論文(碩士)--香港中文大學研究院歷史學部,1979. / Reprint. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves i-xviii, 4th group). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan Li shi xue bu. / 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 趙普與宋太宗朝之政爭及繼統紛爭 --- p.15 / Chapter 第一節 --- 金匱之盟於宋代傳述之意義 --- p.18 / Chapter 第二節 --- 趙普與「金匱之盟」考辦 --- p.35 / Chapter 第三節 --- 宋太宗與趙普復相前之關係　 --- p.66 / Chapter 第四節 --- 秦王廷美獄之分析　 --- p.74 / Chapter 第五節 --- 趙普二度罷相之分析　 --- p.83 / Chapter 第六節 --- 趙普與楚王元佐、許王元僖 --- p.94 / Chapter 第七節 --- 端拱復相與政爭 --- p.105 / Chapter 第八節 --- 小結 --- p.117 / 注釋 --- p.120 / Chapter 第二章 --- 趙普與宋太宗朝之中央集權　 --- p.172 / Chapter 第一節 --- 趙普與罷藩鎮領支郡 --- p.175 / Chapter 第二節 --- 趙普與宋初參加政事權力消長之關係 --- p.182 / Chapter 第三節 --- 審官院設立與趙普之關係　 --- p.193 / Chapter 第四節 --- 趙普與宋太宗朝臺諫之關係 --- p.207 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.228 / 注釋 --- p.231 / Chapter 第三章 --- 趙普與宋太宗朝之遼夏政策 --- p.246 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雍熙北伐前太宗與趙普對遼政策分歧之檢討 --- p.248 / Chapter 第二節 --- 趙普對遼政策及其得以實行之分析 --- p.258 / Chapter 第三節 --- 趙普之西夏政策述評 --- p.284 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.294 / 注釋 --- p.298 / Chapter 第四章 --- 蓋棺定論　 --- p.307 / Chapter 第一節 --- 趙普晚年之榮寵及其與宋太宗後期之關係 --- p.309 / Chapter 第二節 --- 趙普之死及對宋太宗之心理影响 --- p.318 / Chapter 第三節 --- 太宗朝趙普功過平議 --- p.328 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.358 / 注釋 --- p.360 / 結論 --- p.368 / Chapter 附錄： --- 《宋太宗箭疾重考》 / 徵引書目

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Abstract The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and crisis management, and to examine the important effect of emotion implementation on daily life. The study investigates the predictive effect of different background variables of emotional intelligence on crisis management. Further, emotional intelligence can influence the policies or actions taken for any crises. The subjects were 162 teachers from Nantou Area in 921 Earthquake Catastrophe in Taiwan. The instruments used in the study included ¡uemotional intelligence questionnaire¡vand ¡ucrisis management questionnaire¡v. The data was analyzed by the statistics methods of frequency distribution, person's correlation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, MANOVA, canonical correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The major findings were as follows: 1.The level of emotional intelligence and crisis management of Earthquake Catastrophe Area School Teachers are medium. 2.For emotional intelligence, emotion management, there were significant differences among variables of faith¡Bteaching experience¡Bthe top academic degrees on emotional intelligence, but gender¡Bage¡Bposition and school scope were not. 3.As to crisis management, there were significant differences among variables of gender¡Bteaching experience¡Bthe top academic degrees on crisis management, but age¡Bfaith¡Bposition and school scope were not . 4.There were significant differences of crisis management due to different emotional intelligence measures. 5.The result of canonical correlation analysis revealed that perceived emotional intelligence was significantly associated with crisis management by a canonical variable. The one canonical relation coefficient is .294. 6.The variables of emotional intelligence could significantly predict crisis management.

