2020 was the year of the American presidential election. Joe Biden, the former senator and vice president won against the incumbent president and business magnate Donald Trump. Because of the coronavirus it was an unusual election. Vote counting was not over on election night but continued a few more days and Donald Trump claimed the result to be false.  The study aims to understand what Swedish newspapers focused on under the American election 2020 and what they choose to frame from a political journalist perspective. We focused on four of the biggest Swedish newspapers to see how they differ and relate. To do that we used 29 articles from every newspaper, 116 in total and with help of framing theory and a quantitative content analysis we could find correlations between the four newspapers. Thanks to earlier studies we could compare how Donald Trump was portrayed in 2016 and what both Swedish and American media framed last election.  The study concluded that Donald Trump was mentioned more in the Swedish press than his opponent Joe Biden. None of the vice presidents were ever mentioned as much as the presidential candidates. The study also concluded that more articles focused on the political game more than the political issues, that the articles were more often neutral or negative than positive and that politicians were the most quoted.

This study was commissioned by Umeå Energi under the supervision of Rejlers. The assignment consisted of investigating how electricity production facilities affected the grid utility in the region's electricity grid. As the Energy Market Inspectorate in PM - Ei PM2020: 04 developed new calculation methods of grid utility compensation, these were applied in the study. The calculations were then made at four production facilities in the Umeå region's electricity network. In calculations in the study, four calculation variants based on Ei:s Method 2020 were also used. This was due to ambiguities in Ei's memorandum and what the region's tariff setting looked like at low and high load times. For each plant, a retroactive hourly compensation was also developed in relation to the plant's produced energy. What emerged was that each electricity generation plant has an individual impact on grid utility, regardless of the power plant's power type. It also turned out that the compensation varied depending on how the memorandum from Ei was interpreted. The discussion indicates that the network utility compensation has been developed so that the production owner will receive fair compensation. The results also show the challenge of determining a fair grid utility benefit compensation in advance.As a result, retroactive calculations of compensation will there fore be preferred to obtain the actual plant's network's net benefit. / Denna studie har gjorts på uppdrag av Umeå Energi med handledning av Rejlers. Uppdraget bestod av att undersöka hur elproduktionsanläggningar påverkade nätnyttan i regionens elnät. I och med att  energimarknadsinspektionen i PM - Ei PM2020:04 tagit fram nya beräkningsmetoder av nätnyttoersättning så tillämpades dessa i studien. Beräkningarna gjordes sedan på fyra produktionsanläggningar i Umeåregionens elnät. Vid beräkningar i studien användes även fyra beräkningsvarianter baserade på Ei:s Metod 2020. Detta till följd av tvetydigheter i Ei:s promemoria samt hur regionens tariffsättning såg ut vid låg- och höglasttider. För varje anläggning togs även en retroaktiv timbaserad ersättning fram i förhållande till anläggningens producerade energi.  Det som framkom var att varje elproduktionsanläggning har en individuell påverkan av nätnytta, oberoende av produktionsanläggningens kraftslag. Det visade sig också att ersättningen varierade beroende på hur promemorian från Ei tolkas. Diskussionen indikerar på att nätnyttoersättningen är framtagen för att produktionsinnehavaren ska få en rättvisande ersättning. Resultatet visar även på utmaningen med att bestämma en rättvisande nätnyttoersättning i förväg.Därav blir retroaktiva beräkningar av ersättning att fördra för att få fram produktionsanläggningens faktiska nätnytta.

