O regionalismo tem sido tema de discussões incansáveis, especialmente nas letras gaúchas, que têm um dos regionalismos mais bem definidos da literatura brasileira. Com este trabalho, buscamos entender quando se deu o início desta categoria, no gênero conto, na literatura do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e como avançou pelo século XX. Neste estudo, debruçamo-nos sobre as obras: Tapera, de Alcides Maya (1911), Contos gauchescos, de João Simões Lopes Neto (1912), Campo fora, de Cyro Martins (1934), e Noite de matar um homem, de Sérgio Faraco (1986), por entendermos serem pontos determinantes de uma escalada do regionalismo no conto gaúcho. O escritor com o primeiro trabalho de ficção regionalista, na concepção típica do termo, no gênero de que estamos tratando é Maya; depois dele temos um nome que é referência no conto gaúcho, Lopes Neto; a seguir, com uma pausa de mais de duas décadas, encontramos o ―gaúcho a pé‖, figura criada por Martins e, com uma lacuna bem maior, surge o contemporâneo Faraco, que dedicou uma parte expressiva de sua produção ficcional para o conto regionalista. Nenhum grande valor das letras gaúchas surgiu depois dele até os dias de hoje. A fundamentação teórica amparou-se em Lúcia-Miguel Pereira e seu conceito de "cor local"; em José Clemente Pozzenato, por meio de suas discussões em torno do regional X universal; Antonio Candido, que traz uma tríplice divisão lúcida do regionalismo literário, à luz de teorias em torno da necessidade de acrescer consciência social e amplitude universal a esta categoria; além de Guilhermino Cesar, que nos fornece um importante diferenciador para o regionalismo gaúcho, que é "a gauchesca". Esses teóricos e os autores ficcionais de nosso estudo ajudam a esclarecer os rumos que o regionalismo gaúcho tomou no conto do Rio Grande do Sul no século XX. / Regionalism has been the theme of tireless discussions, especially in Regional Gaucha lyrics, which have one of the most definite regionalisms in the Brazilian Literature. This work searches to understand when this category started, in the short story genre, in the literature of Rio Grande do Sul State and how it headed through the XX century. In this study, we lean over the works: Tapera, by Alcides Maya (1911), Contos Gauchescos, by João Simões Lopes Neto (1912), Campo for a, by Cyro Martins (1934), and Noite de matar um homem, by Sérgio Faraco (1986), as we understand them to be determinant points from a rising to regionalism, in the typical concept of the term, in the genre we are dealing with is Maya; after him there is a name which is reference in the Gaucho short stories, Lopes Neto; and after that, with a halt of more than two decades, we meet the ‗walking gaucho‘, image created by Martins and, with an even bigger gap, appears the contemporaneous Faraco, who dedicated an expressive part of his fictional production to the regionalist short stories.(Continue)0 No other great name, in the gaucho writing, appeared after him, until the present days. The theoretical fundamentation and the support of Lúcia-Miguel Pereira and her concept of "local color"; José Clemente Pozzenato through his discussion around regional x universal. Antonio Candido, who a triple lucid division of the literary regionalism, under the light of the theories which go around the need to add social conscience and universal amplitude to this category; besides Ghilhermino Cesar, who gives us an important differentiating point to the Gaucho Regionalism, which is "the gauchesca". There theoretic and fictional authors of our study help to clear the rumors that the gaucho regionalism took, in the short stories of Rio Grande do Sul, in the XX century.

