A self-aligning nanostencil mask is used to fabricate circular features of tin, indium and silver on an atomically clean Si(001) substrate. The shadow mask limits deposited material to areas under openings in the mask, leaving adjacent clean areas for material to diffuse. STM, SEM and AFM have been used to study the surface diffusion of these metals in UHV. The diffusion of tin is relatively limited in comparison to the other metals. Indium forms metal islands that dissolve over time and contribute to the spreading of a surrounding single layer film. Lastly, silver forms a film that spreads even in the absence of metal islands.

A self-aligning nanostencil mask is used to fabricate circular features of tin, indium and silver on an atomically clean Si(001) substrate. The shadow mask limits deposited material to areas under openings in the mask, leaving adjacent clean areas for material to diffuse. STM, SEM and AFM have been used to study the surface diffusion of these metals in UHV. The diffusion of tin is relatively limited in comparison to the other metals. Indium forms metal islands that dissolve over time and contribute to the spreading of a surrounding single layer film. Lastly, silver forms a film that spreads even in the absence of metal islands.

Många individer är inte accepterade i samhället på grund av att de avviker. Detta är ett stort problem då de riskerar utanförskap och sämre livskvalitet. Vad jag därmed kommer att studera i denna uppsats är hur avvikande individer bemöts i samhället och hur de svarar på detta bemötande. De filmer som jag kommer att utgå ifrån i analysen är The Elephant Man (1980) av David Lynch och Mask (1985) av Peter Bogdanovich. Jag kommer sedan att använda mig av socialpsykologin som teori för att kunna analysera hur och varför detta sker. Då jag tolkar de scener jag valt ut kommer jag att använda mig av Hermeneutiken som vetenskaplig metod. I mitt arbete har jag kommit fram till att den avvikande individen bemöts olika i samhället beroende på de människor som bor där och vilken tid filmen skildrar. Vissa människor väljer att se individen utifrån kognitivt igenkännande, andra väljer genom socialt igenkännande. De kan se på den avvikande individen vara genom rädsla men också genom sympati, altruism. Dessa baseras i sin tur på de sociala normer som skapas i de samhällsgrupper som existerar. Den avvikande individens jag-identitet kan därmed påverkas negativt av andra människors handlingar. De väljer att svara på detta på olika sätt, antingen genom att försöka dölja sig, eller genom att stå emot och kämpa. De intar dock roller eller mimicry för att passa in.

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) micromirrors have been developed for more than two decades along with the development of MEMS technology. They have been used into many application fields: optical switches, digital light projector (DLP), adoptive optics (AO), high definition (HD) display, barcode reader, endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal microscope, and so on. Especially, MEMS mirrors applied into endoscopic OCT and confocal microscope are the intensive research field. Various actuation mechanisms, such as electrostatic, electromagnetic, electro bimorph thermal, electrowetting, piezoelectric (PZT) and hybrid actuators, are adopted by different types of micromirrors. Among these actuators, the electrostatic is easily understood and simple to realize, therefore, it is broadly adopted by a large number of micromirrors. This thesis reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of a 2-D Silicon-on-insulation (SOI) MEMS micromirror with sidewall (SW) electrodes for endoscopic OCT or confocal microscope imaging. The biaxial MEMS mirror with SW electrodes is actuated by electrostatic actuators. The dimension of mirror plate is 1000micron×1000micron, with a thickness of a 35micron. The analytical modeling of SW electrodes, fabrication process, and performance characteristics are described. In comparison to traditional electrostatic actuators, parallel-plate and comb-drive, SW electrodes combined with bottom electrodes achieve a large tilt angle under a low drive voltage that the comb-drive does and possess fairly simple fabrication process same as that of the parallel-plate. A new fabrication process based on SOI wafer, hybrid bulk/surface micromachined technology, and a high-aspect-ratio shadow mask is presented. Moreover, the fabrication process is successfully extended to fabricate 2×2 and 4×4 micromirror arrays. Finally, a biaxial MEMS mirror with SW electrodes was used into Confocal MACROscope for imaging. Studied optical requirements in terms of two optical configurations and frequency optimization of the micromirror, the biaxial MEMS mirror replaces the galvo-scanner and improves the MACROscope. Meanwhile, a new Micromirror-based Laser Scanning Microscope system is presented and allows 2D images to be acquired and displayed.