Abstract¡G Taiwan has been suffering from a series of severe earthquake disaster. Especially in 921 Earthquake. To deal with such a disastrous situation, government implemented the new plans for the quake-ravaged areas, such as the guiding principle of 921 disaster recovery. This study is attempted to program Industry Reconstruction of post- earthquake in the disaster area. The research method of this research is consisted of data analysis and SWOT Analysis. The research results have indicated: 1.The government plays an important role in the process of Industry Reconstruction. In the entire process of industry reconstruction, from the rescue at the early stage to the replacement of industry reconstruction, it is inevitably that the role of government would be the main influence of industry reconstruction effectiveness. However, in the meanwhile, because of the urge of becoming a member of WTO, it had caused the rate of the unemployment increased and some small businesses closing down. People had economically undertaken all the domestic pressures of becoming a member of WTO, and yet now the government had to face another problem, industry reconstruction in the quake-ravaged areas. It seems that it would be much harder for the government to overcome all at once, therefore, a series of well-related policy is needed, such as the guiding of job-shifted for farmers and style-shifted of agriculture, the strategic alliance of the agriculture association, the promotion of Tourism and the construction of the specific industry in the quake-ravaged areas. Those policies should be concerned in regarding to post-earthquake recovery. 2.The people participation in the reconstruction progress After 921 earthquake, it is obviously that government had difficulty to undertake all issues domestically and internationally. Therefore, it found that the participation of people in the post earthquake recovery would be necessary. Indeed, with the participation of people, it can speed up the process of the recovery. As a result, the participation of people in the quake- ravaged areas was seriously required to the re-development of the specific local industry. 3.The style-shifted of industry and resource integration Since Taiwan had put efforts on becoming a member of WTO in order to increase its products more competitive in the atmosphere of international trade, the style-shifted of Industry would be necessary in avoidance to elimination of the potential domestic industry. For example, when the style-shifted, from agriculture to agricultural Industry, had occurred, the needs of machines in Agriculture would be increased in order to reduce the cost of agriculture production. As a consequence, the agriculture production would become more competitive in international trade and it would increase GDP in a sense. Therefore, promoting the number of experts in relation to the knowledge of agriculture from government would be the prior in order to increase the competitiveness in international trade.

