Une recherche consacrée à l'étymologie et à l'histoire de la terminologie linguistique permettra un gain important en connaissances historico-étymologiques. Ce gain dans la description de termes scientifiques particuliers a des répercussions plus générales : une meilleure connaissance des processus de formation du vocabulaire de la linguistique, et des indications sur les conséquences pour la sous-discipline étymologique elle-même d'un progrès massif dans la description d'une part significative du lexique (les internationalismes savants). La thèse contribue aussi à un progrès méthodologique dans un secteur faible de la science étymologique, progrès d'autant plus significatif que celui-ci est crucial pour notre connaissance du fonctionnement actuel de la création lexicale en français. Cette thèse présente la particularité de se situer sur plusieurs axes de travail, couvrant la lexicologie (et la lexicographie, car elle contient une partie consacrée à des articles lexicographiques), la terminologie (le sujet de ces articles étant les termes de la linguistique) et l’étymologie. En outre, la part philologique de ce travail est importante, car l’analyse des débuts de l’existence des termes étudiés nous a amenée à analyser des textes de diverses natures et de périodes différentes. Nous exploitons ensuite les nouvelles données offertes par nos articles lexicographiques dans le but de porter un regard synthétique sur la constitution de la terminologie linguistique française. / A research on the etymology and history of linguistics terminology will provide an important gain in historical and etymological knowledge. This gain concerning the description of particular scientific terms has broader implications: improved knowledge on the coining process of the linguistics vocabulary, as well as indications about the possible consequences that a massive progress of the description of an important portion of the internationalisms could have on the etymological sub-discipline itself. This thesis also contributes to a methodological progress in a weak area of the etymological science, a progress all the more significant as it is crucial to our understanding of the current functioning of lexical creation in French. An outstanding characteristic of this thesis is that it lays at the intersection of several fields, covering lexicology (and lexicography, since it encompasses a section devoted to lexicographical entries), terminology (since the subject of these articles is linguistic terms) and etymology. Furthermore, the philological aspect of this research is important because the work on the beginning of the existence of terms led us to analyze various types of texts belonging to different periods. We then exploit the new data offered by the lexicographical entries in order to provide a synthetic view of the constitution of the French linguistics terminology.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O Ãcido lÃtico à um composto com diversas aplicaÃÃes industriais, dos quais as indÃstrias quÃmica, farmacÃutica, de alimentos, de polÃmeros, tÃxtil e de curtume podem ser citadas alÃm de ser reconhecido como seguro pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Tem se tornado um importante monÃmero na indÃstria de plÃsticos, sendo polimerizado em plÃstico biodegradÃvel. Pode ser obtido industrialmente atravÃs de sÃntese quÃmica ou processo fermentativo. No entanto, à mais comumente produzido via processo fermentativo atravÃs de matÃrias-primas renovÃveis e resÃduos da agroindÃstria. O pedÃnculo do caju possui um alto valor nutricional em termos de vitaminas, sais minerais e aÃÃcares e estima-se que 88% de sua produÃÃo seja perdida devido sua alta perecibilidade sendo, portanto, um substrato em potencial para processos fermentativos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a otimizaÃÃo da produÃÃo de Ãcido lÃtico via fermentaÃÃo submersa em meio contendo suco de caju clarificado como substrato utilizando o Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442. A partir de dados experimentais sobre temperatura, pH, concentraÃÃes de substrato e sulfato de amÃnia inicial, foi realizado um estudo cinÃtico variando concentraÃÃes de substrato inicial de 20 a 60 g/L e mantendo a proporÃÃo ideal de 12% de sulfato de amÃnio em relaÃÃo aos aÃÃcares redutores totais iniciais. Os ensaios foram realizados em reator batelada CSTR de 1,0 L com 0,5 L de meio reacional. A temperatura foi de 37ÂC e o pH foi ajustado para 6,5 sendo controlado durante o processo. A partir dos dados experimentais, um modelo fenomenolÃgico foi desenvolvido e um programa computacional foi criado utilizando Linguagem Fortran 90. O modelo foi validado estatisticamente segundo o valor de F de Fisher. Com o modelo representativo do sistema, foi possÃvel realizar otimizaÃÃes em batelada e batelada alimentada para a fermentaÃÃo lÃtica. Os processos em batelada e batelada alimentada foram comparados entre si levando em consideraÃÃo a eficiÃncia final, a produÃÃo de Ãcido lÃtico e os custos com matÃria-prima e reagentes utilizados comparando com os custos de venda final do Ãcido lÃtico no mercado. Para a otimizaÃÃo em batelada, pÃde-se verificar que a fermentaÃÃo que apresentou melhores resultados foi a que partiu de um inÃculo com 