Detta examensarbete är en studie i hur samlingen iscensätts och skapas av de som deltar i den. Syftet är att utforska hur olika aktörer skapar samlingen utifrån hur dessa tar plats i samlingen. Fokus ligger på att finna de aktörer som formar samlingen, vilken betydelse förskollärarens roll har och hur hen framträder för att nå fram till sitt planerade syfte, samt om det finns gemensamma regler och på vilket sätt dessa upprätthålls. För att studera detta har jag utgått från Latours Actor -network- theory och dess tanke om att alla sociala grupperingar är skapade som ett nätverk av kopplingar där olika aktörer både mänskliga och ting agerar. Jag har även använt Goffmans teori om det sociala samspelet liknande en scen där människor spelar olika roller och agerar genom att föra sig på olika sätt. Här har även begreppen ritual, sårbarhet och frame varit viktiga verktyg. Som huvudsakligt material till studien har jag använt mig av ett antal observationer av samlingar på en förskola i Sverige. Studien har visat att samlingen i förskolan skapas av ett brett nät av aktörer i form av både förskollärare, barn och material som tillsammans skapar samlingen och dess form. Detta gör att varje samling skapar sitt eget unika nät, beroende av vilka som tar plats. Många samlingar har ritualiserade inslag så som sånger, rörelser och regler, men det finns även många sårbarheter i en samling där alla skall följa samma ramar. Desto tydligare ramarna uttrycks desto starkare blir dem, dock finns sårbarheten där och hotar eftersom ingen aktör är så stark att inte en annan kan ta över handlingen. Det är denna balansgång som förskolläraren ska hantera, men genom en skicklighet i att använda dramaturgin, inramningen och att tro på sin egen förmåga skapar hen förutsättningar för en trygg samling.

La problématique générale de cette thèse est de reconstituer la scène de fond à partir d’une séquence d’images en présence de masques d’avant-plan. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux méthodes pour détecter ce qui constitue le fond ainsi que les solutions pour corriger les parties cachées et les distor­sions géométrique et chromatique introduites lors de la photographie.Une série de processus est proposée, dont la mise en œuvre comporte dans l'ordre l’aligne­ment géométrique, le réglage chromatique, la fusion des images et la correction des défauts.Nous nous plaçons dans l’hypothèse où le fond est porté sur une surface plane. L'aligne­ment géométrique est alors réalisé par calcul de l'homographie entre une image quelconque et l’image qui sert de référence, suivi d’une interpolation bilinéaire.Le réglage chromatique vise à retrouver un même contraste dans les différentes images. Nous proposons de modéliser la mise en cor­respondance chromatique entre images par une approximation linéaire dont les para­mètres sont déterminés par les résultats de la mise en correspondance des points de contrôle (SIFT).Ces deux étapes sont suivies par une étape de fusion. Plusieurs techniques sont comparées.La première proposition est d’étendre la définition de la médiane dans l’espace vec­toriel. Elle est robuste lorsqu’il y a plus de la moitié des images qui voient les pixels d’arrière-plan. En outre, nous concevons un algorithme original basé sur la notion de clique. Il permet de détecter le plus grand nuage de pixels dans l'espace RGB. Cette approche est fiable même lorsque les pixels d’arrière-plan sont minoritaires.Lors de la mise en œuvre de ce protocole, on constate que certains résultats de fusion présentent des défauts de type flou dus à l’existence d’erreurs d’alignement géomé­trique. Nous proposons donc un traitement complémentaire. Il est basé sur une compa­raison entre le résultat de fusion et les images alignées après passage d'un filtre gaussien. Sa sortie est un assemblage des morceaux très détaillés d'image alignés qui ressemblent le plus au résultat de fusion associés.La performance de nos méthodes est éva­luée par un ensemble de données contenant de nombreuses images de qualités diffé­rentes. Les expériences confirment la fiabi­lisé et la robustesse de notre conception dans diverses conditions de photographie. / The general topic of this thesis is to reconstruct the background scene from a burst of images in presence of masks. We focus on the background detection methods as well as on solutions to geometric and