本研究主要採用資源保存理論的壓力模式來檢驗921地震發生兩年半後，災區居民的資源流失與因應行為對身心症狀的影響，並比較不同社區組織與族群在資源流失、因應行為及身心症狀上的差異本研究主要採用問卷調查法，研究對象為南投埔里鎮居民，有效樣本共354份。受測樣本的設計分為目前住在組合屋和目前住在自己家中以及原住民和非原住民。研究工具包括「創傷後壓力反應指標問卷」、「資源流失調查表」及「因應量表」。資料的處理以相關分析、路徑分析、階層回歸分析和單因子共變數分析為主。本研究結果發現如下：（1）資源流失與逃避式的因應均能預測災區居民的身心症狀，但資源流失對身心症狀的預測要大於逃避式因應，且在四種類型的資源中，以個人資源流失的預測力最強。（2）在不同社區組織的比較中，組合屋居民出現較多身心症狀和資源的流失，且個人資源的流失和逃避式因應均是預測其身心症狀的最強變項。（2）在不同族群的比較中，原住民族群與非原住民族群在身心症狀和資源流失上沒有明顯差異，但原住民族群報告較多逃避式的因應，且逃避式的因應是預測其身心症狀的最強變項。根據研究結果，本研究對地震後的復建提出以下幾點建議：（1）減緩災難後資源的流失並增加資源的獲得。（2）社區組織的介入。（3）增強原住民族群的因應行為。 關鍵字：921地震、資源流失、因應行為、組合屋、原住民 / This study used the Conservation of Resources stress model to examine the effects of resources loss and coping behavior on psychological/physical symptoms after the 921 earthquake. And compared with the differences of resources loss, coping behavior and psychological/physical symptoms in different community organizations and races. This study was conducted by questionnaire investigation. 354 participants living in Pu-Li Town completed the questionnaires. The design of samples was distinguished between living in Temporal houses and living in own houses, and aborigines and non-aborigines. The measurements applied in this study included "Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index Questionnaire", "Resources Loss Inventory" and "Coping Scale". The obtained data was analyzed by Pearson product-moment correlation, path analysis, hierarchical multiple regression analysis and one-way ANCOVA. The results of this study included: (1) resources loss and avoidant coping could predict psychological/physical symptoms, but resource loss predicted psychological symptoms better than avoidant coping. Personal resources were the strongest predictor among four kinds of resources. (2) In different community organizations. Temporal house's residents reported more resources loss and psychological/physical symptoms. And personal resources and avoidant coping were the strongest predictors. (3) In different races, the level of resources loss and psychological/physical symptoms were no significant differences between aborigines and non-aborigines. But aborigines revealed more avoidant coping and avoidant coping was the strongest predictor. Based on the results, some suggestions to post-earthquake rehabilitation were included: (1) Acting to limit resources loss after disaster and increase resources gain. (2) Considering the intervention of community organization. (3) Enhancing aborigine's coping behavior. Keywords: 921 earthquake, resource loss, coping behavior. Temporal houses, aborigines

本研究期望從組織領導者的領導模式及組織成員面對組織變遷的行為表現、危機管理、安置學生、校園重建等各種經驗中獲得走出悲傷、重生重建，以及更多的體驗與啟示。研究主軸以探討（1）震災後學校危機管理的因應與態度；（2）瞭解成員參與學校事務及互動的情形；（3）在校園重建的過程中，學校成員或社區所扮演的角色；（4）重建的過程中，學校成員的各項經驗與感受及其對個人的影響，以做為學校未來災害事件危機管理、應變與復原的參考。 本研究主要以訪談學校校長與四位曾經分別擔任過導師、輔導主任、總務主任、教學組長、註冊組長、教務主任等不同職務的老師，所涉獵的層面及所負責的業務旣廣且多，在訪談樣本的挑選上頗具有代表性。研究者從其訪談逐字稿的內容做資料的分析與討論。基因於被訪談的四位教師在地震當時與後來都分別擔任過導師及不同的行政工作，希望從當事人的身上尋找不同震災階段，不同參與程度及不同角度的看法，以期勾勒出災後學校百廢待舉的過程，組織成員對組織的再造所承受的壓力、付出的心力或期望，以及災後事務對生命的衝擊。 研究結果發現 一、震災後危機管理的因應與態度：（一）領導者從艱困中迅速著手規劃救災、安置和重建等工作；（二）學校災後安置過程，積極、人性，思慮周詳；（三）領導者有充分危機處理的能力，學校成員多循指示行事；（四）學校與社區各自忙於救災與重建工作，社區無暇顧及學校，學校安頓學生，間接協助社區。 二、成員參與學校事務及互動的情形：（一）學校成員多能以積極的態度面對變遷，自我檢討也互相勉勵；（二）成員參與學校事務有積極、有冷漠，震災前後新陳代謝，部分老師與組織疏離。 三、校園規劃過程中成員或社區的角色：（一）建築師及援建單位對於學校所提建議多能列入規劃付諸實現；（二）慈濟援建成員安心，成員或社區幾乎沒有參與校園規劃；（三）重建藍圖定案的過程學校有迫於現實的無奈，以及對操場跑道長度不同意見的爭議；（四）工程完工後，學校成員有少許批評，有較多的感恩，也深刻體認到老師應該主動參與校園規劃。 