Ofri luftväg kan uppstå på grund av bakåtfallen tunga hos den medvetslösa patienten eller om luftvägen blir tilltäppt av sekret, blod, maginnehåll eller främmande kropp. Att kunna säkerställa fri luftväg hos den medvetandesänkta patienten är en kompetens som varje anestesisjuksköterska måste behärska för att kunna säkerställa adekvat ventilation. Syftet med studien var att beskriva om larynxmask (LMA) är en patientsäker metod för att skapa fri luftväg och upprätthålla adekvat ventilation. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 19 vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades. Resultatet av de granskade artiklarna gav följande fem teman; LMA är en säker metod för att skapa fri luftväg, LMA är en säker metod för att upprätthålla adekvat ventilation, personalens kompetens vid användning av LMA, aspirationsrisk vid användning av LMA med undertema LMA vid övervikt samt LMA vid elektiva- och akuta situationer. Litteraturstudiens resultat visar att LMA är en säker metod för att skapa fri luftväg och upprätthålla adekvat ventilation. Framtida studier skulle kunna belysa om LMA kan användas vid kirurgi till patienter med ökad aspirationsrisk, till exempel vid sectio och obesitaskirurgi. Studier skulle också kunna fokuseras på patienternas postoperativa upplevelser av att ha haft LMA jämfört med trakeal intubation. / Airway obstruction can in the case of an unconsciousness patient be caused by the tounge that falls back in the throat or by secretion, blood, stomach fluid or foreign body. The knowledge of airway management of the unconsciousness patient is a necessary qualification in every nurse anesthetist. The purpose of this study was to describe if laryngeal mask airway is a safe method to establish a secure airway and adequate ventilation. The study was performed as a literature study in which 19 articles were analysed. During the analyse five themes occurred: LMA is a secure way for airway management, LMA is a secure way to maintain adequate ventilation, the staff competence when using LMA, the risk of aspiration when using LMA with subtheme LMA in overweight and LMA in elective and acute situations. The result of the study shows that LMA is a secure way to establish a safe airway and adequate ventilation. Further studies could study if LMA can be used to elective patients with increased risk of aspiration, for example in cesarean and obesity surgery. Studies could also focuse on the patients´ postoperative experiences between LMA and tracheal intubation.

A projected fringe profilometry (PFP) is a wide optical measurement technology to gauge the three dimensional appearance of object.Because of non-contact type , the short retrieve time and low environmental effect,PFP was usually used in many fields.PFP has become rather efficient and precise on gauging the three dimensional appearance of the static obiect because of its persistent development in recent years.However,it is still not mature yet to gauge the dynamic object. If we could develop a gauging way in the dynamic object , the application would be more widespread. First of all,using PFP as the gauging principle and utilzing the math algorithm for analyzing the changes between the dynamic measured object and the blurred fringes.Secondly,reconstructed the inspected object's three dimensional appearance and the velocity. Finally,found out the deformation of the measured object. The technology of this thesis broke through the typical measurement of velocity.We could analyze the velocities of three dimentional dirtions by only single optic imformation.

In optical imaging system, misfocus occurs because of a nonaccuate focal length. In recent years, the improvement for misfocus problem has caught much attention in researches. This thesis is aimed to explore the misfocus improvement and analysis. Lens plays an important role in optical image system. It can focus light at one point. The distance between the focal point and the lens is called focal length. Focal length is determined by the object distance and the image distance. As light is focused farther out of the focal point, the image will blur. It is called misfocus. The general method to improve misfocus image is done by post-processing. In 1995, wave-front coding was first proposed by Dowski and Cathey. They placed the phase mask in front of the lens, and then emphasized on the processing. In recent years, more and more researches work on this field. In this thesis, a one ring phase mask is designed by modulating the phase difference in the ring to make the improvement better. Research before wave-front coding in order to achieve a closed optical transfer function for different degrees of misfocus, but we hope the phase mask can provide immediate improvement. This idea can be applied to real-time video monitoring.

John Milton begins his Second Defence of the English People by stressing the universal importance of gratitude: "In the whole life and estate of man the first duty is to be grateful to God." Peter Medine has shown the prominence of gratitude in Paradise Lost, but scholars have not fully appreciated the role of this virtue elsewhere in Milton's writing. This thesis is an attempt to redress that oversight with reference to A Mask and Paradise Regained, while also answering a question that Medine raises but does not satisfactorily resolve: Why gratitude? Both texts have been read as responses to the early modern debate about the doctrine of things indifferent, or adiaphora, and I argue that this context helps explain Milton's interest in gratitude. The first section of this thesis accordingly reviews the historical and theological context of the adiaphora controversy, while the second examines Milton's more direct treatment of things indifferent and gratitude, primarily in De Doctrina Christiana. In the remaining sections, historical and literary analysis of A Mask and Paradise Regained illuminates how Milton addresses tensions in the doctrine of things indifferent by emphasizing gratitude. Of the commonly recognized criteria for directing the use of adiaphora—the rule of faith, the rule of charity, and the glorification of God, often through gratitude—gratitude toward God frequently receives less thorough attention, yet Milton gives it a prominent role in A Mask and allows it to overshadow the other guidelines in Paradise Regained. Although gratitude is itself sometimes subject to manipulation in these texts, both A Mask and Paradise Regained suggest that the requirement of God-ward gratitude can serve as a check against subtle distortions of the other guidelines. The effectiveness of this strategy stems from the fact that the vices gratitude guards against—self-indulgent ingratitude, stoical ingratitude, and idolatry—are the vices that underlie licentiousness and superstition, the primary abuses of the doctrine of things indifferent. Milton's privileging of gratitude thus provides a way of cross-checking appeals to the more contested criteria of faith and love, protecting the doctrine of things indifferent from perversions that would undermine Christian liberty.

