Les systèmes distribués, tels que les grilles, sont utilisés aujourd’hui pour l’exécution des grandes applications parallèles. Quelques caractéristiques de ces systèmes sont l’interconnexion complexe de ressources qui pourraient être présent et de la facile passage à l’échelle. La complexité d’interconnexion vient, par exemple, d’un nombre plus grand de directives de routage pour la communication entre les processus et une latence variable dans le temps. La passage à l’échelle signifie que des ressources peuvent être ajoutées indéfiniment simplement en les reliant à l’infrastructure existante. Ces caractéristiques influencent directement la façon dont la performance des applications parallèles doit être analysée. Les techniques de visualisation traditionnelles pour cette analyse sont généralement basées sur des diagrammes de Gantt que disposent la liste des composants de l’application verticalement et metent la ligne du temps sur l’axe horizontal. Ces représentations visuelles ne sont généralement pas adaptés à l’analyse des applications exécutées en parallèle dans les grilles. La première raison est qu’elles n’ont pas été conçues pour offrir aux développeurs une analyse qui montre aussi la topologie du réseau des ressources. La deuxième raison est que les techniques de visualisation traditionnels ne s’adaptent pas bien quand des milliers d’entités doivent être analysés ensemble. Cette thèse tente de résoudre les problèmes des techniques traditionnelles dans la visualisation des applications parallèles. L’idée principale est d’exploiter le domaine de la visualisation de l’information et essayer d’appliquer ses concepts dans le cadre de l’analyse des programmes parallèles. Portant de cette idée, la thèse propose deux modèles de visualisation : les trois dimensions et le modèle d’agrégation visuelle. Le premier peut être utilisé pour analyser les programmes parallèles en tenant compte de la topologie du réseau. L’affichage lui-même se compose de trois dimensions, où deux sont utilisés pour indiquer la topologie et la troisième est utilisée pour représenter le temps. Le second modèle peut être utilisé pour analyser des applications parallèles comportant un très grand nombre de processsus. Ce deuxième modèle exploite une organisation hiérarchique des données utilisée par une technique appelée Treemap pour représenter visuellement la hiérarchie. Les implications de cette thèse sont directement liées à l’analyse et la compréhension des applications parallèles exécutés dans les systèmes distribués. Elle améliore la compréhension des modes de communication entre les processus et améliore la possibilité d’assortir les motifs avec cette topologie de réseau réel sur des grilles. Bien que nous utilisons abondamment l’exemple de la topologie du réseau, l’approche pourrait être adapté, avec presque pas de changements, à l’interconnexion fourni par un middleware d’une interconnexion logique. Avec la technique d’agrégation, les développeurs sont en mesure de rechercher des patterns et d’observer le comportement des applications à grande échelle. / Sistemas distribuídos tais como grids são usados hoje para a execução de aplicações paralelas com um grande número de processos. Algumas características desses sistemas são a presença de uma complexa rede de interconexão e a escalabilidade de recursos. A complexidade de rede vem, por exemplo, de largura de banda e latências variáveis ao longo do tempo. Escalabilidade é a característica pela qual novos recursos podem ser adicionados em um grid apenas através da conexão em uma infraestrutura pré-existente. Estas características influenciam a forma como o desempenho de aplicações paralelas deve ser analisado. Esquemas tradicionais de visualização de desempenho são usualmente baseados em gráficos Gantt com uma dimensão para listar entidades monitoradas e outra para o tempo. Visualizações como essa não são apropriadas para a análise de aplicações paralelas executadas em grid. A primeira razão para tal é que elas não foram concebidas para oferecer ao desenvolvedor uma análise que mostra a topologia dos recursos e a relação disso com a aplicação. A segunda razão é que técnicas tradicionais não são escaláveis quando milhares de entidades monitoradas devem ser analisadas conjuntamente. Esta tese tenta resolver estes problemas encontrados em técnicas de visualização tradicionais para a análise de aplicações paralelas. A idéia principal consiste em explorar técnicas da área de visualização da informação e aplicá-las no contexto de análise de programas paralelos. Levando em conta isto, esta tese propõe dois modelos de visualização: o de três dimensões e o modelo de agregação visual. O primeiro pode ser utilizado para analisar aplicações levando-se em conta a topologia da rede dos recursos. A visualização em si é composta por três dimensões, onde duas são usadas para mostrar a topologia e a terceira é usada para representar o tempo. O segundo modelo pode ser usado para analisar aplicações paralelas com uma grande quantidade de processos. Ela explora uma organização hierárquica dos dados de monitoramento e uma técnica de visualização chamada Treemap para representar visualmente a hierarquia. Os dois modelos representam uma nova forma de analisar aplicação paralelas visualmente, uma vez que eles foram concebidos para larga-escala e sistemas distribuídos complexos, como grids. As implicações desta tese estão diretamente relacionadas à análise e ao entendimento do comportamento de aplicações paralelas executadas em sistemas distribuídos. Um dos modelos de visualização apresentados aumenta a compreensão dos padrões de comunicação entre processos e oferece a possibilidade de observar tal padrão com a topologia de rede. Embora a topologia de rede seja usada, a abordagem pode ser adaptada sem grandes mudanças para levar em conta interconexões lógicas de bibliotecas de comunicação. Com a técnica de agregação apresentada nesta tese, os desenvolvedores são capazes de observar padrões de aplicações paralelas de larga escala. / Highly distributed systems such as grids are used today for the execution of large-scale parallel applications. Some characteristics of these systems are the complex resource interconnection that might be present