Cette recherche se penche sur l’impact des facteurs contextuels, familiaux et individuels dans l’accessibilité au postsecondaire des Premières Nations et des Métis âgés entre 18 et 34 ans qui vivent hors collectivités des Premières Nations au Canada. En plus de l’impact de ces facteurs au niveau national, cette recherche s’intéresse aussi à leur impact selon les trois types de systèmes scolaires canadiens « à choix exclusif », « à choix progressif » et « à choix multiples ». Des régressions logistiques multinomiales ont été réalisées sur les données de l’enquête auprès des peuples Autochtones de 2012. Trois groupes de facteurs qui totalisent 24 indicateurs ont été examinés afin de répondre aux questions de recherche. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que même si les facteurs contextuels, tels que l’environnement social et scolaire au secondaire et les facteurs familiaux, tels que la scolarité des membres de la famille sont déterminants dans l’accès au postsecondaire des Autochtones, les facteurs individuels sont les principaux facteurs prédictifs de cet accès. Parmi les facteurs les plus importants, il y a la performance académique et le décrochage scolaire, suivi de l’âge qui affecte considérablement cet accès, particulièrement à l’université. De plus, l’analyse de l’effet de modération selon les trois systèmes scolaires canadiens a également permis de distinguer une différence significative entre ces derniers qui est perceptible, d’une part, par les variances expliquées et, d’autre part, par l’impact différé des trois groupes de facteurs étudiés. / This research assesses the impact of contextual, family and individual factors in access to postsecondary education of First Nations and Métis people aged between 18 and 34 years old, living outside First Nations communities in Canada. This research examines also the impact of these factors across the three postsecondary types of school systems of Canada, i.e., “exclusive choice”, “progressive choice” and “multiple choice”. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed on the data of the Aboriginal Peoples Survey of 2012. Three groups of factors totaling 24 indicators were examined in order to answer the research questions. The results of this research show that, while contextual factors, such as the social and academic environment and family factors, such as the high academic level of family’s members are determinant in access to postsecondary education among Aboriginals living outside First Nations communities, the individual factors are the main predictors of this access. Among these main predictors, there are academic performance, dropping out of school and age. In addition, the analysis of moderation effects according to the three postsecondary types of systems present in Canada showed significant differences that can be seen, first, in the explained variance and second, in the difference between the importance of the different groups of factors in each system.

Cette thèse propose une approche transversale entre différentes disciplines : musicologie historique, musicologie analytique (analyse des œuvres et génétique de l’œuvre) et sociologie des arts (analyse socio-économique et analyse sociologique de la trajectoire de l’œuvre). Les compositeurs de la « Nouvelle Simplicité » sont à l’origine d’un courant compositionnel très large réintégrant les formes musicales traditionnelles dans une interprétation nouvelle, réactivant la fonction de la polarité des consonances et des dissonances. La notion de « simplicité » et les idées qui ont émergé de ce concept ont ainsi été un catalyseur qui a participé à l’établissement du postmodernisme en Allemagne. Toutefois, la génération de la « Nouvelle Simplicité » et leurs idées et concepts en communs ont trouvé une fin brutale avec la chute du mur de Berlin et les changements culturels et politiques induits par ce bouleversement. Les évolutions politiques et la création d’une nouvelle Akademie der Künste Berlin qui représentait une fusion de l’Akademie der Künste Berlin est et ouest ont abouti à une opposition entre deux signataires du premier manifeste de cette génération de compositeurs : W. Rihm, avec son abstention du débat, et H-J. von Bose, avec son retrait de l’Akadémie der Künste Berlin (il sera suivi de plusieurs autres artistes tels que G. Ligeti et G. Baselitz). Cela marque la fin définitive de la collaboration de cette génération de compositeurs. / This thesis proposes a cross-disciplinary approach between: historical musicology, analytical musicology (analysis of pieces and the genetics of the piece) and art sociology (socio- economic analysis and sociological analysis of artistic practice). The "New Simplicity" composers were the source of a very wide compositional current reintegrating traditional musical forms in a new interpretation, reactivating the function of the polarity of consonance and dissonance. The notion of "simplicity" and ideas that emerged from this concept were a catalyst that contributed to the establishment of postmodernism in Germany. However, the generation of the "New Simplicity" and their shared ideas and concepts came to an abrupt end with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the cultural and political changes induced by this upheaval. Political developments and the creation of a new Akademie der Künste Berlin representing a fusion of Akademie der Künste Berlin East and West led to an opposing position between two first manifesto signatories of this generation of composers: W. Rihm with his abstention from the debate and H-J. von Bose with his withdrawal from the Akademie der Künste Berlin in common with many other artists such as G. Ligeti and G. Baselitz, marking the definitive end of the collaboration of this generation of composers.