四、成員經驗與感受及其對個人的影響：（一）部分學校成員感受挫折容忍度增強，人生豁然開朗；（二）教師體認到，當孩子最基本的生理、安全、愛與隸屬的需求得到滿足後，孩子適應環境的能力是無可限量的；（三）老師積極帶領，喚起孩子感恩與回饋的心；（四）教師從慈濟活動中學習多元的教學觀，學生從參與活動建立自信；（五）部分教師從校舍配置不當，驚覺自己未能主動積極參與校園規劃工作是錯誤的行為，對工作有更深層的認知與期許；（六）改變生涯規劃，或回歸故里侍奉雙親，或繼續教職作育英才。 研究者根據文獻探討及研究發現，提出下列幾點建議 一、在校園重建規劃方面的建議：（一）教育主管機關需要擔任援建單位、建築師與學校之間權衡的角色；（二）鄉公所需要付出一定的注意、關心、提供意見與需求，達成資源共享，為社區總體營造奠定基礎；（三）援建單位需要重視校方的需求，保留學校原有的特色、社區的文化型態，以及學校與地方繼往開來的歷史意義；（四）學校必須堅定立場，保留學校或社區特色。提出對教育發展看法、意見與需求。對待援建單位與建築師要有飲水思源，湧泉以報的感恩情懷。 二、對學校災後重建的建議：（一）建立危機管理的機制，啟動危機小組；（二）成立校園重建規劃小組，透過合議制達成共同參與的理想；（三）以學校為中心，協助社區生活重建，以達資源共享的理想；（四）將鄉內的新興事業融入學生的職業試探或技藝班課程；（五）校園規劃要兼顧社區的需要及永續經營；（六）感念援建單位的貢獻，善加使用及維護校舍建築。 三、對未來相關研究的建議：（一）在研究對象方面，未來可以選擇多所學校做比較分析，或者訪談全校教職員工生，或者針對部分沒有意願參與校園規劃的教師為研究對象；（二）在研究內容方面，未來的研究可嘗試從校長的領導方式、學校氣氛、組織結構與文化作深入的研究與分析，並切入教師心理層面的滿意度，以及校園重建的規劃流程，擴展研究的向度與深度，使研究內容更為完善；（三）在研究方法方面，可輔以問卷調查、焦點團體訪談及研究訪問等方式。在訪談進行中，要確立以結構式訪談或非結構式訪談。除個別訪談外，採用焦點團體訪談，可使研究的內容更為紮實。

One of the activities conducted by state fire supervision authorities is the investigation of the cause of fires (ZPP) and one of its areas is explosions. These cases are requiring investigators to have very specific knowledge. The intention of the MV-GŘ HZS ČR is to create updated methodological material for ZPP, which will include a section devoted to the investigation of explosions. A major source of information for the creation of this material was the American guide NFPA 921. My goal was to collect Czech and foreign material dealing with different aspects of explosions, to compare this information with the content of NFPA 921 and determine the usability of these sources for the planned methodological manual. The research question was whether current conditions for ZPP and its procedures are adequate for HZS ČR investigators in the case of explosions. I also processed data on explosions using the Incident Statistics/Response Reports (SSU/ZOZ) program. Processed data created a picture of the development of these cases in ČR. The following findings emerged from that process: the number of cases has continued to increase and the dominant area where explosions occur in, is housing. In all areas the dominant cause is human negligence. The most frequent types of explosions are gas explosions. Explosions of flammable liquid vapour dominate the number of deaths as a direct consequence. When comparing the information in Czech material with NFPA 921, discrepancies were found in the values of the properties in the tables. With the modification the information in NFPA 921 is usable for the Czech manual. When confronted with statistical outputs, the shortcomings of the topics in NFPA 921 emerge. The investigative procedures are focus largely on explosions of considerable scope. These cases form a tiny percentage in ČR and their application is limited. There is a lack of concrete information on their most common causes. Thus NFPA 921, together with Czech material, is primarily of use as a general overview. In view of these facts, I have concluded that the information base and conditions required for ZPP are not adequate for HZS ČR investigators. The text presented in the results section of this work is designed to fill this gap of ZPP and can be used as the basis for the creation of the planned methodological manual.