0,3 g/L e concentraÃÃo de aÃÃcares redutores totais iniciais de 50 g/L finalizando o processo com 39,31 g/L de Ãcido lÃtico e apresentando uma eficiÃncia de 72,2%. Em relaÃÃo ao processo em batelada alimentada, conclui-se que a simulaÃÃo que apresentou melhores resultados foi a que partiu de um inÃculo de 0,3 g/L com 40 g/L de aÃÃcares redutores totais iniciais, uma vazÃo de 3 L/h e uma concentraÃÃo de suco de caju clarificado concentrado alimentado de 200 g/L obtendo 38,0 g/L de Ãcido lÃtico e uma eficiÃncia de 63,8%. Portanto, para a fermentaÃÃo lÃtica utilizando o Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 tendo o suco e caju clarificado como substrato, o processo em batelada foi o mais vantajoso / Lactic acid is a compound that has several industrial applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, food, polymer, textile and tanning industries. In addition, lactic acid has being recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Lactic acid has become an important monomer in the plastic industry where it has been polymerized into biodegradable plastics. It can be obtained industrially by chemical synthesis or fermentation process. It is most commonly produced by fermentation process using raw materials and waste materials of agricultural source. Cashew apple has a high nutritional value in terms of vitamins, minerals and sugars and it is estimated that 88% of its production is lost due the high spoilage, thus it has great potential as substrate in fermentative processes. This work aimed to optimize lactic acid production by submerged fermentation in a medium containing clarified cashew apple juice as substrate using the Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442. From available information in the literature regarding temperature, pH, initial concentrations of substrate and initial ammonium sulfate, a kinetic study was carried out changing the initial concentration of substrate from 20 to 60 g/L and maintaining the ideal ratio of 12% of ammonium sulfate in relation of the initial total reducing sugars. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor of 1.0 L with 0.5 L of reaction medium. The temperature was set at 37 ÂC and the pH was adjusted to 6.5 and controlled during the process. From the experimental data, a phenomenological model was developed and a computer program was built in Fortran 90. The mathematical model was statistically validated according to the F value of the Fisher test. With the representative model of the reaction system, it was possible to accomplish optimizations in batch and fed-batch fermentation for lactic acid production. The results in batch and fed-batch were compared, in relation to the final efficiency of the system, lactic acid production and costs of raw materials and reagents, with the costs of the final price of the lactic acid in the market. For the optimization in batch reaction, it was found that the fermentation which had the best results was obtained from an inoculum of 0.3 g/L and a initial concentration of total reducing sugars of 50 g/L, resulting in the production of 39.31 g/L of lactic acid and an efficiency of 72.2%. Regarding the fed-batch process, the simulations showed that the best results was obtained from an inoculum of 0.3 g/L with 40 g/L of initial total reducing sugars, with a feed of clarified cashew apple juice at flow rate of 3 L/h and a concentration of 200 g/L, resulting in the production of 38.0 g/L of lactic acid concentration and an efficiency of 63.8%. Therefore, for lactic fermentation using Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 and the clarified cashew juice as substrate and the conditions studied in this work, the process in batch was the most advantageous

"MIT-3221-19." / Bibliography: p. 78-81. / Contract AT(30-1)-3221.

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El problema de las empresas no financieras en la actualidad es efectuar una buena gestión al otorgar créditos bajo esta modalidad, siendo así el tema a investigar, el cual tuvo como objetivo general, evaluar la gestión del área de créditos mediante la metodología del COSO III en la empresa Neumáticos Chiclayo EIRL durante el periodo 2017. La metodología utilizada se realizó mediante un tipo de investigación descriptivo – cualitativo y diseño No Experimental – transversal, la muestra estuvo constituida por el Gerente General y la Administradora – Jefe de créditos; las técnicas que se utilizaron fueron: entrevista, encuesta y análisis documental, con sus respectivos instrumentos: guía de entrevista, cuestionario y guía de análisis documental. Los resultados evidencian que en el área de créditos existen deficiencias respecto al control interno, no cuentan con manuales de funciones ni procedimientos (MOF, ROF), sus políticas de crédito están desactualizadas, no hay una eficiente coordinación entre sus áreas y la capacitación a su personal es deficiente. En conclusión, la empresa presenta problemas de control interno, por ello se planteó evaluar el área de créditos para identificar y mitigar riesgos, además de la implementación de políticas de créditos propuestas para mejorar la gestión de créditos, y de esta manera se pueda tener un mejor control y manejo en el otorgamiento de los mismos.

