The use of mobile communication has remarkably increased during the last years. It is the usage of 2G, 3G and in particular LTE that has increased. With every year that passes the con- sumers are putting higher demands on data rate and coverage. To solve the problem with coverage the signal can be relayed and thus amplified at the receiver end. To know if it’s pos- sible to relay the signal it’s important to know what signal is received locally. The company Network Expertise has given us a problem, due to that we want to investigate two things in this thesis. 1) Which signal parameters are relevant and which signal levels are good and bad for LTE. 2) How can signal measurements be done for 2G, 3G and 4G with an Android based system. To solve the first problem, a literature study was conducted where we found information about how past measurements have been made and what is relevant when measuring an LTE signal. The second problem was solved by developing an application for Android which implements the relevant measurements that was defined in the literature study. The application and the possibilities in Android have been reviewed and compared with similar tools for signal measurements. The relevant parameters for LTE measurements are RSRP, RSRQ, EARFCN and neighboring cells RSRP, RSRQ and EARFCN. Additional relevant parameters are ECI, MCC and MNC. LTE parameters which are possible to retrieve with an Android based telephone through An- droid API are RSRP, RSRQ and ECI (with some telephone models). The telephone must also support API level 17. For 3G it’s possible to retrieve RSCP, EcNo (with some telephone mod- els) and for 2G it’s possible to retrieve RSSI. MCC and MNC are both possible to retrieve in Android. Information about neighboring cells are not available for neither of the technologies. The quality level for the LTE parameter RSRP is great above -80 dBm level, good down to -90 dBm, moderate down to -100 dBm and bad below -100 dBm. Signal level for the LTE parame- ter RSRQ is great above -10 dBm, good down to -15 dBm, moderate down to -20 dBm and bad below -20 dBm. With the available version of Android is not sufficient to do advance signal measurements. / Användningen av mobil kommunikation har ökat kraftigt under de senaste åren. Det är användningen av 2G, 3G och speciellt LTE som har ökat. För varje år som går ställer konsumenterna högre krav på hastigheter och mobiltäckning. För att lösa problemen med täckning kan signalen förstärkas på mottagarsidan i en så kallad repeater. För att veta om det är möjligt att förstärka signalen är det viktigt att veta vilken signal som tas emot lokalt. Företaget Network Expertise har ett behov som leder oss fram till att undersöka två saker i denna rapport. 1) Vilka signalparametrar är relevanta och vilka signalnivåer är bra och dåliga för LTE? 2) Hur kan signalmätningar göras för 2G, 3G och 4G med ett androidbaserat system? För att lösa första problemet genomfördes en litteraturstudie där vi tog fram information om hur tidigare mätningar har gjorts och vad som är relevant vid mätning av en LTEsignal. Det andra problemet löstes genom att utveckla en applikation för Android som kan göra relevanta mätningar som definierades i förstudien. Applikationen och möjligheterna som erbjuds i Android har utvärderats och jämförts med liknande verktyg för att mäta signaler. De relevanta parametrarna för LTE-mätningar är RSRP, RSRQ, EARFCN och närliggande cellers RSRP, RSRQ och EARFCN. Ytterligare information som har relevans är ECI, MCC och MNC. LTE-parametrarna som går att hämta med en androidbaserad telefon via Android API är RSRP, RSRQ och ECI (med vissa telefonmodeller). Telefonen måste också stödja API-nivå17. För 3G går det att hämta RSCP och EcNo (med vissa telefonmodeller) och för 2G går det att hämta RSSI. MCC och MNC går båda att hämta via API. Information om närliggande celler är inte tillgängligt för varken 2G, 3G eller 4G. Kvalitetsnivån för LTE-parametern RSRP är utmärkt över -80 dBm insignal, bra ner till -90 dBm, medel ner till -100 dBm och dålig under -100 dBm. Kvalitetsnivån för LTE-parametern RSRQ är utmärkt över -10 dB, bra ner till -15 dB, medel ner till -20 dB och dålig under -20 dB. I dagsläget är androidplattformen inte riktigt mogen för att göra avancerade signalmätningar.

This thesis presents the design of a communication system (PRCS) which improves on all aspects of the current state of the art 4G communication system Long Term Evolution (LTE) including peak to average power ratio (PAPR), data reliability, spectral efficiency and complexity using the most recent state of the art research in the field combined with novel implementations. This research is relevant and important to the field of electrical and communication engineering because it provides benefits to consumers in the form of more reliable data with higher speeds as well as a reduced burden on hardware original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). The results presented herein show up to a 3 dB reduction in PAPR, less than 10-5 bit errors at 7.5 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) using 4QAM, up to 3 times increased throughput in the uplink mode and 10 times reduced channel coding complexity.