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本論文的第一章中，吾人所討論的是中共建黨後的幾個早期的重要領袖人物，他們是 陳獨秀、瞿秋白、李立三和陳紹禹。 第二章、第三章討論毛澤東在中共黨內的崛起。共產國際對中共的指導與干涉，可以 說是中共自一九二七年的泛暴動政策，至江西蘇維埃的總崩潰的主要原因。 第四章所討論的是中共內部或其治下所興起的反毛的意識形態與實質力量（它應該包 括第三章之第四節）。「鳴放運動」是中共狡猾地消滅期能產生更具實效的參考價值 。 黨內鬥爭，除批評「無原則鬥爭」（即一般的糾紛）外，大都稱之為路線鬥爭。所謂 路線，就是政治路線或稱總路線，是中共根據某一時期主客觀形勢而決定的任務、方 針和政策。在執行路線過程中所發生的左傾或右傾，冒進或退卻的錯誤，甚或另立路 線別樹一幟，都是黨內鬥爭的目標。但中共黨內也有權力鬥爭，即為黨的領導權的爭 奪。不過，權力鬥爭在中央黨內被視為不光榮的稱號，大都諱言真相，而以路線鬥爭 掩飾之。只有「文革」時期，毛澤東才直言是一場「奪權鬥爭」。（註二）上述兩種 性質的黨內鬥爭，往往糾纏一起，因而使外界人士以為中共內部鬥爭兼有兩種不同的 性質（註三），其實中共黨內鬥爭在上述兩種性質中有其一定的主從關係。每次內鬥 ，雖以路線上的歧異或矛盾為旗幟，但鬥爭的結果，必是權力的變動。由此可以推論 ，權力爭奪的矛盾才是一切鬥爭之本質；而路線的不同是次要的。 /

本研究以經歷過921大地震以及多次土石流災害的雲林縣古坑鄉為個案，透過參與觀察法、質性訪談以及文獻檔案分析的方式，以了解當那些受到環境劇變的人們在經歷自然災害後，如何在有選的情況下做出遷移與否的決策，而哪些社會因素會在決策過程中影響人們的決定及行動。 本研究的重要發現包括以下幾點：第一，在自然災害發生後，多數的居民會選擇留下，這是基於本身的災害識覺排除了立即性、短時間內的生命威脅。同時，大部分的居民也會因為在地性的資源（如社會關係、在地知識、與在地的不動產）較多，而傾向選擇留在原地。同時，有一些社經弱勢家庭會因為非在地性資源的缺乏，也使他們不得不做出留下來的選擇。從生命史的觀點，本研究發現這些遷移決策往往是鑲嵌在長期累積的地方經驗與生活脈絡中的。第二，家庭的遷移往往是家庭成員整體的決定，或考量家庭整體需要後做出的決定。不同的家庭可能採取不同的方式來完成他們在地重建或者是遷移的目標。第三，個人和家庭的慣習往往在選擇的傾向或行動的方式中成為核心。多數人希望能在自然災害發生後恢復既有的生活慣習，但慣習的維持不僅在於個人能力，也與他所在環境中是否有足夠的社會支持有關。當社區中的社會安全網可以提供足夠的支持時，個人與家庭的慣習則得以被維持，而社區社會安全網又和地方產業型態具有緊密關聯。以觀光為主要發展的草嶺村，和在921大地震後轉型為觀光農業的華山村就是兩個極佳的對比案例。研究資料也顯示當地居民改變社會環境的可能，證明了人不是單向地受到社會環境的影響，也可以反向影響社會環境。 / This study aims at understanding how people make migration decisions after drastic environmental changes brought by natural disasters and exploring the social factors influencing these decisions. Gukeng was chosen as a case for this study due to its encounters of the Chichi earthquake and several landslides. The study utilizes qualitative research methods and collects field data, mainly through participant observation, in-depth interviewing techniques and text analysis. The main findings of this study are summarized as follows. First, most residents tend to stay after natural disasters, and such choice is based on their hazard perception that excludes immediate and short-term threats to their lives. The majority of residents prefer to stay due to more local resources（including social relationships, local knowledge, and ownership of real estate property）. Those families in lower social-economic status also tend to stay for the lack of non-local resources. From the perspective of life history, these decisions are embedded in local contexts contructed and experiences accumulated throughout the years. Second, family’s migration decision is usually made by all family members or based on the needs of all members. Different families may use different ways to reach their goals of migration or rebuilding on the same ground. Third, the habitus of individuals and families often become the core element in the modes of choice and action. Most people want to be able to recover their habitus after the natural disasters. However, the maintenance of the habitus is based not only on personal capacity, but also on the social support drawn from the his environment. People can maintain their habitus when the local community safety net can provide enough support, and the local community safety net is highly related to the development of local industries. The comparative study of Caoling Villege and Huashan Villege provides an illustrative example, in which the former is based on tourism and the latter was transformed into eco-tourism and tourist agriculture after the Chichi earthquake. The findings also show the possibility of people changing the environment, proving the mutual influence between individuals and the environment.