and the scalability. The interconnection complexity comes from the different number of hops to provide communication among applications processes and differences in network latencies and bandwidth. The scalability means that the resources can be added indefinitely just by connecting them to the existing infrastructure. These characteristics influence directly the way parallel applications performance must be analyzed. Current traditional visualization schemes to this analysis are usually based on Gantt charts with one dimension to list the monitored entities and the other dimension dedicated to time. These visualizations are generally not suited to parallel applications executed in grids. The first reason is that they were not built to offer to the developer an analysis that also shows the network topology of the resources. The second reason is that traditional visualization techniques do not scale well when thousands of monitored entities must be analyzed together. This thesis tries to overcome the issues encountered on traditional visualization techniques for parallel applications. The main idea behind our efforts is to explore techniques from the information visualization research area and to apply them in the context of parallel applications analysis. Based on this main idea, the thesis proposes two visualization models: the three-dimensional and the visual aggregation model. The former might be used to analyze parallel applications taking into account the network topology of the resources. The visualization itself is composed of three dimensions, where two of them are used to render the topology and the third is used to represent time. The later model can be used to analyze parallel applications composed of several thousands of processes. It uses hierarchical organization of monitoring data and an information visualization technique called Treemap to represent that hierarchy. Both models represent a novel way to visualize the behavior of parallel applications, since they are conceived considering large-scale and complex distributed systems, such as grids. The implications of this thesis are directly related to the analysis and understanding of parallel applications executed in distributed systems. It enhances the comprehension of patterns in communication among processes and improves the possibility of matching this patterns with real network topology of grids. Although we extensively use the network topology example, the approach could be adapted with almost no changes to the interconnection provided by a middleware of a logical interconnection. With the scalable visualization technique, developers are able to look for patterns and observe the behavior of large-scale applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:04:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6814.pdf: 27157124 bytes, checksum: ccc98f69d1fc4cdc487ac2e9917edfc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Microelectrode arrays (MEA) are devices that allow chemical and electrical stimulation and recording of the extracellular electrical activity from entire neuronal cultures over long periods of time, such as several weeks. Some MEA models have transparent substrate, which enables the imaging of culture using optical microscopy. The images are taken from two channels: fluorescence light and transmitted light channels. In the first one, it is possible to visualize the neurons, while in the other one, it is possible to observe the microelectrodes. The objective of this work is to develop methods that enable performing quantitative analysis of the dissociated culture of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons plated on MEA by means of the processing of the images, obtained from confocal fluorescence microscopy. We proposed and developed the following methods in order to achieve this objective: (A) A method to automatically identify the microelectrodes in the transmitted light channel using circular Hough Transform and error correction based on the Delaunay triangulation; (B) the registration of a number of images taken at different parts of the MEA in order to generate a unique and high-resolution representation of the whole culture; (C) the segmentation of the neuron in 2D images taken from the fluorescence channel, composed by the steps: preprocessing, thresholding, morphological filtering, neurons occlusion correction, watershed transform and object classification; (D) 2D quantitative analysis based on the identified microelectrodes and on the segmented neurons; (E) a method for generating 3D polygonal models of the neurons from the volumetric images, to be used for visualizing the culture on the MEA by different points of view and zoom levels; and (F) 3D quantitative analysis performed by the processing of the polygonal surfaces in conjunction with the information about the microelectrodes positioning. The results show that the methods are capable to identify the neurons and microelectrodes on the 2D images efficiently. In the 3D images, the preprocessing step which uses information from the 2D segmentation method, showed to be capable to generate correct polygonal models efficiently. Most of the studies involving the analysis of neuron cultures on MEAs consider only qualitative analysis or simple quantitative measures. However, the methods proposed in this thesis enables to obtain important measures related to the neuron culture, such as: the density and morphology of the neurons, and the spatial and topological distribution of the neurons and microelectrodes. The information about neuron morphology is important because they are related to the behavior of this kind of neuron. The spatial and topological distribution of neurons and microelectrodes are used for providing models of the interface between these elements, for supporting the analysis of the electrophysiological signal recorded by the microelectrodes, as well as in the computational simulations of the neuron culture behavior. / Matrizes de Microeletrodos (MEAs) são dispositivos que permitem estimular quimicamente ou eletricamente e registrar a atividade elétrica extracelular de culturas de neurônios durante um longo período de tempo, da ordem de várias semanas. Modelos de MEAs com o substrato transparente permitem imagear a cultura por meio de microscopia óptica. As imagens são obtidas em dois canais: um de luz de fluorescência e outro de luz de transmissão. O primeiro permite visualizar os neurônios, enquanto o segundo os microeletrodos. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver métodos que permitam realizar análises quantitativas de culturas dissociadas de neurônios de gânglio da raiz dorsal (Dorsal Root Ganglion DRG) de ratos em MEAs por meio do processamento de imagens obtidas por microscopia confocal de fluorescência. Os seguintes métodos foram propostos e desenvolvidos para atingir este objetivo: (A) Identificação automática dos microeletrodos nas imagens do canal de luz de transmissão utilizando a transformada de Hough circular e correção de erros baseado na triangulação de Delaunay; (B) Registro de várias imagens tomadas de diferentes regiões da MEA para gerar uma única imagem em alta resolução que contemple a cultura toda; (C) Segmentação dos neurônios em imagens 2D obtidas a partir do canal de fluorescência, composto por etapas de pré-processamento, segmentação, filtragem morfológica, correção da oclusão de neurônios, transformada watershed e classificação de objetos; (D) Análise quantitativa 2D baseada nos microeletrodos identificados e nos neurônios segmentados; (E) Método para geração de modelos poligonais 3D dos neurônios a partir de imagens volumétricas, modelos os quais são utilizados para visualização da cultura na MEA por diferentes pontos de vista e níveis de zoom; e (F) Análise quantitativa 3D realizada por meio do processamento das superfícies poligonais juntamente com as informações sobre a posição dos microeletrodos. Os resultados mostram que os métodos são capazes de identificar com eficiência os neurônios e microeletrodos presentes nas imagens 2D. Nas imagens 3D, a etapa de pré-processamento utilizando informações resultantes do método de segmentação 2D se mostrou eficiente na geração dos modelos poligonais corretos. Enquanto a maioria das análises de imagens de culturas de neurônios em MEA consideram apenas análises quantitativas simples, os métodos aqui propostos permitem obter importantes medidas quantitativas relacionadas às culturas, tais como: a densidade e morfologia dos neurônios, assim como a distribuição espacial e topológica dos neurônios em relação aos microeletrodos. As informações sobre a morfologia são importantes, pois estão relacionadas com o comportamento desse tipo de neurônio. A distribuição espacial e topológica dos neurônios e microeletrodos permitem modelar a interface entre neurônios e microeletrodos e auxiliar nos estudos dos sinais eletrofisiológicos capturados pelos microeletrodos, assim como em simulações computacionais do comportamento dessas culturas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IcaroLLC_TESE.pdf: 6782954 bytes, checksum: cb0650b733e29c9e5e7032cef110a519 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / We revisit the problem of visibility, which is to determine a set of primitives potentially visible in a set of geometry data represented by a data structure, such as a mesh of polygons or triangles, we propose a solution for speeding up the three-dimensional visualization processing in applications. We introduce a lean structure , in the sense of data abstraction and reduction, which can be used for online and interactive applications. The visibility problem is especially important in 3D visualization of scenes represented by large volumes of data, when it is not worthwhile keeping all polygons of the scene in memory. This implies a greater time spent in the rendering, or is even impossible to keep them all in huge volumes of data. In these cases, given a position and a direction of view, the main objective is to determine and load a minimum ammount of primitives (polygons) in the scene, to accelerate the rendering step. For this purpose, our algorithm performs cutting primitives (culling) using a hybrid paradigm based on three known techniques. The scene is divided into a cell grid, for each cell we associate the primitives that belong to them, and finally determined the set of primitives potentially visible. The novelty is the use of triangulation Ja 1 to create the subdivision grid. We chose this structure because of its relevant characteristics of adaptivity and algebrism (ease of calculations). The results show a substantial improvement over traditional methods when applied separately. The method introduced in this work can be used in devices with low or no dedicated processing power CPU, and also can be used to view data via the Internet, such as virtual museums applications / N?s revisitamos o problema de visibilidade, que visa determinar um conjunto de primitivas potencialmente vis?veis em um conjunto de dados geom?tricos representados por uma estrutura de dados, por exemplo uma malha de pol?gonos ou de tri?ngulos, propondo uma solu??o para acelerar o processamento em aplica??es em visualiza??o tridimensional. Introduzimos uma estrutura enxuta, no sentido de abstra??o e redu??o de dados, que pode ser usada para aplica??es online e interativas. O problema de visibilidade ? especialmente importante na visualiza??o 3D de cenas representadas por grande volume de dados, em que n?o ? interessante manter todos os pol?gonos da cena em mem?ria. Isso implicaria em um maior tempo gasto na renderiza??o, ou sendo at? mesmo imposs?vel mant?-los todos em volumes imensos de dados. Nestes casos, dada uma posi??o e uma dire??o de visualiza??o, o objetivo principal ? determinar e carregar o m?nimo poss?vel de primitivas (pol?gonos) da cena, visando acelerar a etapa de renderiza??o. Para este prop?sito, nosso algoritmo executa o corte de primitivas (culling) usando um paradigma h?brido baseado em tr?s modelos conhecidos. A cena ? subdividida em c?lulas de uma grade, sendo associada a cada uma dessas c?lulas as primitivas pertencentes a elas, e finalmente determinado o conjunto de primitivas potencialmente vis?veis. A novidade ? o uso da triangula??o J a 1 para criar a subdivis?o em grade. Escolhemos esta estrutura devido ?s suas caracter?sticas relevantes de adaptatividade e algebrismo (facilidade de c?lculos). Os resultados mostram uma melhoria substancial sobre os m?todos tradicionais quando aplicados separadamente. O m?todo introduzido neste trabalho pode ser usado em dispositivos sem processador dedicado ou com baixo poder de processamento, e ainda, pode ser utilizado para visualizar dados atrav?s da Internet, tal como em aplica??es de museus virtuais

