório do conhecimento científico, a importância da maneira como as idéias são apresentadas, entre outras coisas. Este tipo de discussão é relevante para diversos âmbitos da formação de professores, favorecendo a construção de uma imagem adequada da Ciência de um modo geral. / Currently, there is a general agreement that Nature of Science (NOS) aspects must be included in science curriculums. The present dissertation analyzes in details the development, the repercussion and the acceptance of Newtonian optics; with particular emphasis on its popularization in early 18th century in Europe, especially in Great Britain. In this period, significant social and cultural changes occurred, among them the valorization of Natural Philosophy and its products, the establishment of Newtonian mechanics, optics and Isaac Newton\'s image as genuine representative of Natural Philosophy. As consequence, only Newtonian optics aspects that evidenced the inductivism and could be conciliated with his mechanics were incorporated in 18th century natural philosophy books. From this historical study, NOS aspects can be explicitly discussed, for instance, the inexistence of an universal scientific method, the influence of social context and how the prestige of a scientist biases the acceptance of her/his ideas, the temporary character of scientific knowledge, the relevance of how ideas are communicated, among other topics. The present work is important for teacher training courses, since it provides adequate view of Science development.
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A serviço D`el-Rei: O governo de João da Maia da Gama na Capitania da Paraíba (1708 – 1717)Bezerra, Isabela Augusta Carneiro 09 April 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-04-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / After rendering military services by years in India and in The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714), the Lusitanian João da Maia da Gama was awarded with the charge of captain-major and governor of Paraiba in 1708. Coming into port at the captainship in a critical period of Brazilian colonial history, João da Maia took part actively in the colonial administration, outlining plans and strategies in the military, economic and political fields, including an involvement in The Mascate War in Pernambuco. Utilizing as main sources the documentation of the Overseas Historical Archive (OHA) and the Historical Documents from the National Library (HDNL), the present dissertation intends to analyse from the political culture standpoint of the Ancient Regime, the performance and the practices by João da Maia da Gama in the exercise of their governmental functions, observing their juridic boundaries and the possibility of autonomy in face to the metropolitan guidelines. Furthermore, it aims at investigating his involvement in commercial activities and observing how his intervention in Pernambuco’s conflict was put into effect – the most remembered action by historiography -, seeking to perceive the plausible political motivations and strategies involved in the governor’s action. / Após prestar anos de serviços militares na Índia e na Guerra da Sucessão Espanhola (1702-1714), o lusitano João da Maia da Gama foi agraciado com o cargo de capitão-mor e governador da Paraíba em 1708. Aportando na capitania em um crítico período da história colonial brasileira, João da Maia participou ativamente da administração colonial, traçando planos e estratégias nos campos político, econômico e militar, inclusive, envolvendo-se na Guerra dos Mascates (1710-1) em Pernambuco. Utilizando como fontes principais a documentação do Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (AHU) e os Documentos Históricos da Biblioteca Nacional (DHBN), a presente dissertação pretende analisar, sob a ótica da cultura política de Antigo Regime, a atuação e as práticas de João da Maia da Gama no exercício de suas funções governamentais, observando seus limites jurisdicionais e a possibilidade de autonomia frente às diretrizes metropolitanas. Além disso, objetiva investigar seu envolvimento em atividades comerciais e observar como se efetivou a sua intervenção no conflito pernambucano – ação mais lembrada pela historiografia -, buscando perceber quais as possíveis motivações e estratégias políticas envolvidas na ação do governador.
