Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Assoziation von Saccharose-Synthase (SUS) mit subzellulären Strukturen. Durch cDNA-Durchmusterungen konnten proteinogene Bindepartner von SUS sowie Aktin identifiziert und zum Teil verifiziert werden. Die dritte Isoform SuS3 aus Mais wurde auf molekularer Ebene identifiziert und das rekombinante Protein biochemisch charakterisiert. Trotz signifikanter Sequenzunterschiede zwischen den SUS-Isoformen, wurden ähnliche katalytische Eigenschaften und mögliche posttranslationale Modifikationen der Enzyme nachgewiesen, darunter die Redox-Modifikation der Enzymaktivität und das Potential zur reversiblen Phosphorylierung. Der Einfluss der Phoshorylierung von SUS auf dessen enzymatische und assoziative Aktivität wurde mittels mutagenisiertem Protein untersucht und zeigte kein stark verändertes Verhalten infolge der Mutationen. Eine metabolische Regulation der SUS-Aktin-Wechselwirkung durch Zucker konnte bestätigt und die katalytische Aktivität von SUS in Gegenwart von Aktin gezeigt werden. Assoziationsstudien von Aktin mit synthetischen Peptiden sowie immunologische Untersuchungen lieferten Hinweise für die Aktinbindedomäne in SUS. Co-Pelletierungsexperimente zeigten die Assoziation von SUS mit Mikrotubuli aus Rinderhirn. In vitro konkurriert SUS mit Aldolase um die Bindung an Miktotubuli. Als proteinogene Bindepartner von SUS wurden einige im Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel sowie im 26S-Proteasom-Komplex involvierte Proteine identifiziert. Ebenso wurde eine Glutathion-Peroxidase identifiziert, die ubiquitäre Transkriptakkumulation dokumentiert und die katalytische Aktivität des rekombinanten Proteins gezeigt. Eine weitere cDNA-Durchmusterung führte zur Identifikation verschiedener glykolytischer Enzyme als potentielle Interaktionspartner von Mais-Aktin sowie zu Bindepartnern, die nach Sequenzanalyse Domänen mit Homologien zu bekannten ABPs aus tierischen Organismen zeigten.

Biological tubes possessing a curvilinear form and a hollow interior exist in most multicellular eukaryotes. In Eumetazoa, the tubes usually comprise an eminently complex network and enable the transport and exchange of fluids and gases between tissues and organs, but also between organisms and their environment. Thus, tubular structures are both morphologically and physiologically integral parts of the animals. Based on a genetic screen for novel factors involved in heart tube differentiation and morphogenesis in Drosophila, the identified mutants were subdivided into several classes: cardiac hyperplasia (kuz and mam, both involved in the Notch-dependent cardiomyocyte specification, Publication 1); impaired cytokinesis (pav and tum, both components of the centralspindlin complex); a single ptc mutant showing a “truncated” heart (Publication 2); and a single loss-of-function mutant displaying reduced lumen diameter in epithelial tubes and perturbed secretion of ECM-components. The latter allele was mapped to the gene locus gartenzwerg (garz) that encodes a large ArfGEF. Due to its novelty, garz was selected as a central part of the thesis (Publication 3). Although garz seems to be expressed ubiquitously, its transcripts are abundant in active secreting cells of tubular structures. Moreover, mutations of garz abolish Golgi-integrity, cause massive retention of secretory cargo in the ER and arrest the apical transport of lipids and ECM molecules. As a consequence, lumen of the salivary glands and trachea fail to expand and show a decreased diameter. The observed phenotypes in tracheal network and salivary glands phenocopy those of COPI/COPII-subunits as well as actin-dependent secretion mutants, suggesting the underlying mechanism might be common. Thus, it is supposed that proper tubulogenesis needs Garz for initiation of the Arf1-COPI machinery. Furthermore, Golgi-based post-translational modifications, targeted sorting of vesicles, outward transport of proteins, or directed membrane delivery all depend on the secretory pathway, and such processes are essential in establishing polarized cells which build the tubular structures. In conclusion, this mechanism seems to be neither restricted to tubulogenesis nor specific to Drosophila. Due to the presence of garz homologues in every eukaryotic genomes, the Arf1/COPI based secretory pathway may play a universal role in metazoan development.

Peptides play pivotal roles in the regulation of various physiological processes. As neuropeptides or peptide hormones, they can bind to a range of receptors and thereby trigger the activation of different pathways, including insulin signaling. Another central functionality is facilitated by the action of the as regulins summarized transmembrane micropeptides. By binding to the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), the regulins control Ca2+ homeostasis and muscle contraction. With the ongoing identification of novel modulatory micropeptides encoded by small open reading frames, the urgency to understand peptide-dependent regulatory networks rises. In this regard, especially impact and physiological relevance exerted by the enzymatic inactivation of the mature, biologically active peptides are far from completely understood. Neprilysins are metalloendopeptidases expressed throughout the animal kingdom. Based on their broad substrate specificity, the activity of neprilysins is crucial for the modulation of multiple peptide-dependent processes. This work aimed to identify new peptide substrates of the Drosophila melanogaster Neprilysin 4 (Nep4) and investigate the enzyme's physiological impact on the affected regulatory mechanisms. The first part of the work could identify 16 novel Nep4 peptide substrates that play essential roles in insulin signaling and the regulation of food intake: allatostatin A1-A4, adipokinetic hormone, corazonin, diuretic hormone 31, drosulfakinin 1 and 2, leucokinin, two short neuropeptide F peptides, and tachykinin 1-4. Thereby, aberrant expression of Nep4 leads to severe phenotypes linked to misregulation of insulin signaling, including reduced body size and weight, compromised food intake, and a characteristic shift in metabolomic composition. To further investigate and understand the complex functionality of the newly discovered Nep4 substrates, these peptides were tested for their ability to modulate the Drosophila heartbeat. A combined in vitro/in vivo screen revealed that the tested substrates exert chronotropic as well as inotropic effects, rendering the peptides as essential novel modulators of the heartbeat in Drosophila. The main project of this thesis was based on the initial finding that animals with Nep4 overexpression exhibit severe impairments of body wall muscle and heart functionality. By applying various experiments, including analyses of muscle and heart contraction, measurement of Ca2+ transients, pull-down studies, STED super-resolution microscopy, and mass spectrometry, Neprilysin 4 was identified as a novel modulator of SERCA activity. The molecular underpinning of this regulatory mechanism is the Nep4 mediated cleavage and inactivation of Drosophila SERCA-inhibitory Sarcolamban micropeptides SCLA and SCLB. Strikingly, cleavage experiments using the mammalian neprilysin and apparent colocalization of Neprilysin and SERCA in human heart tissue indicate evolutionary conservation of this mechanism. In summary, this work could identify a range of so far unknown Nep4 substrates and thereby point out the critical roles these class of enzymes plays in insulin signaling as well as the physiology of muscle and heart contraction.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.