This study aims to use critical discourse analysis to discern how support for vigilante acts is justified, legitimized, and constructed. By analyzing 1000 comments left on YouTube videos depicting violent vigilante acts, this study looks to create a discourse of the acts, their context, and the actors involved. The videos depict individuals taking the law into their own hands as they react to a crime, theft. Both videos end in the death of the criminal. One video takes place in the U.S. and one in the U.K. Previous research has focused on distrust of police and the justice system, to understand why citizens resort to vigilantism. With discussions on fear of crime and community justice. This study shows similar sentiments to previous research. The comments describe a discourse of society as declining, and crime perceived as increasing. The commentators create a sense of belonging and identify with the vigilante as an ‘insider’ whilst the ‘criminal’ is dehumanized and described as the ‘outsider’, and the criminal justice system is constructed as dysfunctional/illegitimate. This discourse leads the participants to see the act of the vigilante as honorable and necessary, as it’s perceived as the only way to get justice. Rights (such as due process) are pictured as something that is earned, and the criminal forfeited these rights when the decision was made to commit a crime. This points to what is described as the problem with a ‘strong state’ and how it might encourage vigilantism. This study adds to previous research by painting a full-picture critical discourse of support for vigilantism whilst also exploring how societal power dynamics play a role in its construction.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of price discrimination on tourism demand. Four objectives were defined with reference to the primary research goal. The first objective was to analyse the concept of price discrimination and relevant theories by means of a literature study. In this regard it was found that price discrimination between markets is fairly common and that it occurs if the same goods were sold to different customers at different prices. Price discrimination is also possible as soon as some monopoly power exists and it is feasible when it is impossible or at least impractical for the buyers to trade among themselves. Three different kinds of price discrimination can be applied, namely first-degree, second-degree and third-degree price discrimination. The data also indicated that price discrimination is advantageous (it mainly increases profit) and that it has several other effects too. The second objective was to analyse examples of price discrimination by means of international case studies. In these different case studies it was found that demand and supply, therefore consumer and product, formed the basis of price discrimination. If demand did not exist, it would be impossible to apply price discrimination. The findings also indicated that, for an organisation to be able to practice price discrimination, the markets must be separated effectively and it will only be successful if there is a significant difference in demand elasticity between the different consumers. Furthermore, the ability to charge these different prices will depend on the consumer's ability and willingness to pay. If an organisation should decide to price discriminate, it would lead to a higher profit, a more optimal pricing policy and also to an increase in sales. The third objective was to analyse national case studies. This was done through comparing the data of a tourism organisation price discriminating (Mosetlha Bush Camp, situated in the North West) to two organisations that did not implement price discrimination (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the Northern Cape and Golden Leopard Resort, also situated in the North West). It was found that a customer with low price elasticity is less deterred by a higher price than a customer with a high price elasticity of demand. As long as the customer's price elasticity is less than one, it will be very advantageous to increase the price: the seller will in this case get more money for less goods. With the increase in price the price elasticity tends to rise above one. The fourth objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations. It was concluded that price discrimination could be applied successfully in virtually any organisation or industry. Furthermore, price discrimination does not always have a negative effect; but can have a positive ass well. It can have a positive effect on tourism demand. The findings emphasised that the main reason for implementing price discrimination is to increase profit at the cost of reducing consumer surplus. From the results it was recommended that more research on this topic should be conducted. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a regra-matriz constitucional do ICMS mercantil e dos princípios que regem esse imposto, a fim de verificar se os Estados e o Distrito Federal detêm competência para a instituição do ICMS na extração do petróleo, a exemplo do que fez o Estado do Rio de Janeiro por meio da Lei nº 4.117/03, conhecida como Lei Noel. Para tal desiderato, será investigado, inicialmente, o tratamento constitucional atribuído ao petróleo, e serão abordadas questões atinentes às atividades econômicas do monopólio da União sobre esse bem público, prescritas no artigo 177 da Carta Maior, e a sua flexibilização com o advento da Emenda Constitucional nº 9/95. Com supedâneo nas conclusões obtidas a partir da regra-matriz de incidência do ICMS mercantil e dos enunciados constitucionais relativos ao petróleo, serão analisados os os critérios componentes da regra-matriz de incidência construída a partir dos enunciados veiculados pela Lei nº 4.117/03 para que seja possível, dessa forma, verificar se o legislador ordinário estadual observou os limites para o exercício da competência ao instituir o ICMS na extração do petróleo. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the ICMS constitutional matriz-rule of tax incidence and principles that govern such tax, in order to verify the capability of States to create this tax on oil extraction, as it did Rio de Janeiro through Law No. 4.117/03, known as Lei Noel. This study will initially analyze constitutional rules regarding oil as well as aspects related to the economic activities of monopoly, prescribed in Article 177 of Federal Constitution and its flexibility with the advent of Constitutional Amendment No. 9, occurred in 1995. Based on the conclusions obtained from the analysis of ICMS matriz-rule of tax incidence and constitutional rules concerning oil, we will investigate Law No. 4.117/03 in order to check if the Rio de Janeiro State respected the limits imposed by Federal Constitution to create ICMS on oil extraction.