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La satire poétique de Thermidor à l’Empire : crépuscule d’un genre au couchant des Lumières / Poetical satire between Thermidor and the Empire : the twilight of a genre at the end of the EnlightenmentBlanchard, Pierre 26 September 2013 (has links)
À la charnière des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, une ample production satirique témoigne d’un mouvement de défiance à l’endroit de la philosophie des Lumières, accusée d’être responsable des exactions commises durant l’épisode révolutionnaire. Il s’agit alors de procéder à la liquidation de l’héritage des Lumières : en une période caractérisée par son instabilité politique, la satire lucilienne en vers, genre alors finissant, bénéficie d’un effet de mode qui la rend à nouveau légitime. Les désordres sociaux et moraux justifient le recours au genre polémique par excellence. La satire devient un observatoire privilégié pour saisir toutes les tensions qui parcourent le pays, aux niveaux politique, religieux et philosophique. Le satirique est cependant un poète à la marge ; la prétendue performativité de sa parole poétique et le danger qu’elle représente pour les victimes de sa dénonciation font du poète satirique un individu suspect qui, perpétuellement, doit chercher à autoriser sa parole polémique. L’analyse de la constitution éthique du satirique permet d’apercevoir le jeu de filiation entre les auteurs de notre corpus et les grands auteurs qui ont valu au genre son honorabilité littéraire, ceux-ci revendiquant perpétuellement l’héritage de ceux-là. Le satirique, en se créant une persona éthique stable, rend légitime sa dénonciation et justifie le recours à l’invective au nom d’un idéal supérieur : le maintien de l’État, la restauration de la morale et des valeurs, la régénérescence de l’Art. Tous les domaines sont concernés. Car dans la production satirique de la période entre Thermidor et l’Empire, c’est véritablement à un procès du siècle que procèdent les satiriques, s’inscrivant pour cela dans la tradition ronsardienne et albinéenne de la satire politique. Politique, philosophie et religion sont autant d’objets de questionnements, de débats et de polémiques au sein de la production satirique de cette période. La redéfinition du statut de l’Église en France durant la Révolution, les tentatives infructueuses de création d’un culte concurrent du catholicisme et de plus larges antagonismes entre des visions du monde inconciliables créent des réseaux d’oppositions qui structurent les troubles de l’époque : l’athéisme contre la religion, la république contre la monarchie, la raison contre la foi. / At the turn of the 18th and 19th century, a large satiric production showed a wave of distrust of the Enlightenment philosophy, accused of being responsible for the exactions committed during the French revolution. The objective was to eradicate the legacy of the Enlightenment: in a period characterized by such a political instability, the Luciana verse-satire, then a declining kind of satire is made again legitimate thanks to a new fad. The social and moral disorders justified the use of such a sharp polemical genre. Satire became a perfect way for people to understand all the tensions which permeate the country in terms of political, religious and philosophical aspects. The satirist was nonetheless a marginal poet. The pretended performativity of his poetry and the danger it represented for the targets of his denunciation made the satirist suspicious. He constantly had to find a way to get his polemical speech "allowed". The analysis of the satirist ethics helps us to see the link between our corpus' authors and the great authors who gave the genre its literary honorability. The latters didn't stop claiming the legacy of the first ones. Creating a steady ethical "persona", the satirist made his denunciation legitimate. He also justified the use of the invective in the name of some higher ideal: maintenance of the State, return of values and moral, regeneration of Art. Every field was concerned. In the satirical work that emerged between Thermion and the Empire, the satirists were judging their century. They were actually part of the ronsardian and albinean tradition of the political satire. Politics, philosophy and religion are all subjects of reflection, debates and polemics in the satirical production of this period. The redefinition of Church’s status during the Revolution, unsuccessful attempts to create a cult able to counter Catholicism, and larger antagonisms between incompatible world views created opposition networks which structured the turmoil of the age. These are atheism versus religion, republic versus monarchy and reason versus faith. During the 18th century, the satire was a neglected and despised genre. It was experiencing the end of its era. The analysis of satire poetics between Thermidor and the Empire illustrates the decline of the genre, which only survived through the violence of its accusations. Emotions of sadness were flattered and the satire sometimes aroused polemics with eventual tragic human consequences. Ironically, the study of the violence in the satirical invective reveals the vitality of a genre that couldn’t survive long its renewed dynamism.
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Fanny e Margot, libertinas: o aprendizado do corpo e do mundo em dois romances eróticos setecentistas / Fanny and Margot, libertines: the learning of the body and the world in two eighteenth-century erotic novelsMariana Teixeira Marques 20 April 2012 (has links)
O objetivo desta tese é um estudo comparativo dos romances Fanny Hill, or Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1748-1749), do inglês John Cleland, e Margot La Ravaudeuse (1750), do francês Jean-Charles Fougeret de Monbron. Os dois romances fazem parte do conjunto de narrativas eróticas libertinas que inundaram o emergente mercado livreiro europeu durante o Iluminismo e contam as memórias de duas jovens prostitutas respectivamente em Londres e Paris em meados do século. Partindo do pressuposto segundo o qual as duas narrativas se organizam num contínuo que oscila entre a sociabilidade e a individualidade, o objetivo desta análise comparativa é compreender como estes dois temas, fundamentais na experiência setecentista e no processo de formação do romance moderno, são formalizados nas memórias de Margot e Fanny Hill através de procedimentos estruturais recorrentes na literatura da libertinagem. / The aim of this dissertation is a comparative study of the novels Fanny Hill, or Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1748-1749), by John Cleland, and Margot la Ravaudeuse (1750), by Jean-Charles Fougeret de Monbron. Both novels are part of the body of erotic libertine narratives that flooded the emerging European book market during the Enlightenment and tell the memoirs of two young prostitutes respectively in London and Paris during the mid-18th-century. Assuming that the two narratives are organized according to a continuum which oscillates between sociability and individuality, the objective of this comparative analysis is to understand how these fundamental themes in 18th-century life as well as in the rise of the modern novel are formalized in the memoirs of Margot and Fanny through reccurring structural procedures found in libertine literature.