The importance of energy efficiency has grown alongside awareness of climate change due to the rapid increase of greenhouse gases. With the increasing trend regarding mobile subscribers, it is necessary to prevent an expansion of energy consumption via mobile networks. In this thesis, the energy optimization of the new radio access technology called 5G NR utilizing different sleep states to put base stations to sleep when they are not transmitting data is discussed. Energy savings and file latency with heterogeneous and super dense urban scenarios was evaluated through simulations with different network deployments. An updated power model has been proposed and the sensitivity of the new power model was analyzed by adjusting wake-up time and sleep factors. This showed that careful implementation is necessary when adjusting these parameter settings, although in most cases it did not change the end results by much. Since 5G NR has more potential in energy optimization compared to the previous generation mobile network 4G LTE, up to 4 sleep states was implemented on the NR base stations and one idle mode on LTE base stations. To mitigate unnecessary sleep, deactivation timers are used which decides when to put base stations to sleep. Without deactivation timers, the delay could increase significantly, while with deactivation timers the delay increase would only be a few percent. Up to 42.5% energy could be saved with LTE-NR non-standalone deployment and 72.7% energy with NR standalone deployment compared to LTE standalone deployment, while minimally impacting the delay on file by 1%.

Afin de répondre aux besoins permanents de mobilité et de débit, l'émergence de la future quatrième génération de systèmes de radiocommunications repose autant sur le développement de nouvelles techniques de transmissions que sur la mise au point d'architectures matérielles performantes. Dans la recherche de modulations adaptées pour la couche physique de ces futurs réseaux, une approche pertinente repose sur la technique MC-CDMA, associant les techniques de modulations à porteuses multiples et l'étalement de spectre. L'extension de cette technique mono-antenne aux systèmes alliant un réseau d'antennes à l'émission et à la réception ou MIMO, est également très séduisante. Les techniques MIMO réalisées par des modulations codées en blocs ou en treillis offrent un regain de débit ou de robustesse. Ainsi, la combinaison de la technique MC-CDMA avec des techniques MIMO offre un panel de solutions répondant aux contraintes de mobilité et de débit. Les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse ont pour buts l'étude et la mise en oeuvre pratique de systèmes de communications utilisant ces techniques innovantes. Notre travail a par ailleurs porté sur la définition et l'optimisation des méthodes de conception de tels systèmes vers des cibles architecturales hétérogènes. Ce travail fait partie intégrante du projet européen MATRICE et du projet région Bretagne PALMYRE.<br /><br />Après une présentation générale du contexte applicatif et des principes afférents aux systèmes MC-CDMA et aux techniques MIMO, une étude de la complexité et de l'intégration au sein d'une plate-forme de prototypage associant des composants DSP et FPGA est réalisée. Afin de proposer une démarche de conception efficace, nous envisageons l'application de la méthodologie MCSE pour le développement des systèmes étudiés. Ainsi, son flot complet de conception sera détaillé. L'intérêt de cette méthode pour l'optimisation de systèmes de transmissions reposant sur les techniques MC-CDMA et MIMO est ainsi démontré.