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Les communications optiques basées sur la photonique sur silicium (SiP) sont au centre des récents efforts de recherche pour le développement des futures technologies de réseaux optiques à haut débit. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le traitement numérique du signal (DSP) pour pallier aux limites physiques des modulateurs Mach-Zehnder sur silicium (MZM) opérés à haut débit et exploitant des formats de modulation avancés utilisant la détection cohérente. Dans le premier chapitre, nous présentons une nouvelle méthode de précompensation adaptative appelée contrôle d’apprentissage itératif par gain (G-ILC, aussi utilisé en linéarisation d’amplificateurs RF) permettant de compenser les distorsions non-linéaires. L’adaptation de la méthode G-ILC et la précompensation numérique linéaire sont accomplies par une procédure « hardware-in-the-loop » en quasi-temps réel. Nous examinons différents ordres de modulation d’amplitude en quadrature (QAM) de 16QAM à 256QAM avec des taux de symboles de 20 à 60 Gbaud. De plus, nous combinons les précompensations numériques et optiques pour contrevenir surmonter les limitations de bande-passante du système en régime de transmission haut débit. Dans le second chapitre, inspiré par les faibles taux de symbole du G-ILC, nous augmentons la vitesse de transmission au-delà de la limite de bande-passante du système SiP. Pour la première fois, nous démontrons expérimentalement un record de 100 Gbaud par 16QAM et 32QAM en transmission consécutive avec polarisation mixte. L’optimisation est réalisée sur le point d’opération du MZM et sur la DSP. Les performances du G-ILC sont améliorées par égalisation linéaire à entrées/sorties multiples (MIMO). Nous combinons aussi notre précompensation non-linéaire innovante avec une post-compensation. Par émulation de la polarisation mixte, nous réalisons un taux net de 833 Gb/s avec 32QAM au seuil de correction d’erreur (FEC) pour une expansion en largeur de bande de 20% et 747 Gb/s avec 16QAM (une expansion en largeur de bande de 7% du FEC). Dans le troisième chapitre, nous démontrons expérimentalement un algorithme de précompensation numérique basé sur une table de consultation (LUT) unidimensionnelle pour compenser les non-linéarités introduites à l’émetteur, e.g. réponse en fréquence non-linéaire du MZM en silicium, conversion numérique-analogique et amplificateur RF. L’évaluation est réalisée sur un QAM d’ordre élevé, i.e. 128QAM et 256QAM. Nous examinons la diminution en complexité de la LUT et son impact sur la performance. Finalement, nous examinons la généralisation de la méthode de précompensation proposée pour des jeux de données différents des données d’apprentissage de la table de consultation. / Optical communications based on silicon photonics (SiP) have become a focus of the recent research for future high speed optical network technologies. In this thesis, we investigate digital signal processing (DSP) approaches to combat the physical limits of SiP Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM) driven at high baud rates and exploiting advanced modulation formats with coherent detection. In the first section, we present a novel adaptive pre-compensation method known as gain based iterative learning control (G-ILC, previously used in RF amplifier linearization) to overcome nonlinear distortions. We experimentally evaluate the G-ILC technique. Adaptation of the G-ILC, in combination with linear digital pre-compensation, is accomplished with a quasireal- time hardware-in-the-loop procedure. We examine various orders of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), i.e., 16QAM to 256QAM, and symbol rates, i.e., 20 to 60 Gbaud. Furthermore, we exploit joint digital and optical linear pre-compensation to overcome the bandwidth limitation of the system in the higher baud rate regime. In the second section, inspired by lower symbol rate G-ILC results, we push the baud rate beyond the bandwidth limit of the SiP system. For the first time, we experimentally report record-breaking 16QAM and 32QAM at 100 Gbaud in dual polarization back-to-back transmission. The optimization is performed on both MZM operating point and DSP. The G-ILC performance is improved by employing linear multiple input multiple output (MIMO) equalization during the adaptation. We combine our innovative nonlinear pre-compensation with post-compensation as well. Via dual polarization emulation, we achieve a net rate of 833 Gb/s with 32QAM at the forward error correction (FEC) threshold for 20% overhead and 747 Gb/s with 16QAM (7% FEC overhead). In the third section, we experimentally present a digital pre-compensation algorithm based on a one-dimensional lookup table (LUT) to compensate the nonlinearity introduced at the transmitter, e.g., nonlinear frequency response of the SiP MZM, digital to analog converter and RF amplifier. The evaluation is performed on higher order QAM, i.e., 128QAM and 256QAM. We examine reduction of LUT complexity and its impact on performance. Finally, we examine the generalization of the proposed pre-compensation method to data sets other than the original training set for the LUT.