Les systèmes distribués, tels que les grilles, sont utilisés aujourd’hui pour l’exécution des grandes applications parallèles. Quelques caractéristiques de ces systèmes sont l’interconnexion complexe de ressources qui pourraient être présent et de la facile passage à l’échelle. La complexité d’interconnexion vient, par exemple, d’un nombre plus grand de directives de routage pour la communication entre les processus et une latence variable dans le temps. La passage à l’échelle signifie que des ressources peuvent être ajoutées indéfiniment simplement en les reliant à l’infrastructure existante. Ces caractéristiques influencent directement la façon dont la performance des applications parallèles doit être analysée. Les techniques de visualisation traditionnelles pour cette analyse sont généralement basées sur des diagrammes de Gantt que disposent la liste des composants de l’application verticalement et metent la ligne du temps sur l’axe horizontal. Ces représentations visuelles ne sont généralement pas adaptés à l’analyse des applications exécutées en parallèle dans les grilles. La première raison est qu’elles n’ont pas été conçues pour offrir aux développeurs une analyse qui montre aussi la topologie du réseau des ressources. La deuxième raison est que les techniques de visualisation traditionnels ne s’adaptent pas bien quand des milliers d’entités doivent être analysés ensemble. Cette thèse tente de résoudre les problèmes des techniques traditionnelles dans la visualisation des applications parallèles. L’idée principale est d’exploiter le domaine de la visualisation de l’information et essayer d’appliquer ses concepts dans le cadre de l’analyse des programmes parallèles. Portant de cette idée, la thèse propose deux modèles de visualisation : les trois dimensions et le modèle d’agrégation visuelle. Le premier peut être utilisé pour analyser les programmes parallèles en tenant compte de la topologie du réseau. L’affichage lui-même se compose de trois dimensions, où deux sont utilisés pour indiquer la topologie et la troisième est utilisée pour représenter le temps. Le second modèle peut être utilisé pour analyser des applications parallèles comportant un très grand nombre de processsus. Ce deuxième modèle exploite une organisation hiérarchique des données utilisée par une technique appelée Treemap pour représenter visuellement la hiérarchie. Les implications de cette thèse sont directement liées à l’analyse et la compréhension des applications parallèles exécutés dans les systèmes distribués. Elle améliore la compréhension des modes de communication entre les processus et améliore la possibilité d’assortir les motifs avec cette topologie de réseau réel sur des grilles. Bien que nous utilisons abondamment l’exemple de la topologie du réseau, l’approche pourrait être adapté, avec presque pas de changements, à l’interconnexion fourni par un middleware d’une interconnexion logique. Avec la technique d’agrégation, les développeurs sont en mesure de rechercher des patterns et d’observer le comportement des applications à grande échelle. / Sistemas distribuídos tais como grids são usados hoje para a execução de aplicações paralelas com um grande número de processos. Algumas características desses sistemas são a presença de uma complexa rede de interconexão e a escalabilidade de recursos. A complexidade de rede vem, por exemplo, de largura de banda e latências variáveis ao longo do tempo. Escalabilidade é a característica pela qual novos recursos podem ser adicionados em um grid apenas através da conexão em uma infraestrutura pré-existente. Estas características influenciam a forma como o desempenho de aplicações paralelas deve ser analisado. Esquemas tradicionais de visualização de desempenho são usualmente baseados em gráficos Gantt com uma dimensão para listar entidades monitoradas e outra para o tempo. Visualizações como essa não são apropriadas para a análise de aplicações paralelas executadas em grid. A primeira razão para tal é que elas não foram concebidas para oferecer ao desenvolvedor uma análise que mostra a topologia dos recursos e a relação disso com a aplicação. A segunda razão é que técnicas tradicionais não são escaláveis quando milhares de entidades monitoradas devem ser analisadas conjuntamente. Esta tese tenta resolver estes problemas encontrados em técnicas de visualização tradicionais para a análise de aplicações paralelas. A idéia principal consiste em explorar técnicas da área de visualização da informação e aplicá-las no contexto de análise de programas paralelos. Levando em conta isto, esta tese propõe dois modelos de visualização: o de três dimensões e o modelo de agregação visual. O primeiro pode ser utilizado para analisar aplicações levando-se em conta a topologia da rede dos recursos. A visualização em si é composta por três dimensões, onde duas são usadas para mostrar a topologia e a terceira é usada para representar o tempo. O segundo modelo pode ser usado para analisar aplicações paralelas com uma grande quantidade de processos. Ela explora uma organização hierárquica dos dados de monitoramento e uma técnica de visualização chamada Treemap para representar visualmente a hierarquia. Os dois modelos representam uma nova forma de analisar aplicação paralelas visualmente, uma vez que eles foram concebidos para larga-escala e sistemas distribuídos complexos, como grids. As implicações desta tese estão diretamente relacionadas à análise e ao entendimento do comportamento de aplicações paralelas executadas em sistemas distribuídos. Um dos modelos de visualização apresentados aumenta a compreensão dos padrões de comunicação entre processos e oferece a possibilidade de observar tal padrão com a topologia de rede. Embora a topologia de rede seja usada, a abordagem pode ser adaptada sem grandes mudanças para levar em conta interconexões lógicas de bibliotecas de comunicação. Com a técnica