chromatic distortions introduced during ph-otography. A series of process is proposed, which con­sists of geometric alignment, chromatic adjustment, image fusion and defect correction.We consider the case where the background scene is a flat surface. The geometric align­ment between a reference image and any other images in the sequence, depends on the computation of a homography followed by a bilinear interpolation.The chromatic adjustment aims to attach a similar contrast to the scene in different im­ages. We propose to model the chromatic mapping between images with linear approximations whose parameters are decided by matched pixels of SIFT .These two steps are followed by a discus­sion on image fusion. Several methods have been compared.The first proposition is a generation of typical median filter to the vector range. It is robust when more than half of the images convey the background information. Besides, we design an original algorithm based on the notion of clique. It serves to distinguish the biggest cloud of pixels in RGB space. This approach is highly reliable even when the background pixels are the minority.During the implementation, we notice that some fusion results bear blur-like defects due to the existence of geometric alignment errors. We provide therefore a combination method as a complementary step to ameli-orate the fusion results. It is based on a com-parison between the fusion image and other aligned images after applying a Gaussian filter. The output is a mosaic of patches with clear details issued from the aligned images which are the most similar to their related fusion patches.The performance of our methods is evaluated by a data set containing extensive images of different qualities. Experiments confirm the reliability and robustness of our design under a variety of photography conditions.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en una propuesta de negocio a través de la cual se comercializa la bentonita con el fin de que las personas que la utilicen como una mascarilla, que puedan cuidar su piel y disfruten de los beneficios que esta les brinda. Algunos de estos son la eliminación de impurezas y residuos, reducción del acné. Asimismo, este tipo de ceniza volcánica suaviza la piel, puede ser utilizada por personas que cuentan con piel sensible y rosácea. Las campañas publicitarias y las nuevas exigencias sociales han determinado ciertos estereotipos y características que se deben cumplir para que una persona se considere estéticamente atractiva. Afectando de manera directa el autoestima y estado de ánimo de los individuos que no cumplen con ellas. A partir de esta situación, Bitamask brinda a las personas la oportunidad de cuidar y mejorar la apariencia de su piel, con el objetivo de solucionar o reducir imperfecciones que puedan tener con el fin de incrementar su autoestima y mejorar su estado de ánimo. Por otro lado, este trabajo fue elaborado de acuerdo a las normas vigentes dictadas por la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas y ha sido realizado por alumnos de la Facultad de Negocios. A continuación, se presentará la investigación y propuesta realizada. / The main objective of this paperwork is a business proposal through which bentonite is marketed so that people who use it as a mask, can take care of their skin and enjoy the benefits it offers. Some of these are the elimination of impurities and dirt, and reduction of acne. Also this type of volcanic ash softens the skin and can be used by people who have sensitive skin and rosacea. Advertising campaigns and new social demands have determined certain stereotypes and characteristics that a person must have in order to be considered aesthetically attractive. Directly affecting the self-esteem and state of mind of people who do not comply with them. From this situation, Bitamask offers people the opportunity to care for and improve the appearance of their skin, with the aim of solving or reducing imperfections that may have in order to increase their self-esteem and improve their mood. On the other hand, this paperwork was prepared in accordance with the regulations dictated by the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences and has been carried out by students of the Faculty of Business. Now, the research and proposal made will be presented. / Trabajo de investigación

Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) is a part of a family of techniques called Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RET). These techniques are employed to increase the resolution of a lithography system and improve the quality of the printed pattern. The fidelity of the pattern is degraded due to the disparity between the wavelength of light used in optical lithography, and the required size of printed features. In order to improve the aerial image, the mask is modified. This process is called OPC, OPC is an iterative process where a mask shape is modified to decrease the disparity between the required and printed shapes. After each modification the chip is simulated again to quantify the effect of the change in the mask. Thus, lithography simulation is an integral part of OPC and a fast lithography simulator will definitely decrease the time required to perform OPC on an entire chip. A lithography simulator which uses wavelets to compute the aerial image has previously been developed. In this thesis I extensively modify this simulator in order to execute it on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). This leads to a lithography simulator that is considerably faster than other lithography simulators and when used in OPC will lead to drastically decreased runtimes. The other work presented in the proposal is a fast OPC tool which allows us to perform OPC on circuits faster than other tools. We further focus our attention on metrics like runtime, edge placement error and shot size and present schemes to improve these metrics.

Ergospirometri används bland annat för att påvisa ansträngningsutlöst bronk- obstruktion. Tillståndet kännetecknas av ett fall i den forcerade exspiratoriska volymen på en sekund (FEV1) efter kraftig fysisk ansträngning. Den maximala sänkningen av FEV1 efter ansträngning anges i procent av FEV1 före ansträng- ning. FEV1 och vitalkapaciteten (VC) bestäms före och efter ansträngning med enkel spirometri. Själva provokationstestet utförs genom maximal belastning på ergometercykel. Före cyklingen utförs den enkla spirometrin med konventionellt munstycke och näsklämma. Vid provokationstestet används en tätslutande silikonmask av Hans-Rudolph serien 7450 vilken är avsedd för ergospirometri. Efter cyklingen får patienten behålla ergospirometrimasken på för att utföra mätningarna av VC och FEV1 i vila. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det finns en skillnad i VC och FEV1 vid enkel spirometri utförd med ergospirometri- mask jämfört med enkel spirometri utförd med konventionellt munstycke och näsklämma. Alla mätningar utfördes i vila. Resultatet från Student's t-test påvisade statistisk signifikant skillnad för FEV1. Majoriteten av deltagarna uppvisade högre värden på FEV1 med ergospirometrimasken. För VC påvisades ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad. Därmed föreligger det en stor överens- stämmelse mellan munstycke och ergospirometrimask i mätningar av VC enligt Bland Altman Plot. Resultatet har visat att det föreligger skillnader mellan konventionellt munstycke och ergospirometrimask som kan vara av klinisk relevans. Det innebär att konventionellt munstycket och ergospirometrimask bör inte användas omväxlande vid provokationstestet. Vidare studier behövs göras för att kunna dra ytterligare slutsatser om huruvida andningsutrustningarna kan användas omväxlande. Ett fall i FEV1 efter ansträngningsprovokationen kan antingen bero på ansträngningsutlöstobstruktion eller att mätningarna som utförs före och efter belastningen är inte tillräckligt jämförbara.

Adherence to masking recommendations and requirements continues to have a wide variety of impacts in terms of viral spread during the ongoing pandemic. As governments, schools, and private sector businesses formulate decisions around mask requirements, it is important to observe real-life adherence to policies and discern subsequent implications. The CDC MASCUP! observational study tracked mask-wearing habits of students on higher-education campuses across the country to collect stratified data about mask typologies, correct mask usage, and differences in behaviors at locations on a college campus and in the surrounding community. Our findings from a single institution include a significant adherence difference between on-campus (86%) and off-campus sites (72%) across the course of this study as well as a notable change in adherence at the on-campus sites with the expiration of a county-wide governmental mandate, despite continuance of a university-wide mandate. This study, completed on and around the campus of East Tennessee State University in Washington County TN, was able to pivotally extract information regarding increased adherence on campus versus the surrounding community. Changes were also seen when mask mandates were implemented and when they expired.

In the field of photolithography for micro-chip manufacturing, the photo-mask is used to print desired patterns on a proper photo-resist on wafer. The most common type of photo-mask is binary amplitude mask made an opaque layer of chrome. The principle and potential application of hybrid photo-mask with diffractive phase element and binary amplitude is presented in this dissertation paper from both numerical modeling and experimental research. The first important application is the characterization of aberration in the stepper system using hybrid diffractive photo-mask. By utilizing multiple diffractive illumination conditions, it is possible to characterize Zernike wave front aberration coefficients up to any desired order. And, the second application is the use of binary phase grating mask for analog micro-optics fabrication. This approach of using binary phase grating mask for fabricating analog micro-optics turned out to be a very effective alternative for gray-scale mask technology. Since this is a pure phase only mask, it doesn't cause any scattered noise light like half-tone mask and it results in smooth desired resist profile. The benefits and limitations of hybrid diffractive photo-mask approach for both applications are discussed.

An interdisciplinary study of women satirists of the Progressive and Jazz eras, the dissertation investigates the ways in which early modernist writers use the satiric mode either as an elitist mask or as a site of resistance, confronts the theoretical limitations that have marginalized women satirists in the academic arena, and points to the destabilizing, democratic potential inherent in satiric discourse. In the first chapter, I introduce the concept of signifying caricature, an exaggerated characterization that carries with it broad social, political, and cultural critique. Edith Wharton uses a signifying caricature in The Custom of the Country where the popular press, middlebrow literature, and the democratization of language is under attack. Several of Wharton’s satiric stories also ridicule the New Woman, revealing Wharton’s anxiety over women functioning in the public arena. The second chapter features recovery work of May Isabel Fisk, an internationally known comic monologist whose work has been lost to scholars. This chapter examines Fisk’s monologues, paying particular attention to her use of the eiron and alazon comic figures. The dissertation then moves on to Dorothy Parker’s biting satires of Jazz era decadence, the sexual double standard, and the oppressive norms of feminine beauty promoted in mass culture. The study concludes with an analysis of Jessie Fauset’s Comedy: American Style, a novel using a signifying caricature to chastise America’s failed racial policies and an essentialist theory of race. Comedy: American Style is an overlooked Depression era satire that challenges notions of a fixed American cultural nationalism even as it presages the idea of race as a floating signifier.

Диссертационное исследование посвящено исследованию возможностей использования фитнес-тренажера ЕТМ для повышения общей и специальной выносливости сотрудников охранных структур. / The dissertation research is devoted to researches using possibilities fitness equipment for improving general and special endurance of security personal.

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