La nourriture issue de la chasse ou de la pêche comporte plusieurs nutriments essentiels à une bonne santé. Toutefois ces aliments peuvent aussi contenir des concentrations importantes en contaminants tel que le mercure et le plomb, qui posent un risque pour la santé. Pour guider les communautés qui basent leur alimentation sur la chasse ou la pêche, l’objectif global du projet est de développer une plateforme analytique permettant le suivi de la qualité alimentaire dans les environnements nordiques. Pour ce faire, une stratégie analytique de dissolution de la chair animale pouvant être employée à l’extérieur d’un laboratoire par des non scientifiques a été mise en place. Cette stratégie comporte l’échantillonnage, la mise en solution de la chair et la séparation des analytes pour effectuer leur analyse ainsi que le changement de matrice, en plus de la détection et de la quantification des analytes par fluorimétrie. Toutefois, puisque les systèmes de détection visés pour la plateforme sont en développement, une méthode de quantification du plomb et du mercure par ICP-MS/MS a aussi été développée. Cette stratégie analytique a été élaborée pour l’analyse de l’omble chevalier, un poisson consommé à l’année dans certaines communautés nordiques dans lequel les concentrations en contaminants sont très variables. Le processus analytique, de l’échantillonnage à l’obtention d’une solution mono élémentaire en passant par l’analyse ICP-MS/MS et la dissolution de la chair d’omble chevalier, sera décrit dans ce mémoire. / Fish and game meat contain different essential nutriments for a good health. However, it can also contain contaminants, such as mercury and lead, that pose a health risk. To guide the communities that base their diet on hunting or fishing, the main objective of the project is to develop a portable analytical platform that allows the monitoring of contamination by heavy metals of country food on the field. To this end, an analytical strategy for the dissolution of food flesh that can be deployed outside of the laboratory and used by non-scientists has been established. This strategy includes sampling, flesh dissolution, analyte separation and matrix exchange for the analysis in addition to fluorimetric detection and quantitation of the analytes. Since the quantification system for this platform is still under development, we therefore developed an ICP-MS/MS method to quantify lead and mercury in our food extracts. This method was developed to analyze arctic char, a fish consumed all year long in some northern communities and in which the contamination level can vary significantly. The analytical process from sampling to monoelemental analysis by ICP-MS/MS will be discussed in this document.

A causa del confinamiento social prolongado por la pandemia covid-19, se vio transformada y perturbada la comunicación entre padres e infantes que comparten un mismo hogar. Durante el confinamiento, compartir espacios para el juego y el dialogo fue complejo, donde los límites entre el inicio y fin de las actividades laborales y recreativas se fueron perdiendo. Generar un tiempo de calidad en familia es necesario para los niños que se encuentran en pleno desarrollo del ámbito físico, cognitivo y emocional. Por consiguiente, la investigación propone compartir un espacio de encuentro entre padres e hijos durante la infancia temprana, con el objetivo de construir una experiencia que los invite a relacionarse a nivel corpóreoafectivo a través de la percepción del contacto con la piel, en movimiento. Para lograr la experiencia, se diseñó una metodología con herramientas de la danza, seleccionadas de soportes práctico-teóricos como el Body-Mind Centering® y el Contacto Improvisación, de modo que surge una propuesta metodológica experiencial y participativa. La investigación logró observar que se construye una experiencia de relaciones corpóreoafectivas dentro de la familia como escenario de vida, las cuales afloran tras la exploración de elementos como la percepción del contacto y el movimiento. Este toque en movimiento despierta afectividad, así como una presencia que brinda seguridad a sus integrantes. En consecuencia, se construye un entono de relaciones horizontales que logran fortalecer la calidad de los vínculos familiares, así como edificar sólidas bases para la comunicación de los infantes con el mundo. Se fomenta una cultura somática en las relaciones familiares para que vivencien desenvolverse desde la percepción amplificada de sus corporalidades a través de una experiencia del arte, en este caso, la danza. / Due to the prolonged social confinement because of the covid-19 pandemic, communication between parents and toddlers that live in the same household was transformed and disturbed. During confinement, sharing spaces for play and dialogue was complex, where the boundaries between the beginning and end of work and recreational activities were lost. Generating quality family time is necessary for children who are in full physical, cognitive and emotional development. Therefore, the research proposes to share a meeting space between parents and children during early childhood, with the aim of building an experience that invites them to relate at the corporeal-affective level through the perception of contact with the skin, in movement. To achieve the experience, a methodology was designed with dance tools, selected from practical-theoretical supports such as Body-Mind Centering® and Contact Improvisation, so an experiential and participatory methodological proposal emerges. The research managed to observe that an experience of corporeal-affective relationships is built within the family as a life scenario, which come out after the exploration of elements such as the perception of contact and movement. This touch in movement awakens affectivity, as well as a presence that provides security to its members. Consequently, an environment of horizontal relationships is built that manages to strengthen the quality of family ties, as well as build solid bases for the communication of infants with the world. A somatic culture is fostered in family relationships to embody an experience of art, in this case, dance.