Annotation1 This diploma thesis aims on the migration as a topic of regional election in 2016. This topic became resonating in Czech environment and appeared at several political subjects across the political spectrum. The author focuses on four regions in this thesis: South-Moravian, Moravian-Silesian, Plzeň region and Ústecký region. In respect of these territorial units the author aims on topic of migration, considering election 2016 as well as 2012, in order to clarify if the topic of migration is entirely new or it has already shown up in the czech political environment in previous election. The author aims on the first and second order election problematics in the the2 sis and also studies the role of the party's center and periphery in the regional election 2016 and 2012 in the territorial units mentioned above respectively.The author supports the research with a survey. The thesis consists of two levels. First is teoretical part, where the author defines the concept of migration, its kinds, etc. The author also explaines the theory of first and second order election. Following practical part operates with individual political programs, articles and election results. Main goal of the thesis is to answer the question if the migration was one of the main topics of regional election 2016. Another goal...

This diploma thesis aims on the migration as one of topics relevant in the regional election in 2016. This topic became resonating in Czech environment and appeared to be a theme for several political subjects across whole political spectrum. The author of this thesis focuses on four regions: South-Moravian and Moravian-Silesian regions, Plzeň region and Ústí region. In respect of these territorial units the author aims on topic of migration as itself, considering not only election 2016 but also the 2012 poll, in order to clarify if the migration topic is entirely new or if it has already shown up in the Czech political environment in previous elections. The author aims on the first and second order election problematics in the thesis and also analysis the role of parties' centers and periphery in the regional election of the years 2016 and 2012 in the territorial units mentioned above respectively. The author supports the research with a survey. The thesis consists of two parts. First part is theoretical one, where the author defines the concept of migration, kinds of migration, etc. The author also explains the theory of first and second order election. After the theoretical part, it is followed by a practical part operating with individual political programs, articles and election results. Main...

Skolverket konstruerar och ger ut nationella prov för elever som studerar svenska som andraspråk på grundläggande nivå i grundskolan. Däremot finns inga nationella prov för vuxna elever på vuxenutbildningen. Elevernas provresultat kan ge en uppfattning om den tillägnade språkkunskapen i svenska är tillräcklig för att gå vidare till svenska som andraspråk på gymnasienivå. Denna mindre studie behandlar hur några lärare på vuxenutbildningen motiverar huruvida avslutande kursprov behövs eller inte. Hur detta formuleras i läroplanen för vuxenutbildningen och kursplanen för svenska som andraspråk undersöks också. Några språkforskares syn på kunskap, lärande och bedömning utgör den teoretiska utgångspunkten. De resultat studien visar, pekar på att avslutande kursprov efterfrågas av lärarna. Lärarna uppfattar att även elever efterfrågar dessa prov. Detta jämförs med de centrala dokumenten, som stödjer att avslutande prov ska ge lärare stöd i sin bedömning. Några teoretikers syn på kunskap, lärande, prov och bedömning behandlas också för att tydliggöra en motivering av avslutande kursprov. / Skolverket constructs and distributes final examination in Swedish as a second language. These tests are only given to younger students at compulsory level, not to adult students. The students' test results can give an idea of whether the language proficiency in Swedish is sufficient to move to Swedish as a secondary language at upper secondary level. This smaller study treats how teachers in adult education perceive whether or not the final exam test is necessary. How this is formulated in the curriculum for adult education and the syllabus for Swedish as a second language is also examined. Some language researchers' views on knowledge, learning and assessment constitute the theoretical point of origin. The results of the study indicate that the final exam tests are demanded by the teachers. Teachers perceive that even students request these tests. This is compared with the central documents supporting the final exam to provide teachers with support in their assessment. Some theorists' views on knowledge, learning, testing and assessment are also discussed to clarify a motivation for the final exam.

