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In this study we had the intention to find out how children in preschool exercise influence during circle-times. We have done observations in three different departments, during circle-time, we have also observed how children can react to exercise influence, at the same time we observed also how the preschool-teachers' acted to promote the children in their effort to gain influence. Three interviews were conducted with the intent to identify the teachers' opinions and means to enhance the children's abilities to exercise their influence. In this study we have concluded that children of all ages needs to have their voice heard and influence their surrounding. Furthermore we have seen that the teachers' action can encourage or hamper the child in its attempts to influence its surroundings. It is paramount the teachers identify the "silent" children, with the aim to assist them in finding "their voice". During this study we found that children can either create a situation in which to impose influence or being presented the opportunity directly by the teachers'. In the ways of creating an influential atmosphere with the children, we’ve noticed that their age is an important factor if the child will be heard when trying to impose influence.

The text describes an important dilemma that we as educators need to manage in our daily work. Every day we are faced with situations in which we encounter children that challenge us in various ways. This text considers how we need to approach these children. The way we assess and approach them will often determine their actions and behaviour. Children form their self-image as a reflection of our behaviors. This can also affect other children in the group to view the particular child in a negative way. It´s of paramount importance to help all children to succeed. This text gives examples and reflections about challenging situations that we meet with everyday. In this essay, aspects are presented and discussed from varying theoretical standpoints regarding issues related to what makes a child act and react the way that they do. In addition, the essay discusses adaptations that can be made in keeping with the curriclum while at the same time giving all children the best conditions in which to play, learn and achieve personal growth.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of personal, social and citizenship education (PSCE) in fostering positive self-esteem in two instrumental case studies which took place in two classrooms of 7-10 year old children (N=40) in France during the 2007-2008 school year. The study used a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methodologies including a self-esteem survey administered to pupils in the two case-study classrooms as well as to students in two control classrooms (N=47) at the beginning and end of the school year. Throughout the course of the year a series of semi-structured interviews was also conducted with six focus children selected from each class (2 high, 2 medium and 2 low self-esteem children) as well as with the two class teachers and the parents/step-parents of the focus children. In addition, the study included non-participant observation which focussed on the participation and behaviour of the focus children during PSCE lessons and other lessons through the use of three separate observation schedules. The study found evidence of the important influence of significant others, in particular, parents, peers and teachers, on the focus children’s self-esteem. Although the quantitative analysis of the self-esteem questionnaires showed no statistically significant increase in self-esteem at the group level over time, the qualitative findings indicate that teachers’ relationship with their students, their promotion of responsibility and self-efficacy, and their careful implementation of PSCE practices contributed to increases in individual children’s self-esteem. There was also evidence that the implementation of PSCE activities contributed to improvements in children’s peer relations.

The purpose of this study is to examine, analyse and compare to what extent the preschool teachers' child perspective influences their attitude towards different forms of circle time. More specifically, our aim is, firstly to examine how preschool teachers see children's possibilities for influence and participation depending on the form of circle time, and secondly how children are included or excluded within different forms of circle time. We will be using the following questions as a guidance to draw a conclusion: • To what extent does the preschool teacher's child perspective impact on their approach in circle time? • To what extent does the form of circle time affect the inclusion or exclusion of children according to the preschool teachers? • How is the children's influence and participation affected by different forms of circle time? This is a qualitative study based on both semi-structured interviews with preschool teachers and observations of circle time. The fieldwork was carried out at four different preschools in the Stockholm area. The main theoretical frame is based on several notions that are of importance at preschool: inclusion and exclusion, influence and participation, and preschool teachers approach on children. The results show that the child perspective of the majority of the preschool teachers respects the children's own way of thinking and therefore builds on a free will, leads to a more harmonious atmosphere without demonstrative admonitions. The majority of the preschool teachers prefer circle time with a small number of children in order to be able to show consideration both for the tranquil and the go-ahead child's behaviour. The results also show that circle time with less children improves the children's possibility for influence and inclusion compared to traditional circle time. This is because it gives the preschool teacher more time to focus on and notice every single individual. It is the preschool teacher's responsibility to create a circle time that is interesting for the children. This can be achieved either by giving the children more influence or by allowing them to decide if they want to participate at circle time.