Identity is a concept discussed in many different areas and there are a lot of perspectives and theories around what it consist of and how it comes to be. But it is also a word seen and used in our daily lives in the form of self-image and self-esteem. Professor Beverley Skeggs notes that we can talk about identities in plural rather than in singular due to the context. From that we are children we intuitively explore who we are by playing and role playing and our identities and self-image is influenced by several factors. How we then appear to the world has an important role. The Swedish professor Margareta Melin tested the importance of physical appearance on her students which the results showed that different appearance got different responses. By changing our body appearance we can also change our self-perception. The things you wear have an effect on how you will act and appear. It may be that your choice of appearance is an expression for someone you wish to be or an alter ego. A concept that many artists investigated, e.g. Olivier De Sagazan. The appearance of ones body becomes like a masquerade of the human social life. Where we in the one hand confirm the roles and expectations we have in society, and in the other trying to find our own core in who we believe and feel we are. Jewelry have had and still has a big role in relations to the human identity and communication between people and societies. It also has the potential of being an interactive medium for the wearer. In my project I am exploring how physical attributes, jewelry, changes the self-image and how we as individuals, together with our surroundings, construct identities by the way we appear to the world. I’ve explored how objects we dress ourselves with can function as instruments for transformation to become aware of our body-appearance. / <p>En del av bilderna i uppsatsen är borttagna p.g.a. upphovsrättslagen. Övriga bilder är fotograferad av mig.</p>

With device scaling, the current optical lithography technique is reaching its technological limit to print small features. Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) lithography has shown promise to print extremely thin lines reliably and cost-effectively. Many challenges remain before introducing EUV to large scale manufacturing. The main challenge addressed in this study is particle removal from EUV mask surfaces (CrON1, CrON2, and fused silica) and thermal oxide (SiO₂). Effective pre-clean procedures were developed for each surface. As chemical cleaning methods fail to meet SEMATECH criteria, addition of megasonic energy to EUV mask cleaning baths is seen as a promising cleaning methodology. As the requirement to print fine lines needs to be met, all materials used in EUV mask fabrication either absorb the incident EUV wavelength light or reflect it. Therefore, the masks used in the industry will be reflective instead of the conventional transmissive masks. Also, for the same reason, no protective pellicle can be used leading to all the surfaces unprotected from particle contamination. To avoid the detrimental effect of the particle contamination, a cleaning study for nano-particle removal was performed. A dark field microscope was utilized to study the removal of gold nano-particles from surfaces. The cleaning procedures utilized H₂SO₄ and NH₄OH chemistries with and without megasonic irradiation. The cleaning variables were bath concentration, temperature, and megasonic power. The contamination variables were the gold nanoparticles charge and size, from 40nm to 100nm. For 100 nm negatively charged gold nano-particles deposited on a CrON1 surface, a 1:10 H₂SO₄:DI bath at boiling temperature (101°C) without megasonics gave high particle removal efficiency (PRE) values as did a 1:10 H₂SO₄:DI bath at 35°C with 100W megasonics. Comparison of removal of poly diallyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride (PDAC) coated and uncoated gold nano-particles deposited on a CrON1 surface using dilute H₂SO₄ baths indicated that the coated, positively charged nano-particles were more difficult to remove. PRE trends for different baths indicate surface dissolution (shown to be thermodynamically favorable) as the particle removal mechanism. However, experimental etch rates indicated minimal surface etching in a 10 minute bath. Increased surface roughness indicated possible local galvanic corrosion at particle sites. Low surface etching results meet SEMATECH requirements. During the fused silica surface cleaning study, particle charge (negative) and size (100 nm) of the contamination source and cleaning bath chemistry (NH₄OH) were kept constant. Low PREs were obtained at room temperature for all NH₄OH bath concentrations; however, high PREs were obtained at an elevated temperature (78°C) without megasonics and at room temperature in more dilute chemistries with megasonic power applied. Similar PRE trends were demonstrated for thermal SiO₂ surfaces. The experimental etch rates of the thermal SiO₂ agree with published values.