O regionalismo tem sido tema de discussões incansáveis, especialmente nas letras gaúchas, que têm um dos regionalismos mais bem definidos da literatura brasileira. Com este trabalho, buscamos entender quando se deu o início desta categoria, no gênero conto, na literatura do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e como avançou pelo século XX. Neste estudo, debruçamo-nos sobre as obras: Tapera, de Alcides Maya (1911), Contos gauchescos, de João Simões Lopes Neto (1912), Campo fora, de Cyro Martins (1934), e Noite de matar um homem, de Sérgio Faraco (1986), por entendermos serem pontos determinantes de uma escalada do regionalismo no conto gaúcho. O escritor com o primeiro trabalho de ficção regionalista, na concepção típica do termo, no gênero de que estamos tratando é Maya; depois dele temos um nome que é referência no conto gaúcho, Lopes Neto; a seguir, com uma pausa de mais de duas décadas, encontramos o ―gaúcho a pé‖, figura criada por Martins e, com uma lacuna bem maior, surge o contemporâneo Faraco, que dedicou uma parte expressiva de sua produção ficcional para o conto regionalista. Nenhum grande valor das letras gaúchas surgiu depois dele até os dias de hoje. A fundamentação teórica amparou-se em Lúcia-Miguel Pereira e seu conceito de "cor local"; em José Clemente Pozzenato, por meio de suas discussões em torno do regional X universal; Antonio Candido, que traz uma tríplice divisão lúcida do regionalismo literário, à luz de teorias em torno da necessidade de acrescer consciência social e amplitude universal a esta categoria; além de Guilhermino Cesar, que nos fornece um importante diferenciador para o regionalismo gaúcho, que é "a gauchesca". Esses teóricos e os autores ficcionais de nosso estudo ajudam a esclarecer os rumos que o regionalismo gaúcho tomou no conto do Rio Grande do Sul no século XX. / Regionalism has been the theme of tireless discussions, especially in Regional Gaucha lyrics, which have one of the most definite regionalisms in the Brazilian Literature. This work searches to understand when this category started, in the short story genre, in the literature of Rio Grande do Sul State and how it headed through the XX century. In this study, we lean over the works: Tapera, by Alcides Maya (1911), Contos Gauchescos, by João Simões Lopes Neto (1912), Campo for a, by Cyro Martins (1934), and Noite de matar um homem, by Sérgio Faraco (1986), as we understand them to be determinant points from a rising to regionalism, in the typical concept of the term, in the genre we are dealing with is Maya; after him there is a name which is reference in the Gaucho short stories, Lopes Neto; and after that, with a halt of more than two decades, we meet the ‗walking gaucho‘, image created by Martins and, with an even bigger gap, appears the contemporaneous Faraco, who dedicated an expressive part of his fictional production to the regionalist short stories.(Continue)0 No other great name, in the gaucho writing, appeared after him, until the present days. The theoretical fundamentation and the support of Lúcia-Miguel Pereira and her concept of "local color"; José Clemente Pozzenato through his discussion around regional x universal. Antonio Candido, who a triple lucid division of the literary regionalism, under the light of the theories which go around the need to add social conscience and universal amplitude to this category; besides Ghilhermino Cesar, who gives us an important differentiating point to the Gaucho Regionalism, which is "the gauchesca". There theoretic and fictional authors of our study help to clear the rumors that the gaucho regionalism took, in the short stories of Rio Grande do Sul, in the XX century.

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O regionalismo tem sido tema de discussões incansáveis, especialmente nas letras gaúchas, que têm um dos regionalismos mais bem definidos da literatura brasileira. Com este trabalho, buscamos entender quando se deu o início desta categoria, no gênero conto, na literatura do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e como avançou pelo século XX. Neste estudo, debruçamo-nos sobre as obras: Tapera, de Alcides Maya (1911), Contos gauchescos, de João Simões Lopes Neto (1912), Campo fora, de Cyro Martins (1934), e Noite de matar um homem, de Sérgio Faraco (1986), por entendermos serem pontos determinantes de uma escalada do regionalismo no conto gaúcho. O escritor com o primeiro trabalho de ficção regionalista, na concepção típica do termo, no gênero de que estamos tratando é Maya; depois dele temos um nome que é referência no conto gaúcho, Lopes Neto; a seguir, com uma pausa de mais de duas décadas, encontramos o ―gaúcho a pé‖, figura criada por Martins e, com uma lacuna bem maior, surge o contemporâneo Faraco, que dedicou uma parte expressiva de sua produção ficcional para o conto regionalista. Nenhum grande valor das letras gaúchas surgiu depois dele até os dias de hoje. A fundamentação teórica amparou-se em Lúcia-Miguel Pereira e seu conceito de "cor local"; em José Clemente Pozzenato, por meio de suas discussões em torno do regional X universal; Antonio