de agregação apresentada nesta tese, os desenvolvedores são capazes de observar padrões de aplicações paralelas de larga escala. / Highly distributed systems such as grids are used today for the execution of large-scale parallel applications. Some characteristics of these systems are the complex resource interconnection that might be present and the scalability. The interconnection complexity comes from the different number of hops to provide communication among applications processes and differences in network latencies and bandwidth. The scalability means that the resources can be added indefinitely just by connecting them to the existing infrastructure. These characteristics influence directly the way parallel applications performance must be analyzed. Current traditional visualization schemes to this analysis are usually based on Gantt charts with one dimension to list the monitored entities and the other dimension dedicated to time. These visualizations are generally not suited to parallel applications executed in grids. The first reason is that they were not built to offer to the developer an analysis that also shows the network topology of the resources. The second reason is that traditional visualization techniques do not scale well when thousands of monitored entities must be analyzed together. This thesis tries to overcome the issues encountered on traditional visualization techniques for parallel applications. The main idea behind our efforts is to explore techniques from the information visualization research area and to apply them in the context of parallel applications analysis. Based on this main idea, the thesis proposes two visualization models: the three-dimensional and the visual aggregation model. The former might be used to analyze parallel applications taking into account the network topology of the resources. The visualization itself is composed of three dimensions, where two of them are used to render the topology and the third is used to represent time. The later model can be used to analyze parallel applications composed of several thousands of processes. It uses hierarchical organization of monitoring data and an information visualization technique called Treemap to represent that hierarchy. Both models represent a novel way to visualize the behavior of parallel applications, since they are conceived considering large-scale and complex distributed systems, such as grids. The implications of this thesis are directly related to the analysis and understanding of parallel applications executed in distributed systems. It enhances the comprehension of patterns in communication among processes and improves the possibility of matching this patterns with real network topology of grids. Although we extensively use the network topology example, the approach could be adapted with almost no changes to the interconnection provided by a middleware of a logical interconnection. With the scalable visualization technique, developers are able to look for patterns and observe the behavior of large-scale applications.

Diploma thesis describes the design and assessment of bridge supporting structure on the ramp in Brno. Road bridge crosses the I/42 road and railway. The bridge is part of the VMO Brno. The structure is designed from prestressed concrete. Assessment of construction is carried out in accordance with applicable European standards. When designing the support structure is taken into account the gradual construction of the bridge. The thesis includes design calculation, drawing documentation and 3D visualization.

Många medborgare har ibland svårigheter med att förstå delar av detaljplaner och plankartor som presenteras av Sveriges kommuner. Det presenterade materialet kan uppfattas som komplex och det krävs ibland god kunskap inom området för att fullt förstå sig på detaljplaner. I samband med detta står även kommuner inför svårigheter när det kommer till att locka till sig flera medborgare till medborgardialoger. Ungdomar är speciellt underrepresenterade i medborgardeltagande och vissa anser till och med att deras röst inte blir hörd (Alinazari & Alvinder, 2018). I syfte till att öka medborgardeltagande och förståelse för detaljplaner finns det idag flera tillvägagångssätt som kommuner kan använda sig av. Detta kan vara allt från 3D-visualiseringar till att använda Virtual Reality (VR). I vissa fall går det även att använda mobiltelefonen för att använda VR. Användningen av VR är väldigt nyligen etablerat och det är idag endast ett fåtal kommuner som använder sig av det. Många kommuner känner inte till möjligheterna med VR eller har varken kunskap eller möjlighet till att använda det. Genom att etablera smartphone-VR kan medborgare i alla åldrar, med fokus på ungdomar i studien ta del av visualiseringar och VR-material var som helst och när som helst. Den här studien  testade hur smartphone-VR kan användas som ett kompletterande visualiseringsunderlag för detaljplaner tillsammans med andra visualiseringsformer med hjälp av programvaran Juxtapose (2019). Tillhandahållandet av smartphone-VR presenterades med hjälp av online tjänsten RoundMe (2019). De visualiserade modellerna skapades i Sketchup. Vilket är ett visualiseringsprogram som både är lättillgängligt och idag brukas av många kommuner. Frågor om det visuella innehållet ställdes i en enkät som deltagarna fick besvara. Statistiken som alstrades av enkäterna sammanställdes med enkel linjär regressionsanalys. Detta möjliggjorde undersökandet ifall det fanns en statistisk signifikans mellan de besvarade frågorna i enkäten. Även ifall det fanns något samband mellan upplevd förståelse och faktisk förståelsen för det presenterade materialet. Deltagarna i studien får även rangordna den egna uppfattade förståelsen för det presenterade materialet. Den faktiska förståelsen mättes utifrån deltagarnas enkätsvar. Med hjälp av de besvarade enkäterna visade det sig att det fanns en delvis ökande förståelse för detaljplaner med hjälp av Juxtapose och smartphone-VR som komplement. Den största implikationen av resultatet var att personer med bakgrund inom samhällsbyggnade hade lägst faktisk förståelse för det presenterade visualiseringarna. Implementeringen av detta i praktiken kan