El presente artículo jurídico estudió la proporcionalidad y razonabilidad de las medidas administrativas restrictivas de derechos fundamentales para el manejo de la crisis sanitaria, en el mismo sentido, analizó la discrecionalidad de la administración pública, para tales efectos se procedió a reconocer las facultades y potestades que posee la misma, enmarcarlas en el escenario de la pandemia y verificar cuales son los límites y parámetros establecidos para el desarrollo de la discrecionalidad administrativa, analizando el contexto en el que se desarrolló la pandemia y en atención a las deficiencias que esbozó el poder ejecutivo al manejar la crisis es que, se sustentó la necesidad de modificar la Ley Orgánica del Poder Ejecutivo para incorporar criterios para que la actuación de la administración pública en un estado de emergencia sanitaria no trasgreda derechos. Para alcanzar los objetivos planteados, se ha empleado un tipo de investigación documental bibliográfico a través del método analítico de las distintas fuentes referentes a la normativa y jurisprudencia tanto nacional e internacional, así como también el estudio de la doctrina, tesis antecesoras y libros. Como consecuencia de este estudio, se determinó que las medidas si fueron proporcionales y razonables, sin embargo, es necesario establecer parámetros mínimos de orientación que permitan a la autoridad actuar en situaciones similares.

The COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented event in world history with a global impact. In the United States, emergency remote teaching (ERT) was utilized due to significant changes in the educational system, including temporary closures, shifts to remote and hybrid learning, and the addition of various infection control measures such as the wearing of masks, social distancing, and quarantine guidelines to reduce the community spread of COVID-19. These changes impacted those working and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative multiple-case study sought to describe and compare the professional experiences of four high school physical science teachers in the United States during the pandemic. Data was collected using surveys, participant artifacts, interviews, and focus groups between the spring of 2020 and the spring of 2022. The data were analyzed inductively using holistic and descriptive coding as well as inductively through a cross-case analysis by utilizing social reproduction theory (SRT) and teacher self-efficacy (TSE) theoretical frameworks. Four individual participant case descriptions and a cross-case analysis are reported. The findings indicate that teachers experienced significant changes to their schedules, technology use, instruction, and assessment. Teachers’ ability to communicate professionally was impacted, as was teacher professional development (PD) and evaluation. These changes resulted in learning gaps, which were more significant for struggling and marginalized students. The results demonstrate that the teachers and their students experienced the pandemic differently depending on various factors, such as resource access and school type. The findings indicate that the teachers’ students with more economic, social, and cultural capital were best positioned to access remote learning, which generated social reproduction and exacerbated inequalities. TSE decreased due to a lack of mastery and vicarious experiences, negative social and verbal persuasion, and the teachers’ adverse physiological and emotional states. TSE was also reduced due to ecological factors such as increased uncertainty and role demands, powerlessness, and isolation. The pandemic displayed how inequities across our educational system must be addressed and how the educational system must better prepare and support teachers and students during educational disruptions. The teachers gained a greater appreciation for in-person instruction, became more confident in their use and implementation of classroom technology and remote teaching, and became more aware of inequities among students.

