This thesis is a study of the four long romances, The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun, with emphasis upon Hawthorne's use of symbolism as a means of presenting the basic moral and spiritual truths of human life. The first chapter explains the nature of symbolism and the reasons why Hawthorne used it so extensively. In each of the last four chapters, the symbolism in a single romance is considered for the purpose of discovering the manner and effectiveness of its use in exemplifying the central theme of that particular story. Although Hawthorne's short stories are extremely rich in symbolism, it was not possible to include them in the present study.

This master's thesis elaborates correspondence between F. X. Šalda and Růžena Svobodová. Based on extensive research of their entire correspondence, it tries to give general characteristic of letters (their extent, dating, the question of their publication, the intention for its literary utilization ect.) and compare all of the correspondence with publication Tížívá samota. Despite of the scope of the publication it includes only fragment of their conversations. The thesis analyses letters and their content of self- stylisation of the authors themselves, alternatively stylisation of the addressee, and out of the extraordinary nature of letters it polemizes to what extent is their correspondence reflection of lived out reality or a literary fiction. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

REPRESENTATION This theses focused on representation in term sof civil law, family law and business law. This issues is processed komplex and contains all the basic attributes of representation. Theses is based on current treatment of private law and it highlights the changes in new civil Code effective since january 2012. It evaluates legislation in comparison with future changes. It refers to mootness, uncertainties and inaccuracies contained in the current Civil Code. The work focuses on the representation in general and its different types based on the Civil Code. It also contains a modification in the representation of the Commercial Code, which focuses on representing corporate and procuration. The presentation draws on family law representation and guardianship of minors, guardianship.

- Bank guaranty The thesis deals with the topic of bank guarantee and its legal regulation in the Czech legal system. The purpose of this thesis is to provide comprehensive characteristics of bank guarantee, both from theoretical and practical point of view. The thesis can be divided into tweleve chapters. The first chapter is the introduction a and the last chapters contains conclusion. Second chapter is focused on nature and function of securing instruments and their legal regulation in respective legislation. Third chapter compares bank guarantee with ordinary guarantee. Then includes historical development of bank guarantee and regulation of the instrument in the Commercial Code, in legislation of public law and in Uniform rules issued by International Chamber of Commerce. Fourth chapter is the focal point of the thesis. It explains relations between subjects participating in bank guarantee. These subjects are principal, benefictiary and bank. The fourth chapter also analyzes objections of bank, assignment of the rights from bank guarantee and guarantee charge. Lastly, it contains description of secured obligation and abuse of right to demand performance with its possible consequences in criminal law. Fifth chapter focuses on letter of guarantee and its content. Then it thoroughly analyzes...

Cette thèse vise à étudier la lettre comme un objet littéraire, par une perspective endogène, dans sa relation avec l’œuvre, alors même qu’elle s’en distingue. Par une approche comparatiste, les liens entre une production littéraire et une production épistolaire, qui créent une poétique de la lettre au féminin, sont analysés. Pour cela, les notions de genre et de gender ont été confrontées dans le corpus choisi : les lettres de Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) et celles de Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Elles incarnent deux auteures majeures, mais leurs lettres ont été peu étudiées dans leur ensemble. Ces lettres révèlent un questionnement sur la forme et le style, alors que la question du féminin, par le statut de la femme auteure, se greffe à l’analyse. Une résonance se crée entre l’œuvre et la correspondance de ces deux femmes, qui pourtant se distinguent. En repoussant les limites du genre canonique, la lettre est donc envisagée comme un objet au statut ambigu, une zone intermédiaire, qui longe et trouble l’œuvre, qui se fait poétique par le discours de la femme auteure, et par le processus créatif qui se mêle à l’écriture épistolaire. À partir de cette problématique, le corps de la lettre est tracé en trois orientations : la première se focalise sur le discours de la femme de lettres au sein de la correspondance, la deuxième sur la méthode d’application scripturale et la troisième sur l’invention d’un style. / The aim of this thesis is to explore the medium of letters as literary objects, using an endogenous perspective, and taking into account their relationship with the literary work. Through a comparative analysis, this thesis seeks to explore the links between a literary and an epistolary production, which create a feminine poetics of letter writing. Thus, the concepts of genre and gender are explored in the letters of Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) and those of Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Though they represent two major writers, not all of their letters have been studied. They reveal a concern for form and style, as well as for the feminine and the status of the woman writer. The letters echo the work of art of the two women writers despite their differences. The frontiers of literary genre are hence disregarded and this study considers the ambiguous nature of the letters, as an intermediate area, which runs along the literary work and disrupts it. Therefore, epistolary writing provides a form of poetics through the voice of the woman author and through the creative process that is involved. As a consequence, the study of the letters is threefold: first, it explores the way the woman of letters uses the epistolary genre to construct her identity. Second, it focuses on the method used in the letters, between the self and the other, between writing, reading and creating. Finally, it examines the letters as a space of style experimentation.