Cette thèse est composée de trois articles qui portent sur les promesses électorales au Canada. Dans le premier article, nous illustrons l'importance de tenir compte du temps dans l'étude de la tenue des promesses électorales. Nous ajoutons ainsi un élément important aux discussions académiques en cours sur les facteurs qui influencent la mise en oeuvre des promesses électorales. Contrairement aux études précédentes, qui supposent que la réalisation de promesses est un processus qui se produit de façon uniforme au fil du temps, nous analysons la mise en oeuvre des promesses en utilisant une approche BTSCS (Binary Time-Series Cross-Section) qui met en évidence de nouvelles dynamiques. Plus précisément, nous constatons que si le gouvernement ne tient pas ses engagements électoraux dans la première moitié de son mandat, la probabilité que ceux-ci soient tenus diminue drastiquement. L'approche de modélisation discrète du temps (discrete time model) nous permet également d'étudier de plus près les relations existant entre le solde budgétaire et la réalisation des promesses. Notre recherche étend également l'étude de la mise en oeuvre des promesses à un nouveau cas, la province de Québec, pour la période de 1994 à 2014. Enfin, nous effectuons également des analyses similaires sur les données canadiennes couvrant sept gouvernements successifs de 1993 à 2015. Cette étude analyse un total de 1431 promesses électorales codées manuellement. Dans le second article, nous examinons les évaluations que font les citoyens de la tenue des promesses électorales en utilisant les données de l'Étude électorale canadienne de 2015. Nous observons que l'exactitude de ces évaluations augmente en présence de facteurs liés aux connaissances des citoyens, à savoir les connaissances politiques et l'importance relative de chaque promesse. Par ailleurs, nous constatons que les évaluations des citoyens reposent souvent sur des facteurs non fondés sur les faits, tels que leur identité et des croyances a priori, y compris l'identification partisane et la confiance politique. La présence de ces facteurs n'augmente pas la probabilité de répondre correctement. Nous constatons également, à l’aide d’une expérience par sondage divisé, qu’un changement dans la formulation des questions affecte le ton de l’évaluation des promesses, mais pas leur exactitude. Dans le troisième article, nous étudions la couverture des promesses électorales dans les médias. Plus précisément, cet article cherche à savoir si les médias alertent les citoyens lorsqu'une promesse électorale est rompue. Cette étude porte sur les 244 promesses faites par le Parti conservateur, lors des élections canadiennes de 2008 et de 2011. Notre période d’étude s'étend du déclenchement de l'élection de 2008 (07/09/2008) jusqu’à la fin du mandat de 2011 (08/04/2015). Cet article révèle que les médias alertent les citoyens lorsqu'un engagement est rompu. Nous constatons également que le «modèle d'alarme antivol» (Burglar Alarm), issu du domaine de la communication politique, fournit une description adéquate des dynamiques entourant la couverture médiatique des engagements électoraux. / This doctoral dissertation is composed of three articles related to electoral pledges in Canada. In the first article, we highlight the importance of accounting for time in the study of pledge fulfillment, effectively adding a significant element to the ongoing academic discussions of the factors that influence the fulfillment of party promises. Unlike previous analyses in which pledge fulfillment is assumed to be a uniform process occurring over time, we analyze party pledge fulfillment using a discrete time approach: doing so highlights yet unobserved dynamics. More precisely, we find that if the government does not enact pledges within the first half of its mandate, the probability of these pledges ever being fulfilled drops drastically. The discrete time modeling approach also allows us to investigate the relationships existing between the budget balance and pledge fulfillment more thoroughly. Our research also extends the study of pledge fulfillment to a new case, the province of Quebec, for the period of 1994–2014 encompassing six governments. Finally, we also conduct similar analyses on Canadian pledge fulfillment data spanning seven successive governments from 1993 to 2015. This study analyzes a total of 1431 manually coded election pledges. In the second article, we examine citizens’ evaluations of specific campaign pledge fulfillment using data from the 2015 Canadian Election Study. We find that the accuracy of these evaluations increases in the presence of factors related to citizens’ informed judgments, namely political knowledge and the relative importance of each pledge. On the other hand, we find that citizens’ evaluations often turn on factors not based on informed judgments but rather on group identities and a priori beliefs, including partisan identification and political trust. The presence of these factors does not to increase the likelihood of accuracy of pledge evaluations. We also find, through a split ballot experiment, that even though a change in question wording affects the tone of pledge evaluations, it does not affect their accuracy. In the third article, we investigate the portrayal of electoral pledges in the news media. We know very little about the portrayal of electoral pledges in news media which is problematic because we do know the majority of citizens do not read electoral platforms, budgets, bills, etc. and as such obtain the information they need from the media. More precisely, this article investigates whether the media alert citizens when a pledge is broken? This study covers the 244 pledges made by the government party, the Conservative Party, during the 2011 and 2008 Canadian elections. Our period ranges from the 2008 election (07/09/2008) to the end of the 2011 mandate (08/04/2015). This study finds that the news media do alert citizens when a pledge is broken and that what is often described as the “Burglar alarm model” in political communication provides an apt description of the dynamics at play in the coverage of electoral pledges.