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Maurice Morgann: apresentação, tradução e notas / Maurice Morgann: presentation, translation and notesClaudia Esteves de Oliveira 22 March 2012 (has links)
O presente trabalho consiste em uma tradução comentada do Essay on the dramatic character of Sir John Falstaff, de Maurice Morgann, e em um ensaio introdutório. Apesar de não ser um dos grandes nomes da crítica literária inglesa do século XVIII, Morgann é sempre lembrado por ser um crítico inteligente e, seu ensaio, um dos mais interessantes de sua época. A tradução, acompanhada de notas e inédita no português, é precedida por um ensaio no qual, após a apresentação e contextualização do autor, discute-se alguns dos aspectos centrais da obra, explorando o universo conceitual do ensaio em especial as ideias de character, wit e humour , tendo em vista a história da crítica shakespeariana na Inglaterra. / The work consists of an annotated translation of Maurice Morganns Essay on the dramatic character of Sir John Falstaff and an introductory essay. Although Morgann is not seen as one of the greatest names in the history of eighteenth-century English literary criticism, he is always remembered by his intelligence and his essay is considered by many as one of the most interesting ones of his time. The annotated translation is preceded by an essay in which the author is presented and contextualised, prior to an investigation of some central aspects of Morganns work, such as the ideas of character, wit and humour, bearing in mind the history of Shakespearean criticism in England.
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Das Ständische Theater in Ljubljana / LaibachKuret, Primož 24 March 2017 (has links) (PDF)
In meinem Beitrag werde ich mich hauptsächlich auf die italienische
Oper in Ljubljana konzentrieren, obwohl auch deutsche Theatergruppen, die ich am Rande erwähnen werde, ebenfalls interessante Opernvorstellungen in dieser Zeit nach Ljubljana gebracht haben.
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Les arrêtés des assemblées générales des sections parisiennes : de la parole du peuple à l'élaboration de la loi en l'an I de la République (1792-1793) / Orders of the the general assemblies of Parisian sections : from popular voice to the drafting of laws in the beginning of the First French RepublicGuermazi, Alexandre 20 May 2017 (has links)
Les arrêtés des assemblées générales des sections parisiennes sont les actes politiques et juridiques à travers lesquels les citoyens de la ville de Paris s’expriment et décident. Ils peuvent aussi bien contenir des mesures destinées à être appliquée localement la plupart du temps que des pétitions adressées aux élus, ou aux autres lieux de pouvoir. Ils portent sur des domaines très variés : subsistances, instruction publique, questions militaires, assistance et secours publics… L’an I de la République française, et plus précisément la période qui s’étend du 21 septembre 1792 au 5 septembre 1793 correspond à l’élargissement de la participation citoyenne (fin du cens), à la préparation par les législateurs d’une nouvelle Constitution censée entériner ces nouveaux droits, mais elle voit également la construction de nouveaux outils institutionnels pour faire face à une situation d’urgence, aux fondements du futur Gouvernement révolutionnaire.À travers les pratiques de la production (délibération) et de la diffusion (interactions des citoyens avec les autres acteurs) des arrêtés, il s’agit de comprendre le fonctionnement des assemblées générale et quel « modèle » de la citoyenneté en ressort. En suivant le parcours de arrêtés hors de l’assemblée, notamment dans les assemblées d’élus que sont le conseil général de la Commune de Paris et la Convention nationale, il s’agit également de savoir comment la parole populaire façonne les choix politiques de la nation et entre en compte dans l'élaboration des lois. En quoi les arrêtés contribuent-ils à construire un régime d’un type nouveau, une république à la fois démocratique et représentative ? / The orders issued by the general assemblies of Parisian sections are politic and juridical acts used by the citizens of Paris to express themselves and take decisions. These acts can be local bylaws (applied in the area of the section), as well as petitions addressed to deputies or other authorities. They dealt with various affairs: subsistence, education, the military, public assistance, etc.The first year of French republic, especially from 21st September 1792, to 5th September 1793, see the extension of the electoral body (end of the ownership vote) and the drafting of a new constitution by the Assembly in order to consecrate these rights. New institutional devices are also designed to tackle situations of emergency in a time of war and civil unrest, and they become the foundation of the revolutionary government and the Terror.The study of the production and the diffusion of the decrees of the Parisian sections reveals how the general assemblies are organized and what type of citizenship they shape. Following the course of the decrees after their redaction in the sections, especially in the elected assemblies of the General council of the Paris Commune and the National Convention, one can see how the popular voice is taken into account in the drafting of laws and resulte in political decisions. In other words, it reveals to what extent the voice of the people influence the construction of a new government, the first democratic and representative republic.