Till sommaren 2019 börjar den nya Läroplanen för förskolan att gälla. I den skrivs begreppet undervisning fram. Det saknas idag en tydlig definition av begreppet vilket gör att förskollärare känner en osäkerhet kring undervisning. Studiens syfte är därför att utifrån ett didaktiskt perspektiv bidra med kunskap om förskollärare och barnskötares diskussion om undervisning i förskolan. Det sker genom att studera förskollärare och barnskötares tal om möjligheter och begräsningar för lärande i samling i förhållande till de pedagogiska atmosfärerna. De frågeställningar som studien bygger på är: I vilket syfte genomförs samlingar? Hur planerar förskollärare undervisning? och Vad kan möjliggöra och begränsa barns lärande i samlingen? För att samla in data genomfördes tre fokusgrupper med totalt åtta deltagare. Sex deltagare är förskollärare och två är barnskötare. Undersökningen genomfördes på tre olika förskolor. Resultatet visar i huvudsak på att begreppet undervisning är svårtolkat. Förskollärarna och barnskötarna menar att begreppet har diskuterats mycket men att det fortfarande saknas en tydlig definition. Samlingen används inte för undervisning i första hand utan undervisning sker i mindre grupper. Läroplanen ligger till grund för planering. Resultatet visar att förskollärare och barnskötares pedagogiska atmosfär påverkar vilka möjligheter och begränsningar som finns för lärande. Nyckelord: Undervisning, samling, förskollärare, barnskötare, pedagogisk atmosfär

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<p>The purpose of this thesis is to gain insight into educators’ views and work with circle time in preschool. To find out, I have referred to the following questions: <em>How is your circle time performed in preschool? What objectives have teachers with the circle time? What impact has your circle time for the children in preschool?</em></p><p>I have chosen to carry out qualitative interviews with three preschool teachers. After the interviews, I compared the educators’ response to previous research.</p><p>The survey shows that the circle time is one of the day´s highlights for preschool children. It also shows that the most important thing with circle time is to create community, security in the group, and a fun time together. The educators also believe that circle time is an important part in the children's learning process, especially when it comes to social learning. In my study, I can see that the content in the circle time has not changed much during the preschool development; the circle time consists mostly of roll call, rhyme, rhymes and songs.</p><p>Keywords: preschool, circle time, educator, children, circle</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to gain insight into educators’ views and work with circle time in preschool. To find out, I have referred to the following questions: How is your circle time performed in preschool? What objectives have teachers with the circle time? What impact has your circle time for the children in preschool? I have chosen to carry out qualitative interviews with three preschool teachers. After the interviews, I compared the educators’ response to previous research. The survey shows that the circle time is one of the day´s highlights for preschool children. It also shows that the most important thing with circle time is to create community, security in the group, and a fun time together. The educators also believe that circle time is an important part in the children's learning process, especially when it comes to social learning. In my study, I can see that the content in the circle time has not changed much during the preschool development; the circle time consists mostly of roll call, rhyme, rhymes and songs. Keywords: preschool, circle time, educator, children, circle

Förskolans läroplan (Lpfö 98) säger att barnet i förskolan ska få en grundläggande förståelse för demokratins innebörd. Den pedagogiska verksamhetens utformning ska möjliggöra att barnet kan ge uttryck för sina intressen och påverka sin situation. Den här studiens syfte är att undersöka hur barnets delaktighet framträder i förskolans verksamhet. Som avgränsat undersökningsområde har förskolans pedagogiska samling valts. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod. För insamlandet av det empiriska materialet gjordes observationer under samlingstillfällena på en förskoleavdelning med barn i åldrarna fyra till sex år. Det insamlade materialet analyserades med utgångspunkt i ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Under analysen framkom att barnen uttryckte sina intressen genom verbalt språk, kroppsspråk och handlingar. Barnen gavs möjligheter till delaktighet och inflytande genom att förskollärarna tog hänsyn till deras intressen, värnade om deras aktiva deltagande och gav dem valmöjligheter. Det som barnen genom inflytandet påverkade var samlingens innehåll, dess tidslängd och hur engagemanget i barngruppen blev. Diskussionen behandlar studiens resultat och tidigare forskning. Den belyser vilka konsekvenser barnens uttrycksätt kan få för alla barn under samlingen. Även barnens inflytande på varandra och pedagogens betydelse diskuteras. Studiens slutsats är att barnen i viss mån har inflytande i förskolans samling. Graden av inflytande varierar beroende på barnets förmåga att uttrycka sina intressen och pedagogens uppmärksammande och tillvaratagande av det barnen ger uttryck för. / The Swedish preschool curriculum (Lpfö 98) says that the child in preschool should have a basic understanding of democracy. The educational activity should allow the child to express its own interests and to have a direct influence on the daily activities in preschool. This study aims to examine how children’s participation appears in preschool. Among the daily activities in preschool is circle time. This activity has been chosen as defined study area. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach. For the collection of the empiric material observations were made during the circle time and with children aged four to six years. The collected material was analyzed on the basis of a sociocultural perspective. The analysis revealed that the children expressed their interests through verbal language, body language and actions. The children were given the possibility to participate and to use their influence because the preschool teachers took into account their interests, guarded their active participation and gave them choices. The children influenced the contents and the duration of the circle time as well as the atmosphere in the group. The discussion deals with the study results and previous research and highlights the ways of expression of the children. The children's influence on each other and the importance of the teacher is also discussed. The study concludes that, to some extent, preschool children have an influence on the circle time activity. The degree of influence varies depending on the child's ability to express its interests and the teacher attention and procurement of the children’s influence.