This study analyses the marketing communication of Systembolaget. The material is the organization's last three tv-commercials. The aim of the study is to problematize the marketing communication of Systembolaget since it is a non-profit organization owned by the government. The organization exists to keep the alcohol consumption in control and to reduce the alcohol-related problems in society. The three latest tv-commercials of Systembolaget are analyzed through a multimodal critical discourse analysis as both theory and method. The language is critically reviewed through relevant tools. In MCDA the language includes both the expressions in writing and verbal, and also visual signs. The material is divided in three themes: alcohol as something exclusive, alcohol as something humorous and the contra wise language of Systembolaget. A study of this phenomenon helps to clarify how Systembolaget can be marketed even though the organization has no purpose to make financial profit. The study also describes how the two research fields marketing communication and strategic communication are connected. The results show how the social responsibility by the government does not show clearly at the same time as humor is used to catch the attention of the public. / I den här studien analyseras Systembolagets marknadskommunikation. Materialet är organisationens tre senaste reklamfilmer. Studien syftar till att problematisera Systembolagets marknadskommunikation då de är en icke vinstdrivande organisation och ägs av staten. Organisationen finns till för att hålla alkoholkonsumtionen under kontroll och därmed minska de alkoholrelaterade problemen i samhället. Systembolagets tre senaste reklamfilmer analyseras. Detta sker med hjälp av multimodal kritisk diskursanalys (MCDA) som både teori och metod. Språket granskas kritisk med hjälp av relevanta analysverktyg. I MCDA innefattar språk både det som uttrycks skriftligt och verbalt samt visuella tecken. Materialet delas in i tre teman: alkohol som något exklusivt, alkohol som något humoristiskt och Systembolagets tvärtomspråk. En studie av Systembolagets marknadskommunikation bringar klarhet i hur Systembolaget kan marknadsföras trots att organisationen inte har till syfte att gå med ekonomisk vinst. Vidare i studien beskrivs det hur de två forskningsfälten marknadskommunikation och strategisk kommunikation hör samman. Resultatet av studien visar hur Systembolagets samhällsansvar av staten inte framgår på ett tydligt sätt samtidigt som humor används för att fånga publikens uppmärksamhet.

Une fraction non négligeable de la population mondiale n’a pas accès au crédit, en raison d’une insuffisance de ressources, d’une inscription dans un fichier de surendettement ou de la restriction des critères d’octroi du crédit bancaire. Pourtant, devenus incontournables avec la domiciliation des salaires et des prestations sociales, les produits et les services bancaires participent au processus d’exclusion sociale. Ne pas avoir accès au crédit, ou y avoir accès de manière inadaptée, est, en soi, un facteur d’appauvrissement. Faute d’accès à un prêt personnel ou à un découvert bancaire, de nombreux ménages recourent à des crédits renouvelables dont les conditions d’octroi sont de plus en plus contestées par les pouvoirs publics ; aussi, les risques de surendettement s’en trouvent-Ils accrus. Or, dans le contexte actuel de crise économique, de recrudescence du chômage et des emplois précaires, le recours au microcrédit peut être un outil utile pour répondre aux besoins de réinsertion à travers la création, la reprise ou le transfert d'activités rémunératrices. La conjoncture actuelle semble d'autant plus favorable à un renouveau du microcrédit que celui-Ci peut permettre à l’emprunteur de rebondir en créant sa petite entreprise, ou de s’assumer sans détériorer sa situation financière personnelle. Bien géré, il constitue un facteur d’autonomie de la personne,tout en favorisant une pratique nouvelle de la solidarité par des relations plus ou moins directes entre prêteurs, épargnants et emprunteurs. Il a en quelque sorte un caractère universel qui sied à l’esprit du temps. Actualisé et modernisé dans les pays du Sud, le crédit solidaire nécessite une adaptation du concept dans les pays développés, pour tenir