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Security and Liberty: the Republican dilemma in the Early American RepublicLong, Katya 26 May 2009 (has links)
A la fin du 18ème siècle, les Etats-Unis inaugurent les révolutions fondatrices ou refondatrices, directement inspirée des Lumières et ayant dialoguées par-delà l’Atlantique. La période révolutionnaire a vue une élite politique nouvelle aux prises avec la nécessité de bâtir un «ordre nouveau», c'est-à-dire de créer un gouvernement et de définir le rapport au monde de ce nouvel Etat. Cette quête a amené les acteurs politiques de la révolution à chercher un modèle politique différent de celui, dominant, des monarchies absolues. L’idée de république s’impose dès la déclaration d’indépendance. En effet, les Lumières avaient redécouvert le républicanisme qui pouvait incarner l’espoir d’un ordre politique réformé. Cependant, les républiques classiques et les exemples contemporains confirment l’idée alors partagée par tous qu’une république ne peut être qu’une petite entité politique au sein de laquelle vit une population restreinte d’hommes libres et où les différences sociales sont relativement faibles. Non seulement cette petite taille des républiques était-elle un phénomène empirique mais elle semblait être une loi d’airain. Depuis la reformulation du dilemme républicain par Machiavel, l’idée qu’une république ne puisse pas être libre et étendue faisait consensus. Cette première république moderne, fille des Lumières pacifistes, a pourtant mené une expansion quasi-continentale. Comment cette petite république à la périphérie du monde pouvait-elle réconcilier sa volonté de rompre avec les tentations hégémoniques et son désir de puissance ?Comment pouvait-elle s’étendre tout en préservant sa liberté républicaine ?Nous avons formulé l’hypothèse que la réponse à ces questions se trouve dans une redéfinition des principes et des méthodes de leur politique étrangère. Afin de minimiser les risques de corruption de la république, les acteurs de la révolution ont cherché à mettre en place une politique étrangère républicaine fondée sur les idées des Lumières. <p>Cette hypothèse nous a mené à articuler notre travail autour de trois axes de recherche :le premier portant sur la théorie politique internationale, le second sur le débat idéologique autour de la politique étrangère et le troisième sur les institutions de prise de décision et de mise en œuvre de cette politique étrangère. Ces trois axes sont reliés par les idées qui forment la structure intellectuelle des débats entre les acteurs ainsi que les déterminants de la création institutionnelle. <p>C’est là le cœur de notre thèse. En faisant appel à la méthodologie originale développée par Pierre Rosanvallon, qu’il décrit comme une histoire conceptuelle du politique, nous avons tout d’abord procédé à une étude du cadre intellectuel de la révolution américaine en mettant en lumière les évolutions des concepts-clefs de la philosophie des relations internationales par une analyse de la contribution de Montesquieu à la théorie politique internationale. <p>La thèse porte ensuite sur les débats révolutionnaires, la tension entre les idéologies des Lumières telles qu’illustrées par la pensée de Montesquieu et le désir d’expansion territoriale ou de grandeur des acteurs de la révolution. Nous avons choisi de consacrer notre étude aux élites, non pas que nous ne considérions pas l’histoire sociale digne d’intérêt mais nous avons postulé que dans cette phase de bouleversement politique, ce sont les élites politiques qui ont joué le rôle déterminant. Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse consiste en une étude du cadre constitutionnel, législatif et institutionnel de la politique étrangère républicaine issue de l’interaction entre la structure intellectuelle des Lumières et son interprétation par les acteurs. <p>Ainsi, notre analyse des idées, des acteurs et des institutions de la république américaine nous a permis de contribuer d’une part à la théorie des relations internationales en mettant en lumière les évolutions des concepts-clefs de la politique internationale au cours du 18ème siècle et d’autre part à l’histoire des idées politiques en étendant son champ aux questions internationales. Cela nous a permis également de mettre en lumière le lien étroit entre la structure idéelle, les intérêts et les stratégies des acteurs et la création des institutions politiques. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Analýza sepolker Jiřího Ignáce Linka / The analysis of sepolcri by Jiří Ignác LinekTříletý, Petr January 2016 (has links)
The author of the thesis wants to examine the applicability of the concept of galant style as presented by Robert Gjerdingen in his treatise Music in the Galant Style (2007). As a musical material which he wants to analyze by using the mentioned concept he chooses three extant sepolcros by a schoolmaster from Bakov nad Jizerou Jiří Ignác Linek (1725-1791). Further, he deals with a thesis by Eva Tomandlová (1934- 2010) written in the late 1950's that had these sepolcros as its subject. Thus, at presenting Gjerdingen's approach and its specific possibilities, the author can make use of comparison with a method which can be considered an exemplar of the prevailing analytical tradition. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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