The origin of silicic magma in basalt-dominated oceanic settings is fundamental to our understanding of magmatic processes and formation of the earliest continental crust. Particularly significant is magma-crust interaction that can modify the composition of magma and the dynamics of volcanism. This thesis investigates silicic magma genesis on different scales in two ocean island settings. First, volcanic products from a series of voluminous Neogene silicic centres in northeast Iceland are investigated using rock and mineral geochemistry, U-Pb geochronology, and oxygen isotope analysis. Second, interfacial processes of magma-crust interaction are investigated using geochemistry and 3D X-ray computed microtomography on crustal xenoliths from the 2011-12 El Hierro eruption, Canary Islands. The results from northeast Iceland constrain a rapid outburst of silicic magmatism driven by a flare of the Iceland plume and/or by formation of a new rift zone, causing large volume injection of basaltic magma into hydrated basaltic crust. This promoted crustal recycling by partial melting of the hydrothermally altered Icelandic crust, thereby producing mixed-origin silicic melt pockets that reflect the heterogeneous nature of the crustal protolith with respect to oxygen isotopes. In particular, a previously unrecognised high-δ18O end-member on Iceland was documented, which implies potentially complex multi-component assimilation histories for magmas ascending through the Icelandic crust. Common geochemical traits between Icelandic and Hadean zircon populations strengthen the concept of Iceland as an analogue for early Earth, implying that crustal recycling in emergent rifts was pivotal in generating Earth’s earliest continental silicic crust. Crustal xenoliths from the El Hierro 2011-2012 eruption underline the role of partial melting and assimilation of pre-island sedimentary layers in the early shield-building phase of ocean islands. This phenomenon may contribute to the formation of evolved magmas, and importantly, the release of volatiles from the xenoliths may be sufficient to increase the volatile load of the magma and temporarily alter the character and intensity of an eruption. This thesis sheds new light on the generation of silicic magma in basalt-dominated oceanic settings and emphasises the relevance of magma-crust interaction for magma evolution, silicic crust formation, and eruption style from early Earth to present.