No primeiro capítulo da tese após a introdução, intitulado II, realizo um percurso teórico da imagem do corpo próprio nos escritos e seminários iniciais de Lacan, situando R, S e I - o Real, o Simbólico e o Imaginário - em jogo no ser humano. A conclusão deste capítulo introduz os dois conceitos principais que serão trabalhados na tese: o objeto ( a ) e o traço unário, considerando o traço unário como um traço do Outro simbólico, um traço de identificação não imaginária mas simbólica e o objeto como o real, não-especular. Aborda-se a importância do seminário A angústia de Lacan para a formulação da importância do conceito do traço e de ( a ) para a compreensão de RSI essencial para a abordagem da esquizofrenia e do autismo. A partir do esquema óptico utilizado por Lacan para abordar a constituição da imagem do corpo no ser humano, assim como a estruturação de RSI a partir da perda de uma parte do corpo próprio, de uma perda de gozo estruturante do ser humano, teço algumas considerações sobre os esquemas ópticos que poderíamos encontrar no caso do autismo e da esquizofrenia, a partir da articulação entre significante e corpo. Á partir dos estudos de M-C Laznik proponho situar o autismo, a partir da falha na impressão da marca do gozo do Outro a qual permite a inscrição do erotismo, à base da construção do narcisismo e do estabelecimento de um Outro no circuito pulsional. O autismo é, então, situado em relação a uma falha da inscrição do Outro primordial impedindo o tempo da inscrição total do Significante do Outro, da alienação no Significante do Outro Simbólico, da marcação pelo Outro, e da posterior Separação, não existente no Autismo. Por outro lado, na Esquizofrenia, situo a inscrição do Outro, do significante do Outro, da marca do Gozo do Outro, mas não há a inscrição da ausência da marca do Outro necessária para sair do lugar de objeto do Gozo do Outro (consultar o restante na tese) / This work discusses autism and schizophrenia based on two key concepts of this thesis: the object (a) and the unary trait trait of the Other. We try to account for a unique relationship of the autist to the signifier, a failure to incorporate the primordial signifier of the Other. We distinguish the autistic, who has not incorporated the mark of the jouissance of the Other, who has not incorporated the primordial signifier, and the schizophrenic, who has incorporated the mark of the jouissance of the Other, but is not able to use established discourses to build his/her own body, to name his/her own body. There is the possibility of constructions around the Sxs+ jouissance to label, no name, instead of the discourses in default. We distinguish schizophrenia strategies through an effort of placement of jouissance by the letter, and autistic strategies through an effort of placement of jouissance on the rim, on the boards

Neste trabalho, realiza-se o estudo das letras ramistas [j] e [v] e de suas variantes [i], [y] e [u] em dois roteiros de viagem lavrados no século XVIII. Para tanto, faz-se uma recolha exaustiva e minuciosa em ambos os manuscritos e há também um mapa que ilustra o tema dos documentos. Gramáticas e ortografias dos séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII foram consultadas e demonstra em que medida o emprego das letras [i], [y], [j], [u] e [v] segue ou não a norma apresentada. A vida e obra de Pierre de la Ramée são abordadas de modo sintético, para que se conheça o contexto de diferenciação das ramistas, [j] e [v] de [i] e [u]. No capítulo dedicado à toponímia, pretende-se analisar como se comportam as ramistas e suas variantes em geral; além de um grafema especial, um tipo de [y] com a cauda cortada: [y], cuja referência fonética e semântica traduz-se, em tupi, no vocábulo água. A análise de dois textos com proximidade temática e cronológica e punhos diferentes deixa entrever hábitos freqüentes de uma determinada época da história da escrita e revela tendências no uso das ramistas e suas variantes. É possível constatar que a preferência no uso desta ou daquela letra dá-se muito mais por idiossincrasias dos autores do que por respeito à normatização imposta pelas gramáticas a eles contemporâneas. / The object of this investigation is the research of the ramist letters [j] and [v] and its differences [i], [y] and [u] made in two travel routes in the century XVIII. Therefore, it is made a very detailed and exhausted selection of both handwritings and there is a map which illustrates the title of the documents. It is also studied grammar books used in centuries XVI, XVII and XVIII and they show whenever the use of [i], [y], [j], [u] and [v] took place in standard grammar. The bibliography of Pierre de la Rameé is used shortly, only to recognize the context of differences in the ramist letters [j] and [v] of [i] and [u]. In the chapter dedicated to toponym, the intention is to analyze the behavior of ramist and its variability in general. It is seen a special writing, a kind of [y] with a dash in the tail like [y], whose phonetic reference and semantic is translated, in tupi, in the word water. The analysis of both texts are close in chronologic and thematic aspects but different treats permit different and frequent manners of a certain time in writing history and reveal some tendencies in the use of ramist writing and its possible for this or that letter is taken by much more for author\'s idiosyncrasies than the normatization imposed by grammar books at that age.