Candido, que traz uma tríplice divisão lúcida do regionalismo literário, à luz de teorias em torno da necessidade de acrescer consciência social e amplitude universal a esta categoria; além de Guilhermino Cesar, que nos fornece um importante diferenciador para o regionalismo gaúcho, que é "a gauchesca". Esses teóricos e os autores ficcionais de nosso estudo ajudam a esclarecer os rumos que o regionalismo gaúcho tomou no conto do Rio Grande do Sul no século XX. / Regionalism has been the theme of tireless discussions, especially in Regional Gaucha lyrics, which have one of the most definite regionalisms in the Brazilian Literature. This work searches to understand when this category started, in the short story genre, in the literature of Rio Grande do Sul State and how it headed through the XX century. In this study, we lean over the works: Tapera, by Alcides Maya (1911), Contos Gauchescos, by João Simões Lopes Neto (1912), Campo for a, by Cyro Martins (1934), and Noite de matar um homem, by Sérgio Faraco (1986), as we understand them to be determinant points from a rising to regionalism, in the typical concept of the term, in the genre we are dealing with is Maya; after him there is a name which is reference in the Gaucho short stories, Lopes Neto; and after that, with a halt of more than two decades, we meet the ‗walking gaucho‘, image created by Martins and, with an even bigger gap, appears the contemporaneous Faraco, who dedicated an expressive part of his fictional production to the regionalist short stories.(Continue)0 No other great name, in the gaucho writing, appeared after him, until the present days. The theoretical fundamentation and the support of Lúcia-Miguel Pereira and her concept of "local color"; José Clemente Pozzenato through his discussion around regional x universal. Antonio Candido, who a triple lucid division of the literary regionalism, under the light of the theories which go around the need to add social conscience and universal amplitude to this category; besides Ghilhermino Cesar, who gives us an important differentiating point to the Gaucho Regionalism, which is "the gauchesca". There theoretic and fictional authors of our study help to clear the rumors that the gaucho regionalism took, in the short stories of Rio Grande do Sul, in the XX century.

Arising from Marxist theory, critical theory investigates the mechanisms that enable continued domination in capitalist society, with a view to revealing the real, but obscured, nature of social relations and enabling these to be challenged by subjugated classes. Within the broad spectrum of Marxist theory, social relations of domination and subordination are assigned according to the relationship of social classes to economic production. However, the neo-Marxist perspective developed by Antonio Gramsci locates relations of power within the broader context of the political economy. In doing so, the role of the State in a capitalist society assumes greater significance than that of maintaining and securing social relations on behalf of the dominant class through coercion and force. Instead, the State embarks on a range of activities in the attempted “exercise of hegemony”, or the cultivation of general acceptance by all social classes of existing social relations and conditions. Gramsci refers to this desired outcome as “consent”, the product of the successful exercise of hegemony, a political function which is thus crucial to the accumulation of capital. When unsuccessful, dissent cannot be contained by the State, and the extent to which contestation constitutes a threat is revealed by recourse to coercion. The manner in which relations of power are cemented through the exercise of hegemony lies at the core of this thesis. It investigates the relationship between the State and the administrators of an institution within civil society, the University of Fort Hare, as well as the responses to the activities of the State and University Administration within the University itself, over an extended period of time between 1916 and 2000. This period is divided into three specific time frames, according to changes in the expression of the South African State. In general, it is seen that conformity characterises the relationship between the State and the University Administration, underscoring the success of the State in fostering the role of education in the reproduction of social relations and values and in eliciting conformity. The nature of conformity is seen to vary according to different expressions of the State and changes in social relations, which are in turn informed by the overarching political economy and events taking place within society and the University of Fort Hare. Manifestations of consent and dissent, as responses to the attempted exercise of hegemony, are presented in the three periods corresponding to different expressions of the State. Four reasons for conformity, as presented by Gramscian scholar Joseph V Femia (1981), are utilised in order to explain and illustrate the nature of control and compliance at the University of Fort Hare between 1916 and 2000.