därför vara en genomförbar lösning till att öka ungdomars förståelse för detaljplaner. Implementeringen behöver inte bara innebära att ungdomars förtåelse ökar utan även att det kan locka flera medborgare till att delta i medborgardialoger. / A lot of Swedish citizens struggle to understand parts of detailed development plans when they are presented by Municipalities. The presented material can at often times be seen as difficult to understand and previous knowledge regarding development plans are usually needed to fully understand them. In occurrence with this, Swedish municipalities find themselves struggling in order to attract participants to public participation events regarding upcoming development plans. Today’s youth is especially difficult to attract and also integrate into planning dialogue events and are thus greatly underrepresented and some youth even feel like their voice goes unheard (Alinazari & Alvinder, 2018). In order to change this downgrade in citizens dialogue attendance, and to increase citizens knowledge regarding detailed development plans, municipalities could use a couple of new techniques. These techniques range from the use of 3D-renderings to using Virtual Reality (VR), which also in some cases could be used with the help smartphones. The use of VR is although a pretty fresh establishment to the market which means that there’s only a few municipalities who actually established it as part of their citizens dialogue techniques. The majority of Sweden's municipalities don’t even know that it is possible to use VR in citizens dialogue nor have the knowledge of how to use it. By implementing smartphone based VR with a sharp focus on youth, they would be able to take part of 3D/VR based development plans anywhere at any time. This study aimed to test how smartphone based VR could be used as a complementary visualization material to development plans with the help of other visualizations such as the software Juxtapose. The provision of smartphone based VR was  handed out with the help of an online service called RoundMe (2019), which took part in this study. The visualized material which were present in the study had been made with Sketchup. A software which not only is easy to access but also widely used by Sweden's municipalities. Questions regarding the different visualizations was handed out through a questionnaire. The summed up statistics was then analysed with the help of simple linear regression analysis. The participants were also able to rank their own understanding of the presented material. The actual representation of their knowledge was analysed with the help of their answers from the questionnaire. The result of the study could with the help of the answered questionnaires be analysed and the answered that followed was that the complementary use of visualized material and VR could actually increase the understanding of development plans. The biggest noted implication during the study was that participants with a urban planning background had the lowest actual knowledge of the presented visualizations. The implementation of this could thus be of viable use when it comes to improving on younger people's understanding of development plans. And also mean that other societal groups learning would improve and interest more people to attend at public consultation events.

This dissertation provides empirical evidence for the effects of the fidelity of VR system components, and novel 3D interaction techniques for analyzing volume datasets. It provides domain-independent results based on an abstract task taxonomy for visual analysis of scientific datasets. Scientific data generated through various modalities e.g. computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc. are in 3D spatial or volumetric format. Scientists from various domains e.g., geophysics, medical biology, etc. use visualizations to analyze data. This dissertation seeks to improve effectiveness of scientific visualizations. Traditional volume data analysis is performed on desktop computers with mouse and keyboard interfaces. Previous research and anecdotal experiences indicate improvements in volume data analysis in systems with very high fidelity of display and interaction (e.g., CAVE) over desktop environments. However, prior results are not generalizable beyond specific hardware platforms, or specific scientific domains and do not look into the effectiveness of 3D interaction techniques. We ran three controlled experiments to study the effects of a few components of VR system fidelity (field of regard, stereo and head tracking) on volume data analysis. We used volume data from paleontology, medical biology and biomechanics. Our results indicate that different components of system fidelity have different effects on the analysis of volume visualizations. One of our experiments provides evidence for validating the concept of Mixed Reality (MR) simulation. Our approach of controlled experimentation with MR simulation provides a methodology to generalize the effects of immersive virtual reality (VR) beyond individual systems. To generalize our (and other researchers') findings across disparate domains, we developed and evaluated a taxonomy of visual analysis tasks with volume visualizations. We report our empirical results tied to this taxonomy. We developed the Volume Cracker (VC) technique for improving the effectiveness of volume visualizations. This is a free-hand gesture-based novel 3D interaction (3DI) technique. We describe the design decisions in the development of the Volume Cracker (with a list of usability criteria), and provide the results from an evaluation study. Based on the results, we further demonstrate the design of a bare-hand version of the VC with the Leap Motion controller device. Our evaluations of the VC show the benefits of using 3DI over standard 2DI techniques. This body of work provides the building blocks for a three-way many-many-many mapping between the sets of VR system fidelity components, interaction techniques and visual analysis tasks with volume visualizations. Such a comprehensive mapping can inform the design of next-generation VR systems to improve the effectiveness of scientific data analysis. / Ph. D.