Nesta pesquisa, realizamos um estudo sobre gênero discursivo em perspectiva diacrônica, atentando para a organização e para as estratégias linguísticas que nele se manifestam. Analisamos uma prática social da esfera jornalística, a carta de editor, com o objetivo de verificar os elementos constitutivos e as possíveis transformações do gênero em foco ao longo de seu percurso histórico. Particularmente, observamos estruturas linguísticas que concretizam regularidades discursivas nesse gênero da imprensa escrita, no período relativo ao século XIX até o início do século XX. Para tanto, fundamentamos o trabalho em estudos sobre mídia impressa, a fim de focalizar o contexto de estabelecimento do jornalismo, bem como em estudos a respeito dos gêneros discursivos e das tradições discursivas, com o intuito de ancorar a análise dos traços textuais que garantem a continuidade e contribuem para a identificação do gênero como típico da instituição jornalística. Dessa prática social, emergem recursos linguísticos orientadores da produção de sentido, por meio dos quais os sujeitos, situados em determinado contexto social e histórico, buscam, de alguma forma, influenciar seus interlocutores para atingir seus propósitos interacionais. Entre esses recursos, destacamos a modalidade adverbial. Tomamos por base pesquisas de cunho pragmático-discursivo a respeito dessa categoria, a fim de relacioná-la à produção das cartas de editor. Para a análise pretendida, selecionamos exemplares de três jornais paulistas, a saber: O Farol Paulistano, Correio Paulistano e A Província de S. Paulo/O Estado de S. Paulo, e procedemos a um levantamento das ocorrências linguísticas atuantes na construção textual, para a verificação de possíveis elementos que permaneceram ou se modificaram, ao traçar um paralelo com textos da atualidade. Os resultados revelaram que, no curso histórico da carta de editor, podemos encontrar regularidades temáticas, composicionais e funcionais de séculos passados ainda presentes nessa produção da mídia impressa. Os resultados obtidos pela análise da modalidade também salientam tal categoria linguística como elemento presente na configuração do gênero em destaque, que revela o modo de construção de avaliações sociais e de manifestações ideológicas pela instância enunciativa, bem como os efeitos de sentido que podem ser constituídos por meio dessa estratégia discursiva. / In this research, we carried out a study of discursive genre in a diachronic perspective, looking for the organization and linguistic strategies which are shown on it. We analyzed a social practice of journalistic sphere, the letter to the editor, with the objective of verifying constitutive elements and possible transformations of the genre throughout the history. Especially, we observed linguistic structures which maintain discursive regularities in this genre of the written press, in the period of nineteenth-century to earlier twentieth-century. To illustrate it, we supported the study on written media works, focusing not only on the establishment of journalism context but also on discursive genre and discursive traditions works with the aim of anchoring the analysis of textual features that ensure the continuity and contribute to the identification of the genre as typical of journalistic institution. Through this situated social practice emerges linguistic resources which orient the meaning production and help participants to look for, in some way, influencing their interlocutors to achieve their interactional purposes. Among these resources, we pointed out the adverbial modality. We formed basis on pragmatic and discourse analysis about this category to link it to the production of letters to the editor. To the intended analysis, we selected three São Paulos newspaper copies: O Farol Paulistano, Correio Paulistano e A Provínca de S. Paulo/ O Estado de S. Paulo, and conducted a survey of linguistic occurrences in the textual construction to verify possible elements which remain or modify, drawing a parallel with topical texts. The results indicated that, in the historical course of the letter to the editor, we could found thematic, compositional and functional regularities of latest centuries still present in this written media production. The results, demonstrated by the modality analysis, also pointed out this linguistic category as an element present in the configuration of the genre, revealing the way of construction of social assessments and ideological expressions through the instantiation and the meaning effects which could be built up through this discursive strategy.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar os usos dos verbos no gênero textual carta do leitor através da análise das produções textuais de estrangeiros no Exame do Celpe-Bras. Nosso corpus é composto por redações de estudantes de língua portuguesa, realizadas a partir de duas tarefas do Celpe-Bras que exigiam a redação de uma carta do leitor. As tarefas foram aplicadas a alunos de língua portuguesa para estrangeiros em São Paulo. Partimos, para a análise, do pressuposto de que o verbo desempenha um papel fundamental na construção discursiva do texto (Travaglia, 1991 e Castilho, 2012) e recorremos a metodologia de Vargas (2011) que demonstra por meio da análise textual como o uso do verbo participa da produção do sentido. Também desenvolvemos reflexões sobre a relação entre argumentação e modo (indicativo ou subjuntivo), tempo (pretérito, presente e futuro) e aspecto (perfectivo ou imperfectivo) do verbo. / This thesis aims to determine the uses of verbs in the genre Reader´s letter through the analysis of textual productions of foreigners in the Brazilian Official Examination of the Proficiency of Portuguese Language for foreigners (CELPE-Bras). Our corpus consists of the redactions of the students of Portuguese Language, made from two tasks of CELPE- Celpe that required the writing of a reader`s letter. The tasks were applied to students of Portuguese as a Foreign Language in São Paulo. We go to the analysis with the hypothesis that the verb plays a key role in the discursive construction of the text (Travaglia, 1991 and Castilho, 2012), and we used the methodology of Vargas (2011) that demonstrates that by textual analysis how the use of verb participates in the production of the sense. We also developed reflections on the relationship between argumentation and the verbal categories like mode (indicative or subjunctive), time (past, present or future), and aspect (perfective vs. imperfective).