"Rum, Rome, and Rebellion: The Reform of Reform in the Political Fiction of the Gilded Age" examines a collection of American political novelists who were active during the mid- to late-nineteenth century. These writers were not only active in politics, they also used their experience in politics to compose realist fiction that typically contained a great deal of humor and satire. Despite their different backgrounds, each of these writers challenged the literary and political conventions of Romanticism, championing ironic detachment and cosmopolitanism. Although fiction about quotidian political life rarely achieves canonical status, such literature has always enjoyed a large readership, both in the nineteenth-century and in our own time. This dissertation attempts to untangle why we find (or don’t find) literature about quotidian political life entertaining and/or instructive, while also providing insight into this transitional period in American history. Each chapter concentrates on the fifty-year period between 1848 and 1898 from a different location, forming what are essentially four cross-sectional samples. This serves two interconnected purposes. One, it reorients the periodization of American literature and history away from 1865 by highlighting cultural continuities between the periods before and after the Civil War And two, it serves to highlight the integration of American literature, culture, and politics, with the broader, nineteenth-century Atlantic world, where the year 1865 carries less cultural significance. The first chapter begins in the nation's capital and examines the anti-populist liberalism of Henry Adams and John Hay. From Washington, we move north to New England where we encounter Henry James’s Bostonians. With the exception of Lionel Trilling, few major critics have championed James’s "middle period," which provides quasi-ethnographic sketches of political movements on both sides of the Atlantic. I reveal James’s long-standing fascination and engagement with the political analyses of Alexis de Tocqueville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and his friend, Henry Adams. I show how the novel anticipates George Santayana’s notion of "the genteel tradition" which dominated northern American culture during this period. After examining two canonical figures, I turn my attention in a more southerly direction, to two lesser known authors. The first is Maria Ruiz de Burton, a Mexican writer from the Southwestern Borderlands who immigrated to the U.S. after the Mexican-American War. Ruiz de Burton has primarily been read as a proto-Chicana/o author, but I view her as a cosmopolitan whose observations about American culture and politics resemble those of James and Santayana. My last chapter is set in Louisiana, where we encounter and recover an eccentric, Spanish-Creole politician and author named Charles Gayarré and his 1856 novel The School for Politics, a satire of local machine politics. Largely forgotten today, Gayarré was connected to intellectual circles in both Europe and Latin America, and was acquainted with American writers like Herman Melville and Henry Adams. I relate The School for Politics with his later political novels in which anti-imperialism and a pluralistic plea for the tolerance of ethnic minorities also implicitly serve as an apology for racial segregation in the Jim Crow South.

[ES] Las ciudades portuarias se benefician de diseños innovadores a un ritmo más rápido que los asentamientos del interior, sirviendo como campos de prueba y laboratorios técnico-edilicios. Este fue el caso de las tecnologías edilicias y los pioneros que se arriesgaron a utilizarlas en la región rodeada del Mar Caribe y el Océano Atlántico. Estas obras fueron importantes exponentes de una evolución y revolución tecnológica, desde 1895-1930, enmarcados por la Revolución Industrial y las guerras que definieron el período. Las tecnologías de construcción de principios del siglo XX que utilizaron el cemento pórtland, han sido poco estudiadas en los trópicos. Lograr un entendimiento del importante papel que jugaron los elementos arquitectónicos fabricados con materiales de vanguardia en esta época como las armaduras de acero, forman la base de este estudio, ya que promovieron la evolución de la arquitectura tropical, particularmente en Cuba. El diseño de componentes estructurales, fachadas e interiores fueron profundamente impactados por elementos arquitectónicos posibilitados por un molde con mezcla de cemento que permitió todo tipo de siluetas y formas y que facilitó la instalación, y proporcionó competitividad en costo. Durante la última década del siglo XIX, tanto empresarios como artesanos de España y Estados Unidos emigraron al Caribe Hispano. Productos de cemento pórtland fueron inicialmente importados del Viejo Mundo hasta que se establecieron las primeras fábricas de cemento locales. Luego de la Guerra Hispano-cubano-americana de 1898, durante un período de crecimiento económico debido a la productividad y ventas del azúcar, hubo un aumento en los proyectos de construcción de cemento y aquellos con estructuras de acero estructural como nuevos materiales edilicios. La instauración de un gobierno temporero por los E.E. U.U. en Cuba, proveyó un activo amanecer a la industrialización en la región y la inmigración de profesionales de la industria de la construcción. En las islas progresistas del Caribe Hispano, el furor por la "modernización" aumentó debido a los logros estructurales exitosos en los E.E. U.U. para esta época, donde edificios en ciudades como Chicago y Nueva York habían alcanzado nuevas alturas y estructuras mucho más ligeras construidas con esqueletos fabricados de acero. Durante este período de experimentación y riesgo descontrolado, el uso de elementos importados para edificar una estructura de acero sirvió como sustituto viable a la construcción tradicional. Esto ayudó a que se convirtiese en la tecnología preferida para la construcción de estructuras altas, ligeras, con menos divisiones