En los últimos años, se ha podido evidenciar el impacto negativo que la pandemia viene causando, donde el estrés ocupa un lugar predominante entre las consecuencias más relevantes, debido a la escasa capacidad de autorregular la perturbación emocional ocasionada por eventos estresantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las bases teóricas de las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en un contexto de pandemia. La investigación fue de tipo cualitativo y el diseño fue de carácter teórico-narrativo. Para el desarrollo de esta revisión, se utilizaron investigaciones que no excedieran los 5 años de antigüedad y se tomó en cuenta artículos científicos y trabajos de investigación; por otro lado, se descartaron investigaciones empíricas que incluyeran como variable los trastornos mentales o afines. Se consultó diversas bases de datos como Renati, Redalyc y Dialnet; teniendo en cuenta descriptores como estrategias de afrontamiento, estrés y pandemia. Los resultados evidenciaron que el modelo de Lazarus y Folkman es la base en que se conceptualiza el afrontamiento al estrés, asimismo, los tipos de estrategias de afrontamiento se encuentran orientados al problema, a la emoción y a la evitación; además, entre los instrumentos que miden el constructo, el más resaltante es el inventario COPE. Se concluye que el afrontamiento al estrés en tiempos de pandemia está compuesto por una serie de respuestas cognitivas y comportamentales que emite el sujeto frente a la perturbación emocional que ocasiona un evento de gran magnitud como al que nos vimos expuestos en los últimos años.

Sammanfattning Effekterna av fossilbaserad energianvändning blir allt mer påtaglig. Framförallt syns det i världens klimatförändring. För att undvika större konsekvenser krävs det att de fossilbaserade energikällorna ersätts med förnyelsebara och på så sätt minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. Sverige har som mål att till år 2050 inte ha något nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser.  Det finns skäl att tro att ett sådant mål skulle kunna nås men vägarna dit är många och åsikterna om hur stor potential av förnyelsebar energi som existerar och hur mycket som skulle kunna användas i framtiden skiljer sig. I det här examensarbetet har det undersökts vilka möjligheter det finns för utvecklingen av de olika förnybara primära energikällorna till år 2020 och 2050. De primära energikällorna inkluderar vattenkraft, vindkraft, energi från biomassa och solkraft. Undersökningen är baserad på redan existerande uppskattningar och prognoser. Potentialens avgränsning är det som finns inom Sverige och inkluderar inte importerad energi. Examensarbetet berör de fysiska och praktiskt genomförbara potentialerna varav de senare även innefattar ekonomiska aspekter och baseras på det som har skrivits om dessa. Undersökningen visade att det är realistiskt att vattenkraften kommer öka sin årliga produk­tion med ca 8 TWh genom en kombination av effektiviseringar och klimatförändringar som ändrar vattenflödena till år 2050. För vindkraften drogs slutsatsen att det kommer finnas totalt ca 22 TWh/år elproduktion från vindkraftverk år 2020 och ca 37 TWh/år till 2050. Uppskattningen för 2050 gjordes med antagandet att stöd kommer att införas för den havsbaserade vindkraften. Rörande bioenergin så gick det främst att fastslå att användningen kommer att öka i framtiden och att de studerade potentialundersökningarna visade på stor variation gällande slutsatser om den tänkbara användningen. Solkraften ökar och slutsatsen var att den årliga produktionen kommer ligga på minst 5 TWh år 2020. / The effects of fossil-based energy are becoming increasingly evident. It is particularly visible in the world's climate change. In order to avoid greater consequences, the fossil-based energy sources need to be replaced by renewable ones to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Sweden aims to have no net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2050. There are good prospects for achieving this, but there are several ways to reach it and many opinions about how to do it. This thesis has studied the possibilities for the development of the various renewable primary energy sources until the years 2020 and 2050. The primary energy sources include hydropower, wind, biomass and solar power. The survey is based on the existing estimates and projections. The energy potential includes only the potential that exist within the borders of Sweden and do not include imported energy. The work will mainly affect the physical and practical potentials – the latter also includes economic aspects – and is based on a literature survey. The survey revealed that hydropower will increase its annual hydropower production with       8 TWh until the year 2050 as a combination of increased efficiency and climate changes that alter the amount of water flows. Regarding wind power, it was concluded that there will be a total of about 22 TWh annual electricity from wind turbines in 2050 and about 37 TWh/year by 2050. The approximation for 2050 is made with the assumption that financial support for offshore wind power will be introduced. The use of bioenergy will increase in the future and the estimates regarding the potential showed large variations. Solar power is increasing and it was concluded that it will be at least 5 TWh/year in 2020.