This research examined the lived experiences of an Afghan Muslim male participant group. This study explored their immigration from a Southwest-Asian, highly non-secular society to a Western-style, liberal, secular nation-state. Further, this research was an examination of Muslim male identity as an attribute that is closely related to lived experiences, environment and cultural assimilation. Also, this study looked closely at the meanings that this Afghan Muslim male immigrant group attached to identity, as well as exploring their unique narratives during pre-immigration and post-immigration periods. This qualitative research study used narrative methods to unearth the lived experiences of five Afghan Muslim male citizens. These participants immigrated to the U.S. while serving as interpreters and translators for the coalition forces during the Afghanistan War between 2003 and 2012. Several researchers have examined Muslim immigration from Eastern to Western nations, focusing on their adaptation, assimilation, and developmental patterns. The research objective of this study was slightly different and important to social science in that it focused on how a select group of Afghan Muslim males conceptualized their own sense of identity and how their notion of identity was shaped and influenced by their own pre- and post-migration experiences. To this end, the discoveries in this study revealed that the nature of the identities for many in this study may be deemed more blended and in some instances renegotiated, holding onto parts of their core native identities while embracing aspects of the cultural, ethnic, and social elements of their new host land that fit within their own individual frame of reference.

Sedan slutet av 1960-talet har det i lag funnits en avdragsregel som innebär att utgifter, för vissa typer av ändringsarbeten på en byggnad, kan dras av omedelbart, istället för genom årliga värdeminskningsavdrag. Regeln brukar benämnas det ”utvidgade reparationsbegreppet” och återfinns i 19 kap. 2 § 2 st. inkomstskattelagen (1999:1229). Efter att många skattskyldiga ansåg att regeln givits en alltför restriktiv tolkning i rättspraxis, genomfördes en lagändring som resulterade i att benämningen i lagtexten ändrades från ”den bedrivna näringsverksamheten” till ”den skattskyldiges näringsverksamhet”. Ändringen innebär att bedömningen av huruvida vidtagna ändringsarbeten kan anses normala i en verksamhet ska göras utifrån antingen fastighetsägarens eller hyresgästens verksamhet, beroende på vem av dem som bekostar arbetena. I juni 2016 publicerade Skatteverket ett ställningstagande i vilket redogörs för om utgifter för ändringsarbeten på en byggnad vid en ”förstagångsanpassning” av byggnaden eller dess byggnadsdel (lokal), kan vara omedelbart avdragsgilla enligt det utvidgade reparations-begreppet. Skatteverkets slutsats är att utgifter för ändringsarbeten vid en ”förstagångs-anpassning” inte är omedelbart avdragsgilla. Skatteverket har kritiserats för att i ställningstagandet tolka begreppet ”näringsverksamhet” alltför restriktivt i förhållande till lagstiftarens syfte och gällande rätt i övrigt. I föreliggande uppsats studeras det utvidgade reparationsbegreppet närmare med följande övergripande frågeställningar som utgångspunkt: Vad är gällande rätt avseende det utvidgade reparationsbegreppet? Är Skatteverkets ställningstagande och tolkning av begreppet ”näringsverksamhet” förenligt med gällande rätt? I uppsatsen kommer författaren fram till slutsatsen att Skatteverkets tolkning av begreppet ”näringsverksamhet” förefaller vara restriktivare än vad lagstiftaren åsyftar. Emellertid finner författaren likaledes att, i brist på prejudikat ifrån HFD, någon definitiv slutsats om huruvida Skatteverkets tolkning överensstämmer med gällande rätt eller ej, inte går att fastställa i dagsläget. Istället får det konstateras att rättsläget tillsvidare är oklart.

The term crisis of journalism is widely discussed nowadays. This paper examines whether journalism is in crisis, or whether it is a development caused by changes in the digital world. It also examines possible causes of this crisis and transformation in the digital world. One of the main causes of this is a perceived loss of credibility of the information given to the public. Therefore, there is a deeper interpretation of what trust and trustworthiness is and what can dis/trust cause in the society. In the context of the changes which journalism faces today, it describes the transformation of the role of the audience to active self-editor and outlines how the audience must orientate in the news itself. Otherwise, the media focused on earnings will continue to thrive on sensationalism and moral panics that will negatively effect social reality. In the empirical part this paper deals with the case of Břeclav in 2012, which is an exemplary example of moral panic with consequences.