interiores, grandes ventanales y a prueba de fuego y de huracanes. Como resultado de estas iniciativas, entre los años 1899-1900, se estableció en La Habana la primera sucursal ultramar de los ingenieros estadounidenses Purdy & Henderson. Los esfuerzos y visión de esta empresa exitosa de diseño, compuesta por ingenieros y arquitectos talentosos y experimentados, los trajeron a Cuba, donde podrían establecerse con sus conocimientos vanguardistas y experiencia innovadora. Poco se ha escrito sobre la importante obra habanera de P&H, y esta tesis llena este vacío. Los primeros proyectos cubanos de esta compañía, que coincidieron con los años fundacionales de la República de Cuba, incluyeron múltiples edificios con estructura de acero revestidos con distintos materiales arquitectónicos. Entre estas estructuras emblemáticas se encuentran el Centro Gallego, el Capitolio, y el Hotel Nacional. Sus labores incluyeron una estrecha colaboración con arquitectos e ingenieros cubanos, sirviendoles como sus consultores. A la vez, P&H incorporó servicios de construcción y supervisión de obras a esta sucursal de su empresa, e incluyó también la importación de materiales y equipos para proyectos. Sus contribuciones en Cuba (y específicamente en La Habana), como poder importante en la región, merecen el enfoque de esta tesis doctoral. / [CA] Les ciutats portuàries es beneficien de dissenys innovadors a un ritme més ràpid que els assentaments de l'interior, servint com a camps de prova i laboratoris tècnic-edilicis. Aquest va ser el cas de les tecnologies edilícies i els pioners que es van arriscar a utilitzar-les a la regió envoltada de la Mar Carib i l'Oceà Atlàntic. Aquestes obres van ser importants exponents d'una evolució i revolució tecnològica, des de 1895-1930, emmarcats per la Revolució Industrial i les guerres que van definir el període. Les tecnologies de construcció de principis del segle XX que van utilitzar el ciment pòrtland, han estat poc estudiades en els tròpics. Aconseguir un enteniment de l'important paper que van jugar els elements arquitectònics fabricats amb materials d'avantguarda en aquesta època com les armadures d'acer, formen la base d'aquest estudi, ja que van promoure l'evolució de l'arquitectura tropical, particularment a Cuba. El disseny de components estructurals, façanes i interiors van ser profundament impactats per elements arquitectònics possibilitats per un motlle amb mescla de ciment que va permetre tot tipus de siluetes i formes i que va facilitar la instal·lació, i va proporcionar competitivitat en cost. Durant l'última dècada del segle XIX, tant empresaris com artesans d'Espanya i els Estats Units van emigrar al Carib Hispà. Productes de ciment pòrtland van ser inicialment importats del Vell Món fins que es van establir les primeres fàbriques de ciment locals. Després de la Guerra Hispà-cubà-americana de 1898, durant un període de creixement econòmic a causa de la productivitat i vendes del sucre, va haver-hi un augment en els projectes de construcció de ciment i aquells amb estructures d'acer estructural com a nous materials edilicis. La instauració d'un govern temporer pels E.E. U.U. a Cuba, va proveir un actiu començar el dia a la industrialització a la regió i la immigració de professionals de la indústria de la construcció. A les illes progressistes del Carib Hispà, el furor per la "modernització" va augmentar a causa dels assoliments estructurals reeixits en els E.E. U.U. per a aquesta època, on edificis en ciutats com Chicago i Nova York havien aconseguit noves altures i estructures molt més lleugeres construïdes amb esquelets fabricats d'acer. Durant aquest període d'experimentació i risc descontrolat, l'ús d'elements importats per a edificar una estructura d'acer va servir com a substitut viable a la construcció tradicional. Això va ajudar al fet que es convertís en la tecnologia preferida per a la construcció d'estructures altes, lleugeres, amb menys divisions interiors, grans finestrals i a prova de foc i d'huracans. Com a resultat d'aquestes iniciatives, entre els anys 1899-1900, es va establir a l'Havana la primera sucursal ultramar dels enginyers estatunidencs Purdy & Henderson. Els esforços i visió d'aquesta empresa reeixida de disseny, composta per enginyers i arquitectes talentosos i experimentats, els van portar a Cuba, on podrien establir-se amb els seus coneixements avantguardistes i experiència innovadora. Poc s'ha escrit sobre la important obra havanera de P&H, i aquesta tesi plena aquest buit. Els primers projectes cubans d'aquesta companyia, que van coincidir amb els anys fundacionals de la República de Cuba, van incloure múltiples edificis amb estructura d'acer revestits amb diferents materials arquitectònics. Entre aquestes estructures emblemàtiques es troben el Centre Gallec, el Capitoli, i l'Hotel Nacional. La feina de casa van incloure una estreta col·laboració amb arquitectes i enginyers cubans, sirviéndoles com els seus consultors. Alhora, P&H va incorporar serveis de construcció i supervisió d'obres a aquesta sucursal de la seva empresa, i va incloure també la importació de materials i equips per a projectes. Les seves contribucions a Cuba (i específicament a l'Havana), com a poder important a la regió, mereixen l'enfocament d'aquesta tesi doctoral. / [EN] Port cities benefit from innovative designs at a faster rate than inland settlements, serving as testing grounds and structural-technical laboratories. This was the case of the building technologies and pioneers who risked using them in the region surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. These projects were important exponents of a technological evolution and revolution, from 1895-1930, framed by the Industrial Revolution and the wars that defined the period. Early 20th century construction technologies using Portland cement have been under studied in the tropics. Achieving an understanding of the important role these architectural elements played as avant-garde materials of the time, such as the steel frame, form the