The Austin Steam Train Association operates a tourist train on a stretch of track in Texas from Cedar Park to Burnet. The diverse assortment of restored cars, some dating back to the 1920s, is pulled most-recently by a diesel engine, No. 442, as Southern Pacific No. 786, the original steam engine, is in the process of being repaired. The train requires more than $1 million annually to operate and would have folded long ago if not for an all-volunteer crew. ASTA staffs the crew of at least 10-15 people per train 105-110 times per year and has been doing so for more than 20 years. During a ride on the train, passengers see a wide variety of scenery, including some relics with historical significance. Among them are several large chunks of granite which fell of trains shuttling the stone decades ago from Marble Falls to Austin for the construction of the capitol building. Trains also carried granite to Galveston after the infamous hurricane hit. ASTA also provides entertainment inside the train. Themes rides sell out months in advance. Murder mystery trips are always hits but the Wine Flyer is gaining popularity. With a layover in Burnet on the Saturday Hill Country Flyers trips, passengers take time to explore a new city, have lunch and maybe do a little quick shopping. ASTA takes the operation of the train seriously and makes safety a priority. ASTA runs the train with fantastic dedication and perseverance and subsequently, generates a rolling work of history for study by families, first-timers and enthusiasts alike on a weekly basis. / text

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Βασικός στόχος της παρούσης Διπλωματικής Εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη της κρυσταλλικής μηχανικής μίας σειράς συμπλόκων ενώσεων του CoII με ιμιδαζολικά παράγωγα ως υποκαταστάτες και ειδικότερα με το 2-φαινυλοϊμιδαζόλιο και το 4-φαινυλοϊμιδαζόλιο. Η κρυσταλλική μηχανική μπορεί να θεωρηθεί ως ο κλάδος της υπερμοριακής χημείας στη στερεά κατάσταση. Η υπερμοριακή χημεία (supramolecular chemistry) είναι μία από τις πλέον δημοφιλείς και γρήγορα αναπτυσσόμενες περιοχές της πειραματικής χημείας. Χαρακτηρίζεται ως η χημεία των ασθενών διαμοριακών δυνάμεων και εστιάζει στη δομή και λειτουργία των χημικών συστημάτων με υψηλή πολυπλοκότητα (υπερμόρια) που προκύπτουν από το συνδυασμό δύο ή περισσοτέρων διακριτών χημικών ειδών (μορίων, ιόντων) και συγκρατούνται με ασθενείς (και αντιστρεπτές) διαμοριακές δυνάμεις (π.χ. αλληλεπιδράσεις π-π, δεσμούς υδρογόνου, υδρόφοβες αλληλεπιδράσεις, δυνάμεις van der Waals, αλληλεπιδράσεις διπόλου-διπόλου κλπ). Ένα σημαντικό πεδίο της υπερμοριακής χημείας είναι αυτό της κρυσταλλικής μηχανικής (crystal engineering) που αναφέρεται στη στρατηγική σχεδιασμού ενός κρυσταλλικού υλικού με επιθυμητές ιδιότητες και βασίζεται στην κατανόηση και τον έλεγχο των διαμοριακών αλληλεπιδράσεων των μορίων στην κρυσταλλική κατάσταση. Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία πραγματοποιήθηκε η σύνθεση συμπλόκων ενώσεων με γενικό τύπο ΜΙΙ/Χ-/L ή L', όπου ΜΙΙ = CoII, X- = Cl-, I-, SCN-, NO3-, L = 2-φαινυλοϊμιδαζόλιο και L' = 4-φαινυλοϊμιδαζόλιο. Με μεταβολή των σημαντικότερων συνθετικών παραμέτρων –γραμμομοριακή αναλογία μετάλλου:υποκαταστάτη, πολικότητα του διαλύτη (MeOH, MeCN, Me2CO, CH2Cl2, CHCl3), συνθήκες θερμοκρασίας και μέθοδο κρυστάλλωσης– απομονώσαμε και χαρακτηρίσαμε τα εξής σύμπλοκα: [CoCl2L2] (1), [CoI2L2] (2), [Co(NCS)2L2] (3), [Co(NO3)2L2] (4), [CoL'4(MeCN)(H2O)](NO3)2 (5), [CoL'4(MeCN)(H2O)]I2 (6), [Co(NCS)2L'2] (7), [Co(NCS)2L'4]•MeOH (8•MeOH). Όπως διαπιστώθηκε με την βοήθεια της κρυσταλλογραφικής ανάλυσης ακτίνων Χ επί μονοκρυστάλλων των ανωτέρω συμπλόκων, οι διαμοριακές αλληλεπιδράσεις που είναι υπεύθυνες για την υπερμοριακή οργάνωση των δομών τους είναι ισχυροί και ασθενείς δεσμοί υδρογόνου και αλληλεπιδράσεις τύπου π-π. Ειδικότερα, τα δεδομένα για τα σύμπλοκα με τον L διαπιστώθηκε ότι: • Σταθερά μοτίβα διαμοριακών αλληλεπιδράσεων (συνθόνια) σχηματίζονται μεταξύ των