Submitted by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T12:44:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação José Bruno Maciel Cornélio.pdf: 1072962 bytes, checksum: 898b1529472aef1d9b5f96cc4677ba46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T12:45:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação José Bruno Maciel Cornélio.pdf: 1072962 bytes, checksum: 898b1529472aef1d9b5f96cc4677ba46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T12:45:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação José Bruno Maciel Cornélio.pdf: 1072962 bytes, checksum: 898b1529472aef1d9b5f96cc4677ba46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-08T12:46:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação José Bruno Maciel Cornélio.pdf: 1072962 bytes, checksum: 898b1529472aef1d9b5f96cc4677ba46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03 / O telefone celular teve uma grande evolução nos últimos anos, o que antes era utilizado exclusivamente para transmissão de voz, hoje tem características avançadíssimas incluindo várias evoluções tecnológicas. Dentro deste aspecto, a inovação que o LTE (Long Term Evolution) vem demonstrando em suas características realmente se destacam em relação as tecnologias que a antecederam e representa grande evolução se comparada com as outras. Foi desenvolvida no âmbito do projeto 3GPP e (3rd Generation Partners Project) promovido pelo Instituto Europeu de Normalização na área de Telecomunicações ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute). As operadoras que demonstram interesse em disponibilizar esta tecnologia buscam introduzir a flexibilidade do LTE para ir ao encontro dos objetivos de suas redes existentes, espectro e negócios para banda larga móvel e serviços multimídia. O LTE promete taxas de download de 326,4Mbps, taxas de upload de 86,4Mbps, RTT ( ROUND TRIP TIME ) menos de 10 mile segundos e raio das células podendo atingir até 100km. O sistema 4G (LTE) é um sistema integrado completamente baseado em IP, que é resultado de tecnologias conectadas por fios e sem fios disponibilizando um custo acessível, atendendo as exigências de uma rede de comunicação (Wireless), serviços de transferência de mensagens multimídias, conversa com vídeo, televisão móvel de alta definição, serviços mínimos como voz e dados entre outras vantagens. Desta forma, este estudo tem por objetivo analisar quais são as oportunidades e os desafios no mercado de telefonia móvel de Telecomunicações ao implantar o sistema de tecnologia LTE demonstrando o benefício dos fabricantes e operadoras no sentido econômico e tecnológico. / The mobile phone has a great development in recent years, which was previously used exclusively for transmission of voice, now has highly advanced features including many technological developments. Within this aspect, the innovation that LTE (Long Term Evolution) has demonstrated that its features really stand out in relation to the technologies that preceded it and which represents a great development compared to the others. It was developed under the project 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) sponsored by European standards institute in telecommunications, ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). Operators who show interest in seeking to introduce this technology available LTE flexibly to meet the goals of their existing networks, and business spectrum for mobile broadband and multimedia services. LTE promises download rates of 326.4 Mbits / s and upload rates of 86.4 Mbits /s, RTT ( ROUND TRIP TIME ) of less than 10 miles per second and radius of the cells could reach up to 100km. The system 4G (LTE) is a fully integrated system based on IP, which is the result of technologies connected by wired or wireless providing affordable meeting the requirements of wireless network services, multimedia messaging, video conversation, mobile TV, high definition, minimum services such as voice and data among other advantages. Thus, this study aims to examine the impacts and opportunities in Brazil in the telecommunication Market to deploy the LTE system demonstrating the benefit of manufacturers and operators in the economic and technological sense.

A novel approach employing 4G LTE Cellular Technology for Test Range Telemetry is presented. Providing aeronautical mobile telemetry using commercial off the shelf (COTS) cellular equipment poses many challenges, including: Three-dimensional (3D) coverage, need for uninterrupted high data throughputs, and very high Doppler speeds of the Test Articles (TA). Each of these requirements is difficult to meet with a standard cellular approach. We present a novel architecture that provides 3D coverage over the span of a test range, allowing the TA to establish a radio link with base stations that have a manageable Doppler due to the reduced projected TA speed on the radio link line. Preliminary results illustrate that a variety of flight plans can be accommodated with commercial LTE technology by employing LTE’s mobility mechanisms and adding centralized control. The resulting network architecture and Radio Access Network topology allow very high throughputs to be delivered throughout the test range with a judicious placement of base stations.

The aim of the work is the radio access network of mobile networks second, third and fourth generation. The main objective is a description of the radio access network of the second, third and fourth generation, their elements, interfaces and signaling procedures. The next part describes the emergency services and the architecture of the fourth generation mobile networks. The practical part is then devoted to identify actions needed to prepare radio access network to testing emergency services, identify actions needed to conversion of transport protocol fixed part of the radio access network from IPv4 to IPv6 and describe the intervention to radio access network to change the active segment of the core network.