basis of this study, since they promoted the evolution of tropical architecture, particularly in Cuba. The design of structural components, facades and interiors were deeply impacted by architectural elements made possible by a cement mix and a mold that allowed for all kinds of forms and shapes and facilitated installation while providing cost competitiveness. During the last decade of the 19th century, both businessmen and artisans from Spain and the United States immigrated to the Hispanic Caribbean. Portland cement products were initially imported from the Old World until the first local cement factories were established. After the Spanish-Cuban-American War of 1898, during a period of economic growth due to the productivity and sales of sugar, there was an increase in construction projects with cement as well as those with structural steel structures as new building materials. The establishment of a temporary government by the USA in Cuba, provided the dawn for industrialization in the region and the immigration of professionals from the construction industry. In the progressive islands of the Spanish Caribbean, the rage for "modernization" increased due to successful structural achievements in the USA by this time, where buildings in cities like Chicago and New York had reached new heights and much lighter structures built with frames made of steel. During this period of experimentation and uncontrolled risk, the use of imported elements to build a steel structure served as a viable substitute for traditional construction. This helped make it the preferred technology for building tall, lightweight structures with fewer interior divisions, large windows, and that were fire and hurricane proof. As a result of these initiatives, between the years 1899-1900, the first overseas branch of American engineers Purdy & Henderson was established in Havana. The efforts and vision of this successful design firm, comprised of talented and experienced engineers and architects, brought them to Cuba, where they could establish themselves with their cutting-edge knowledge and innovative expertise. Little has been written about the important Havana work of P&H, and this thesis fills this gap. The first Cuban projects of this company, which coincided with the founding years of the Republic of Cuba, included multiple buildings with steel structures covered with different architectural materials. Amongst their emblematic structures are the Centro Gallego, the Capitolio, and the Hotel Nacional. Their work included a close collaboration with Cuban architects and engineers, serving as their consultants. Concurrently, P&H added construction and supervision services to this branch of its company, and also included the importation of plumbing materials and project equipment. Their contributions in Cuba (and specifically in Havana), as an important power in the region, deserve the focus of this doctoral thesis. / Cueto De Pantel, BD. (2023). Nuevos materiales y tecnologías edilicias en el Caribe Hispano y sus pioneros (1895-1930) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/193685

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This dissertation examines how the trait of intelligence is portrayed in novels of twentieth-century Britain, and how this portrayal grapples with the quantitative revolution in the conception of intelligence, brought on by the invention of IQ testing in the 1900s. I trace the construction of characters’ intelligence across different genres, starting with Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories, through the modernist Bildungsromane of Henry James, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, to Iris Murdoch’s realism, and finally to Lee Child’s late twentieth- century serial thrillers featuring Jack Reacher. I posit that the IQ model of intelligence as abstracted, quantified, and statistically measurable is profoundly at odds with the novelistic investment in the unique individual subject. This project traces the narratological strategies of characterization through which intelligence—or cleverness, or smartness, or brightness—are conveyed to the reader. Novels, generally speaking, do not provide the IQ scores of their characters; and though we might occasionally encounter an explicit narratorial characterization of some fictional being or other as “remarkably clever,” most often we must rely on perceptions of behavior, speech, and thought in order to assess characters’ intelligence, much as we do in real life. As the psychometric paradigm gained prominence in the psychological circles in the United States, England, and Europe, and as more people were exposed—and subjected—to intelligence testing, its values and assumptions gained more cultural traction. Attributes like mathematical facility, logical and systemic thinking, or a large vocabulary, are likely to yield a high score on an IQ test, as well as a favorable judgment in an informal, casual assessment, such as that of a date or a new acquaintance at a party. This dissertation, therefore, explores how this permeation of the psychometric paradigm into general culture affect the novelistic construction of smartness. Ultimately, I argue that against the IQ model, the novels I am reading construct a conception of intelligence as a coherent set of cognitive abilities, remarkably consistent across genres, which overlaps, yet reconfigures, the priorities and epistemological frameworks of psychometrics. This model centers on the notion of observation, i.e., a mix of sensory susceptibility to impressions and the cognitive skill of taking notice of the world and of other people. It is both anchored to the body by connoting a sensory experience, and divorced from it in conveying a more purely cognitive process, one of directing attention and processing information, thus renegotiating psychometric assumptions regarding embodiment and sensory experience—as well as the relationship between the individual’s intelligence, the world, and the minds of others.