Die Werkzeuge und Methoden der Digitalen Fabrik sind bereits seit vielen Jahren in den einzelnen Phasen des Produktentstehungsprozess im Einsatz. Sie werden dabei u.a. auch zur Planung und Gestaltung menschlicher Arbeit eingesetzt. Mit Hilfe digitaler Menschmodelle können Aspekte des Arbeitsablaufs, der Zeitwirtschaft und der Arbeitsplatzgestaltung bereits frühzeitig untersucht und verbessert werden. Die Entwicklung effizienter Simulationssysteme steht auf diesem Gebiet jedoch insbesondere im Vergleich mit anderen Bereichen, wie beispielsweise der Robotersimulation, noch am Anfang. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich zunächst mit der Analyse bereits existierender Menschmodell-Simulationssysteme. Aus den identifizierten Schwachstellen dieser Systeme und weiteren durch Experteninterviews sowie Literaturrecherche gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wird eine Anforderungsliste erstellt, die als Grundlage für die Konzeption und Umsetzung eines innovativen Ansatzes zur Ansteuerung und Bewegungsgenerierung für digitale Menschmodelle dient. Diese neuartige Methodik wird schließlich in ein Simulations-Softwaresystem implementiert und anschließend im Praxis-Einsatz evaluiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das neue System die Mängel der vorhandenen Systeme behebt und somit als Werkzeug zur effizienten Planung, Gestaltung und Bewertung menschlicher Arbeit geeignet ist. / For many years the tools and methods of the Digital Factory are used in various stages of the product development process. They are also used for the planning and design of human work, which is typically done using a digital human model. Aspects of the workflow, time management and workplace design can be investigated and improved upon in the early stages of the product development process using digital human models. But in this field the development of efficient simulation systems is not matured enough compared to other fields for e.g. robot simulation. This paper starts with an analysis of existing simulation systems for digital human models. Afterwards a requirements list is created from the identified weaknesses of these systems, knowledge gained through expert interviews and literature reviews. These requirements serve as the base for the design and implementation of an innovative approach for motion generation and control of digital human models. This new methodology is then implemented as a simulation software system and evaluated in practical applications. The developed system fixed the shortcomings of existing systems and thus it is a suitable tool for efficient planning, design and evaluation of human labor.

As novas tecnologias informacionais mudaram o nosso modo de vida, modificaram nossos hábitos e transformaram profundamente a sociedade. A evolução da informática e da internet trouxe um mundo no qual estamos constantemente conectados através de smartphones, tablets e/ou computadores. Entretanto, na era da informação a velocidade e a facilidade de acesso aos dados, muitas vezes, têm se mostrado superiores à nossa capacidade de absorvê-los e transformar a informação em conhecimento. Neste contexto, novas mídias emergem criando possibilidades de comunicação, dentre as quais destacam-se as tecnologias 3D. Essas abrem novas possibilidades nas mais diversas áreas, oferecendo maior liberdade para que os objetos sejam representados e manipulados no espaço. O campo da educação, por sua vez, tem encontrado dificuldades de absorver estas tecnologias e utilizá-las como ferramentas didáticas. Acredita-se que as tecnologias 3D possam vir a ser importantes instrumentos para a prática pedagógica. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo pesquisar possibilidades de ampliação e facilitação do uso da tecnologia 3D para fins educacionais e de preservação histórica. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre como esta tecnologia tem sido utilizada em ambos os campos. Após, foi realizado levantamento das principais técnicas de digitalização em 3D. Em seguida, foram testadas as principais plataformas e tecnologias para a exibição deste tipo de conteúdo: Cl3ver, Sketchfab, JSC3D, WebGL, Three.js, VRML, X3D, PDF3D e Unity. A partir desta análise, em caráter experimental, criou-se um repositório virtual 3D, o qual encontra-se hospedado nos servidores da UFRGS. O repositório facilita a divulgação de modelos 3D por parte dos criadores deste tipo de conteúdo, pois permite a sua inserção na internet de forma simples, sem a necessidade de conhecimento prévio de programação. Deste modo, o conteúdo gerado pode ser visualizado em computadores e/ou dispositivos móveis, diretamente no navegador, dispensando a instalação de programas complementares, contribuindo para a propagação deste tipo de mídia. Também é possível disponibilizar as obras digitalizadas para reprodução física, mediante técnicas de prototipagem rápida como manufatura aditiva (popularmente conhecida como impressão 3D) e/ou usinagem em CNC. Para a criação do conteúdo 3D, digitalizou-se em três dimensões de quatro elementos, fachadas específicas dos prédios históricos da UFRGS. Os modelos gerados a partir da digitalização foram disponibilizados, através do repositório 3D, e podem ser acessadas no endereço: www.ufrgs.br/ldsm/3d. O repositório 3D dos prédios da UFRGS é uma ação inovadora com propósitos educacionais e de conservação de patrimônio histórico, agindo como catalisador, onde arte, tecnologia e educação convergem em prol da construção do conhecimento. / The new informational technologies have changed our way of life, have changed our habits and profoundly transformed the society. The evolution of computer science and the internet brought a world in which we are constantly