τεκτονίων N-H των ιμιδαζολικών δακτυλίων και των ενταγμένων ιόντων X (X = Cl, I, NO3, SCN) όλων των συμπλόκων οδηγώντας σε μονο- ή δισδιάστατες δομές. Οι δομές αυτές ενισχύονται περαιτέρω από ασθενείς αλληλεπιδράσεις C-H∙∙∙X (X= Cl, I, O, S) προς 3D υπερμοριακές δομές. • Εκτός του συμπλόκου 2 στο οποίο παρατηρούνται ενδομοριακές π-π αλληλεπιδράσεις σε καμία άλλη δομή δεν παρατηρούνται τέτοιες ενδο- ή διαμοριακές αλληλεπιδράσεις. Για τα σύμπλοκα με τον υποκαταστάτη L' διαπιστώθηκε παρόμοια ότι: • Σταθερά μοτίβα διαμοριακών αλληλεπιδράσεων (συνθόνια) σχηματίζονται μεταξύ των τεκτονίων N-H των ιμιδαζολικών δακτυλίων και των ανόργανων ανιόντων X- (X- = NO3-, I-) στα σύμπλοκα 5 και 6 ή του ενταγμένου SCN στα σύμπλοκα 7 και 8•MeOH ή/και πλεγματικών μορίων διαλύτη (σύμπλοκο 8•MeOH), οδηγώντας σε μονο- ή δισδιάστατες δομές. Παρόμοια με τις δομές 1-4, ασθενείς C-H∙∙∙X (X= O, S) αλληλεπιδράσεις οδηγούν τελικά σε συγκρότηση 3D δομών. • Στα σύμπλοκα 7 και 8•MeOH η οργάνωση της δομής ευνοεί παράλληλα το σχηματισμό διαμοριακών π-π αλληλεπιδράσεων. • Στα σύμπλοκα 5 και 6 είναι απαραίτητη η παρουσία αντισταθμιστικών ιόντων στο πλέγμα τους καθώς πρόκειται για κατιοντικά σύμπλοκα του τύπου [CoL'4(MeCN)(H2O)]2+. • Μόνο το σύμπλοκο 8•MeOH περιέχει πλεγματικά μόρια διαλύτη (MeOH) χωρίς να είναι απαραίτητη η παρουσία αντισταθμιστικών ιόντων στο πλέγμα του. Συμπερασματικά, ο κυρίαρχος παράγοντας που καθορίζει την υπερμοριακή οργάνωση των συμπλόκων και των δύο κατηγοριών (δηλ. με υποκαταστάτες τα ισομερή, 2- και 4-φαινυλοϊμιδαζόλιο) είναι τα ισχυρά συνθόνια N-H∙∙∙X (X = Cl, I, NO3, SCN). / The main target of this diploma thesis was the crystal engineering studies of a series of coordination compounds of CoII with substituted imidazoles as ligands and specifically, with 2-phenylimidazole and 4-phenylimidazole. Crystal engineering may be regarded as the solid-state branch of supramolecular chemistry. Supramolecular chemistry is one of the most popular and rapidly developing areas of experimental chemistry. It may be defined as the chemistry of weak intermolecular forces and focuses on the structure and function of chemical systems of high complexity (supermolecules), resulting from the association of two or more discrete chemical species (molecules, ions) held together by weak (and reversible) intermolecular forces (e.g. π-π interactions, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions etc). Crystal engineering is an important field of supramolecular chemistry that refers to the design and synthesis of a crystalline material with desired properties, based on the understanding and control of intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state. In this diploma thesis the synthesis of a series of coordination complexes with general formula ΜΙΙ/Χ-/L or L' [ΜΙΙ = CoII, X- = Cl-, I-, SCN-, NO3- and L = 2-phenylimidazole, L' = 4-phenylimidazole] took place. By altering the parameters of synthesis –metal:ligand molar ratio, solvent polarity (MeOH, MeCN, Me2CO, CH2Cl2, CHCl3), temperature, as well as crystallization method– we were able to isolate and study the following complexes: [CoCl2L2] (1), [CoI2L2] (2), [Co(NCS)2L2] (3), [Co(NO3)2L2] (4), [CoL'4(MeCN)(H2O)](NO3)2 (5), [CoL'4(MeCN)(H2O)]I2 (6), [Co(NCS)2L'2] (7), [Co(NCS)2L'4]•MeOH (8•MeOH). As established by the single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the above complexes, the intermolecular interactions responsible for the supramolecular organization of the structures are strong and weak hydrogen bonds, as well as π-π interactions. A detailed study of the complexes with ligand L reveals that: • Supramolecular synthons between the N-H tectons of imidazole rings and the coordinated X ion (X = Cl, I, NO3, SCN) are formed, leading to 1- or 2D structures, which are further enhanced by weak C-H∙∙∙X (X= Cl, I, O, S) interactions, leading to 3D supramolecular architectures. • There are no intra- or intermolecular π-π interactions observed in complexes 1-4, with the