[ES] El objetivo principal de esta investigación es estudiar el jardín de la Casa-Estudio Benlliure para intentar identificar su configuración original, y caracterizar esta configuración desde la perspectiva de la arquitectura del paisaje. El jardín de la Casa-Estudio Benlliure, construido entre 1896 y 1920, es un espacio de interés notable ubicado en el barrio del Carmen de Valencia. Este jardín se adecua plenamente a la definición y caracterización de los jardines históricos que se recoge en la Carta de Florencia, puesto que se trata de un paisaje cultural, en este caso un jardín privado de dimensiones reducidas, que ha sido moldeado por el ser humano y ha perdurado a lo largo del tiempo, adquiriendo una significación social, histórica y artística relevante, dado que pertenece a la residencia y estudio del pintor valenciano José Benlliure Gil (1856-1937) y su familia. A pesar de las diversas publicaciones y estudios dedicados a la Casa-Estudio Benlliure, hasta la fecha actual no se ha realizado ninguna investigación exhaustiva sobre su jardín, que se convierte en un tema de estudio inexplorado. La singularidad de este jardín como uno de los raros ejemplos de jardines burgueses en la ciudad subraya aún más su relevancia en el ámbito de la investigación. Además, su condición de jardín creado por un artista permite explorar la interrelación entre el propio jardín y la obra de José Benlliure. Cabe destacar que el jardín forma parte integrante del con-junto museístico, propiedad del Ayuntamiento de Valencia que comprende la casa y el estudio del pintor, convirtiéndose así en un espacio accesible al público. La investigación realizada sobre el jardín de la Casa-Estudio Benlliure arranca con el análisis de su evolución histórica y su estado actual, junto con la evaluación de la información disponible sobre el diseño original. Esta información nos permitirá realizar un análisis comparativo del estado actual y del estado original del jardín en tiempos de los Benlliure. A continuación, se estudian los referentes para su caracterización, tanto en el campo de la teoría y práctica del diseño del jardín privado en el paisajismo, como en el arte pictórico de finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, para establecer comparativas con el jardín objeto de estudio. Por último, se realiza una evaluación final e identificación de sus elementos caracterizadores, de la que emerge una interpretación del jardín Benlliure como palimpsesto. El análisis y caracterización realizados desde la perspectiva de la arquitectura del paisaje pueden ser la base para su reconocimiento como Jardín Singular por parte de la administración, y un primer paso por una futura restitución del jardín de la Casa-Museo Benlliure en el contexto actual de una Casa-Museo, permitiendo plantear el futuro del actual jardín desde unas bases fundamentadas en el conocimiento de su pasado. / [CA] L'objectiu principal d'aquesta investigació és estudiar el jardí de la Casa-Estudi Benlliure per intentar identificar-ne la seva configuració original, i caracteritzar aquesta configuració des de la perspectiva de l'arquitectura del paisatge. El jardí de la Casa-Estudi Benlliure, construït entre 1896 i 1920, és un espai d'interès notable ubicat en el barri del Carme de València. Aquest jardí s'adequa plenament a la definició i caracterització dels jardins històrics que es recull a la Carta de Florència, ja que es tracta d¿un paisatge cultural, en aquest cas un jardí privat de dimensions reduïdes, que ha estat modelat per l'ésser humà i ha perdurat al llarg del temps, adquirint una significació social, històrica i artística rellevant, atès que pertany a la residència i estudi del pintor valencià José Benlliure Gil (1856-1937) i la seva família. Malgrat les diverses publicacions i estudis dedicats a la Casa-Estudi Benlliure, fins a la data actual no s'ha realitzat cap investigació exhaustiva sobre el seu jardí, que esdevé un tema d'estudi inexplorat. La singularitat d'aquest jardí com a un dels rars exemples de jardins burgesos a la ciutat subratlla encara més la seva rellevància en l'àmbit de la investigació. A més, la seva condició de jardí creat per un artista permet explorar la interrelació entre el propi jardí i l'obra de José Benlliure. Val a remarcar que el jardí forma part integrant del conjunt