connected, whether through smartphones, tablets, and/or computers. However, in this Information Age, the speed and ease of access to data often has been shown to be superior to our capacity to absorb them and to transform the information into knowledge. Within this context, new media has emerged creating new possibilities of communication, among which stand out the 3D technologies, which open up new possibilities in the most diverse areas, offering greater freedom for the objects that are represented and manipulated in space. Fields of education, in this matter, have found difficulties to absorb these technologies and use them as teaching tools. In this context, it is believed that 3D technologies are likely to be important instruments for the pedagogic practice. The present study aims to search possibilities of expansion and facilitation in the use of 3D technology for educational purposes and historical preservation. With this research, it was studied on how this technology has been used in both fields. After this, it was done a survey of the main techniques of 3D scanning. Then, were tested major platforms and technologies for the display of this content type: Cl3ver, Sketchfab, JSC3D, WebGL, Three.js, VRML, X3D, PDF3D and Unity. Trough this analysis, for experimental, purposes was done the creation of a 3D virtual repository which is hosted on the servers of UFRGS. The repository facilitates the dissemination of 3D content by content creators, as it allows its insertion on the Internet in a simple way, without the need for programming skills, so that the content generated can be viewed on computers and/or mobile devices directly in the browser, without the need to install additional programs, contributing to the popularization of this type of media. It is also possible to transform the digitized 3D data creating physical models through rapid prototyping techniques, such as additive manufacturing (popularly known as 3D printing) and/or CNC machining. To create 3D content, 3D scanning was performed of four elements of specific historical UFRGS buildings facades. The models generated from scanning were provided through 3D repository, that can be accessed at: www.ufrgs.br/ldsm/3d. The 3D buildings of UFRGS repository is an innovative action, with educational purposes besides the conservation of historical heritage, acting as a catalyst where art, technology and education converge towards the construction of knowledge.

Ces dernières années, un nouveau composant de l'environnement des tumeurs (ET) a été mis en évidence: les projections des neurones du système nerveux. En effet, les tumeurs sont infiltrées par des axones, ce qui pourrait réguler la progression du cancer.Le cancer du pancréas fait partie des cancers les plus mortels. Les traitements thérapeutiques actuels qui ciblent ce cancer ne sont pas efficaces. Il est donc important de mieux comprendre les différentes composantes de l'ET de ce cancer afin d’identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Nous proposons de décrire l’innervation des tumeurs pancréatiques ce qui est le point de départ pour mieux comprendre l’importance de cette composante de l'ET. Les objectifs ont été d’analyser en 3D les réseaux d'axones qui innervent le pancréas sain et cancéreux, ainsi que leurs relations avec d'autres types cellulaires de l'ET (vaisseaux sanguins (VS)).Pour cela, nous avons utilisé une méthode d'imagerie 3D de pancréas entiers, rendus transparents, qui proviennent de modèles génétiques de souris qui développent des cancers du pancréas similaires à ceux de l'homme. Nous avons observé que les réseaux d'axones sont plus denses et plus complexes dans les régions cancéreuses du pancréas par rapport aux régions saines. Alors que dans les tissus sains les axones sont associés aux VS, ils ne le sont plus dans les régions cancéreuses. Nous avons de plus identifié des groupes morphologiques de réseaux d'axones qui permettent de discriminer une région saine d'une région cancéreuse.L’analyse de la structure en 3D de ces réseaux d'axones pourrait donc représenter une donnée prédictive et pronostique de l'état d'avancé clinique de la maladie. / Cancers are diseases in which cancer cells interact with a complex tumor environment (TE). In recent years, a new component of TE has been highlighted: neuronal projections of the nervous system. Indeed, the axons of neurons innervate the tumors, which could regulate cancer progression.Pancreatic cancer is among the most deadly cancers. Indeed, the current therapeutic treatments that target this cancer are not effective. It is therefore important to better understand the different components of the TE of this cancer in order to identify new potential therapeutic targets.In this thesis, we propose to describe the innervation of pancreatic tumors which is the starting point to better understand the importance of this component of the TE. The objectives were to visualize and analyze in 3D the networks of axons that innervate the healthy and cancerous pancreas, as well as their relations with other cell types of the TE (blood vessels (BV)).For this, we used a method of 3D imaging of whole pancreas, made transparent, which come from genetic models of mice that develop pancreatic cancer similar to that of humans.We observed that axon networks are denser and more complex in cancerous regions of the pancreas compared to healthy regions. Moreover, while in healthy tissue, axons are associated with BV, they are no longer in cancerous areas.We also identified morphological groups of axon networks that discriminate a healthy region from a cancerous region.The analysis of the 3D structure of these axon networks could thus represent a predictive and prognostic value for the progression of the disease.