exception of one such intramolecular interaction in complex 2. A detailed study of the complexes with ligand L' reveals that: • Supramolecular synthons between the N-H tectons of imidazole rings and the inorganic anions X- (X- = NO3-, I-) of complexes 5 and 6 or the coordinated SCN of complexes 7and 8 or/and lattice solvent molecules (complex 8•MeOH) are formed, leading to 1- or 2D structures, further organized in 3D architectures by means of weak C-H∙∙∙X (X= O, S) interactions. • In certain complexes (7 and 8•MeOH) the disposition of the complexes favors the formation of intermolecular π-π interactions. • In complexes 5 and 6 the presence of counter ions in their crystal structures is necessary since they are cationic complexes with the [CoL'4(MeCN)(H2O)]2+ unit as their structural core. • Only complex 8•MeOH contains lattice solvent molecules (MeOH) without the presence of counter ions in its crystal lattice. In conclusion, the determining factor of the supramolecular organization of the two series of complexes, that is with the isomers 2- and 4-phenylimidazole as ligands, is the presence of the strong synthons N-H∙∙∙X (X = Cl, I, NO3, SCN).

There are many practical implications connected to the distribution of the inheritance of a deceased married person, the rules on inheritance distribution are regulated in the Swedish Inheritance Code.  The Inheritance Code was reformed in 1987 with the aim of strengthening the spouses’ inheritance status. Among other amendments, a new law was introduced in chapter 3 paragraph 8 of the Inheritance Code. Pursuant to the new law, in situations where heirs are left only after one of the spouses, they shall inherit everything upon the death of the surviving spouse. The purpose of the legislation was to restrict the Swedish General Inheritance Fund’s right to inherit.  The interpretation of the paragraph has raised extensive discussions in the legal doctrine, mainly relating to the following three aspects: firstly, whether the paragraph requires a concrete right to secondary inheritance, secondly, which rel- atives have the right to inherit, and lastly, the legal nature of the paragraph. The meaning of the paragraph has been clarified in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Sweden to eliminate any uncertainties.  This thesis aims to examine how chapter 3 paragraph 8 of the Inheritance Code shall be, de lege lata, and ought to be, de lege ferenda, interpreted.  In conclusion, pursuant to the case law of the Supreme Court of Sweden, the paragraph only grants the first and second order of heirs the right to inherit. With regard to the legal nature of the paragraph, the court has stated that the paragraph merely determines allocation of inheritance shares. Furthermore, the court held that the paragraph requires a concrete right to secondary inheritance, albeit heavily criticized. Through the analysis of the Swedish Supreme Court ruling conducted herein, it can be concluded that the requirement puts children of the de- ceased person in a previous marriage in a disadvantaged position, whereby they are treated differently from other heirs. Additionally, it contradicts basic Swedish principles of law, such as “parantelprincipen”. Although the supreme court’s practice provides guidance on how the paragraph should be interpreted, the case law concerning chapter 3 paragraph 8 of the Inheritance Code has regardless resulted in several consequences that affect fundamental principles of the Swedish inheritance law.  I argue, de lege ferenda, that the requirement of concrete right to secondary inheritance ought to be removed completely as it may put children of the deceased person in a previous marriage in a disadvantage. Upon removing the requirement, the negative consequences would be eliminated. Therefore, this thesis 3 seeks to urge the legislature to review the paragraph to ascertain whether this requirement is necessary.

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