Thesis advisor: Heather T. Rowan-Kenyon / College fraternities are routinely associated with alcohol use and hazing (e.g., Wechsler, Kuh, & Davenport, 1996; Allan & Madden, 2008). These outcomes can lead to troubling consequences for fraternity members, and other stakeholders (DeSantis, 2007; Syrett, 2009). The masculine norm climates perpetuated by fraternities may contribute to fraternity men’s alcohol use and hazing motivations (Kimmel, 2008; Syrett, 2009). However, not all fraternity members conform to hegemonic masculinity (Anderson, 2008; Harris & Harper, 2014). The masculine norm climates collectively espoused by fraternities may vary between chapters, and these differences may explain members’ alcohol use and endorsement of hazing rationales (DeSantis, 2007). In addition, organizational socialization tactics have been found to relate to the outcomes of newcomers (e.g., Ashforth & Saks, 1996), and these tactics may explain differences that exist across the population of chapters for the relationships among members’ conformity to masculine norms and their alcohol use or endorsement of hazing rationales. No prior study had utilized a large, multi-institutional sample to examine if fraternity members’ alcohol use or support of hazing rationales varied between fraternity chapters, or if the masculine norm climates promoted by chapters predict these outcomes. To address this gap, this study collected data from 2,678 undergraduates from a single college men’s social fraternity represented at 76 colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. Utilizing a critical postmodern quantitative inquiry, the data were analyzed through descriptive analyses and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). The findings indicate that fraternity members’ alcohol use and endorsement of hazing rationales varied between fraternity chapters. Chapter heterosexual presentation climate was positively related to a member’s alcohol use. Risk-taking, heterosexual-presentation and playboy climates were positively related to members’ endorsement of social dominance hazing rationale, whereas the violence climate perpetuated by a fraternity chapter was negatively related to this rationale. Risk-taking climate was positively associated with the endorsement of solidarity and instrumental education hazing rationales. Investiture socialization climate was found to not moderate relationships among individual masculine norms and hazing rationales. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.