museístic, propietat de l'Ajuntament de València que comprèn la casa i l'estudi del pintor, convertint-se així en un espai accessible al públic. La investigació realitzada sobre el jardí de la Casa-Estudi Benlliure arrenca amb l'anàlisi de la seva evolució històrica i del seu estat actual, juntament amb l'avaluació de la informació disponible sobre el disseny original. Aquesta informació ens permetrà fer una anàlisi comparativa de l'estat actual i de l'estat original del jardí en temps dels Benlliure. A continuació, s'estudien els referents per a la seva caracterització, tant al camp de la teoria i pràctica del disseny del jardí privat al paisatgisme, com a l'art pictòric de finals del segle XIX i principis del segle XX, per establir comparatives amb el jardí objecte d¿estudi. Finalment, es realitza una avaluació final i identificació dels seus elements caracteritzadors, de la qual emergeix una interpretació del jardí Benlliure com a palimpsest. L'anàlisi i caracterització realitzats des de la perspectiva de l'arquitectura del paisatge poden ser la base pel seu reconeixement com a Jardí Singular per part de l'administració, i un primer pas per una futura restitució del jardí de la Casa-Museu Benlliure en el context actual d'una Casa-Museu, permetent plantejar el futur de l'actual jardí des d'unes bases fonamentades en el coneixement del seu passat. / [EN] The main objective of this research is to study the garden of the Benlliure House-Studio to try to identify its original configuration and characterize this configuration from the perspective of landscape architecture. The garden of the Benlliure House-Studio, built between 1896 and 1920, is a space of notable interest located in the Carmen neighbourhood of Valen-cia. This garden fully complies with the definition and characterization of historical gardens included in the Charter of Florence, since it is a cultural landscape, in this case a small private garden, which has been shaped by humans. and has endured over time, acquiring a relevant social, historical, and artistic significance, given that it belongs to the residence and studio of the Valencian painter José Benlliure Gil (1856-1937) and his family. Despite the various publications and studies dedicated to the Benlliure House Study, no exhaustive research has been carried out on its garden, which has become an unexplored topic of study. The uniqueness of this garden as one of the rare examples of bourgeois gardens in the city further underlines its relevance in the field of research. Furthermore, its condition as a garden created by an artist allows us to explore the interrelationship between the garden itself and the work of José Benlliure. It should be noted that the garden is an integral part of the museum complex, property of the Valencia City Council, which includes the painter's house and studio, thus becoming a space accessible to the public. The research carried out on the garden of the Benlliure House Studio begins with the analysis of its historical evolution and its current state, together with the evaluation of the information available about the original design. This information will allow us to carry out a comparative analysis of the current state and the original state of the garden in the times of the Benlliure family. Next, the references are studied for their characterization, both in the field of theory and practice of private garden design in landscaping and in the pictorial art of the late 19th century and early 20th century, to establish comparisons with the garden under study. Finally, a final evaluation and identification of its characterizing elements is carried out, from which an interpretation of the Benlliure garden as a palimpsest emerges. The analysis and characterization carried out from the perspective of landscape architecture can be the basis for its recognition as a Singular Garden by the administration and a first step towards future restitution of the garden of the Benlliure House-Museum in the context of current nature of a House-Museum, allowing us to propose the future of the current garden from bases based on the knowledge of its past. / Quintana Seguí, E. (2024). El jardí de la Casa-Estudi Benlliure. Anàlisi i caracterització des de l'arquitectura del paisatge [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206097