<div>Cellular networks are an indispensable part of a nation's critical infrastructure. They not only support functionality that are critical for our society as a whole (e.g., business, public-safety message dissemination) but also positively impact us at a more personal level by enabling applications that often improve our quality of life (e.g., navigation). Due to deployment constraints and backward compatibility issues, the various cellular protocol versions were not designed and deployed with a strong security and privacy focus. Because of their ubiquitous presence for connecting billions of users and use for critical applications, cellular networks are, however, lucrative attack targets of motivated and resourceful adversaries. </div><div><br></div><div></div><div>In this dissertation, we investigate the security and privacy of 4G LTE and 5G protocol designs and deployments. More precisely, we systematically identify design weaknesses and implementation oversights affecting the critical operations of the networks, and also design countermeasures to mitigate the identified vulnerabilities and attacks. Towards this goal, we developed a systematic model-based testing framework called LTEInspector. LTEInspector can be used to not only identify protocol design weaknesses but also deployment oversights. LTEInspector leverages the combined reasoning capabilities of a symbolic model checker and a cryptographic protocol verifier by combining them in a lazy fashion. We instantiated \system with three critical procedures (i.e., attach, detach, and paging) of 4G LTE. Our analysis uncovered 10 new exploitable vulnerabilities along with 9 prior attacks of 4G LTE all of which have been verified in a real testbed. Since identifying all classes of attacks with a unique framework like \system is nearly impossible, we show that it is possible to identify sophisticated security and privacy attacks by devising techniques specifically tailored for a particular protocol and by leveraging the findings of LTEInspector. As a case study, we analyzed the paging protocol of 4G LTE and the current version of 5G, and observed that by leveraging the findings from LTEInspector and other side-channel information and by using a probabilistic reasoning technique it is possible to mount sophisticated privacy attacks that can expose a victim device's coarse-grained location information and sensitive identifiers when the adversary is equipped only with the victim's phone number or other soft-identity (e.g., social networking profile). An analysis of LTEInspector's findings shows that the absence of broadcast authentication enables an adversary to mount a wide plethora of security and privacy attacks. We thus develop an attack-agnostic generic countermeasure that provides broadcast authentication without violating any common-sense deployment constraints. Finally, we design a practical countermeasure for mitigating the side-channel attacks in the paging procedure without breaking the backward compatibility.</div>

This report is about implementing an Internet of Things (IoT) system that is meant to measure the water quality of the Nissan river located in Halmstad. The system measures the temperature, pH value, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity of the water. The project is named Catfish, and the authors of the report are in the Data and Sensors team. The purpose of the Data and Sensors team is to program the prototype to collect the specified environmental values, combining all functionalities of the prototype in the main code, and sending the data wirelessly to a database in real-time, including creating the database. To collect the data, two Arduino microcontrollers and sensors from DFRobot are used. For the central computing, a Raspberry Pi is used. To send the data in real-time, a 4G dongle is connected to the Raspberry Pi and to transmit the data, the protocol TCP/IP is used. In order to create a local database, SQLite is used, and for the database server, MariaDB is used. The project has succeeded to collect data from the specified sensors, send the data wirelessly over the Internet with the help of a 4G modem, and store the data in a database on a remote temporary server. However, the sensors are not calibrated due to lack of time, which means the data received from the sensors can not be trusted. The server that stores the data is a temporary server implemented by the Data and Sensors team since there was no other place to store the data. / Denna rapporten handlar om en implementation av ett Internet of Things (IoT) system som är menad för att mäta vattenkvalitéen i Nissan i Halmstad. Systemet mäter temperaturen, pH värde, grumlighet, upplöst syre, totalmängden upplösta ämnen och elektrisk konduktivitet i vattnet. Detta projektet heter Catfish och författarna av denna rapport är del av Data och Sensor gruppen. Syftet av Data och Sensor gruppen är att programmera prototypen till att samla de specifierade miljövärdena, kombinera prototypens funktioner i huvud-koden och att skicka datan till en databas trådlöst och i real-tid, vilket inkulderar att skapa databasen.  För att samla datan används två Arduino mikrokontrollers och sensorer från DFRobot. För den centrala datoranvändningen används en Raspberry Pi. För att skicka data i realtid används ett 4G modem som kopplas till Raspberry Pi:n och skickar datan till servern genom TCP/IP. Skapandet av en lokal databas är gjord i SQLite och för databasen i servern används MariaDB.  Projektet har lyckats med att samla data från de specifierade sensorerna, skicka datan trådlöst över Internetet med hjälp av ett 4G modem och lagra datan i en databas i en temporär fjärrserver. Sensorerna är dock inte kalibrerade på grund av tidsbrist, vilket betyder att man inte kan lita på datan från sensorerna. Servern där datan lagras är temporär och implementerad av Data och Sensor gruppen eftersom det inte fanns någon annanstans att lagra datan.

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry is one of the most energy consuming industries in the world. With the increase of the number of global mobile traffic users which is growing rapidly for each year, it is more important than ever for all industries to implement energy efficient methods to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis looks into Ericsson, one of the largest companies within ICT, and how their energy efficient methods in LTE impact the end-users. The experiment was conducted in an Ericsson laboratory in Lund and the results showed that some quality of service metrics (latency,throughput, etc.) were impacted by the different energy efficient features enabled. However, performing a mean opinion score showed that the end-users were not as affected while browsing through different sites and streaming videos in 720p. While the experiment was performed on a smaller scale (4 User Equipments and 3 end-users) the result was promising enough for it to be conducted on a larger scale in the future. With enough data Ericsson and other ICT companies can be able to convince mobile operators to enable more energy efficient features (without it having any impact on the end-users) while fighting the climate change.