compte de leur contexte. Ainsi, une pratique des pays moins développés est « exportée » vers les pays du Nord, qui redécouvrent des pratiques anciennes — mutualisme, prêt sur gages, tontine,solidarité familiale ou de groupe — dont l’esprit originel s’était estompé avec la modernisation de leur système bancaire ou, tout simplement, leur mode de vie plus individualiste. Beaucoup de débats existent entre économistes sur la réalité de l’efficacité du microcrédit. Bien que celui-Ci soit économiquement et socialement séduisant pour les uns,proprement illusoire pour les autres, le juriste semble être placé hors du débat. Il n’existe pas de vrais débats (en Europe en tout cas) sur les aspects juridiques du microcrédit de sorte qu’on pourrait douter de sa place en droit. Est-Ce à dire que cette belle invention économique a manqué de pénétrer le domaine juridique ? Cette thèse tente de jeter les bases d’un vrai débat juridique sur le phénomène du microcrédit. Elle s'efforce de dresser, juridiquement, un état des lieux du microcrédit, l’offre, la demande, mais aussi les perspectives envisageables pour un développement de la pratique. / All over the world, a significant fraction of the population has no access to credit, due to insufficient resources, a registering in a file of big debts or of restriction criteria for the granting of bank credit. However, now indispensable due to the address of wages and social security benefits, banking services are involved in the process of social exclusion. Not having access to credit, or having access in an inappropriate manner is in itself a factor of impoverishment. Without access to a personal loan or to an overdraft, many households relyon revolving credits whose conditions of granting is increasingly challenged by the authorities, and thus the risk of big debt are there by increased. But in the current context ofthe economic crisis of growing unemployment and of part-Time work, the use of microcreditcan be a useful tool to meet the needs of some households in terms of business start-Ups,business transfers or business continuities. The current environment seems to favor a revivalof microcredit, as it allows the borrower to bounce back and create his or her employment orsmall business, or to support themselves without damaging their personal financialsituation. Properly managed, it is a factor of individual autonomy, while promoting a newpractice of solidarity through more or less direct relationship between lenders, borrowers andsavers. There is a sort of universal character that befits the spirit of time. Modernized andupdated in southern countries, solidarity loan requires an adaptation of the concept indeveloped countries, to take their context into account. Thus, a practice of less developedcountries is "exported" towards western countries, which are rediscovering ancient practices –mutualism, pawnshop, tontine, family or group solidarity – whose original spirit had dimmedwith the modernization of their banking system or, simply, their more individualistic lifestyle.There are many debates between economists about the reality of the effectiveness ofmicrocredit. About microcredit which is economically and socially attractive to some, purelyan illusion for others, the legal representative seems to stand aside from the debate. There isno real debate (at any rate in Europe) on the legal aspects of microcredit in such an extent thatwe might question its position in law. Is it that this wonderful economic invention has failedto enter the legal domain ? Our work aims at laying the groundwork for a real legal debate onthe phenomenon of microcredit. Its ambition is to draw, legally, an overview of themicrocredit, the supply, the demand and also the way forward for the development of thepractice.

本文即擬對抗戰時期專賣事業的實施過程，及其與國家財政之關係，加以探討分析。由於專賣屬獨占事業， 國內外史學界研究此一課題的文章極少，相關史料亦多未刊行，故本文撰寫時引用之參考資料， 以檔案為主。計有：國史館典藏之國民政府檔案、財政部檔案； 中央研究院近代史研究所典藏之鹽務檔案；中國南京第二歷史檔案館典藏之財政部檔案、火柴專賣公司檔案、菸類專賣局檔案、專賣事業管理局檔案等。 另輔以已整編刊行之史料、中外文著作等。全文除緒論和結論外，共分七章，其主要內容如下：第一章緒論：論述專賣事業在中國發展的過程 ，及目前國內外研究此一課題之成果、研究方法、問題徵結所在。第二章戰時專賣事業實施背景：以戰時財政赤字與通貨膨脹 、戰時統制政策的形成為主題 ，論述抗戰時期專賣事業實施之背景。第三章戰時專賣事業之籌辦： 論述戰時專賣事業之規畫、制訂與推行的過程。第四章火柴與菸類專賣之產製運銷： 分二節，敘述火柴及菸類專賣之實施，係採用「局部專賣制」，由民間產製後，再經由專賣機構 「統購統銷」。第五章食糖與鹽專賣之產製運銷：論述戰時食糖專賣之產銷制度 ，亦採「民產－民製－官收－民銷」之局部專賣制。 鹽專賣方面，由於實施專賣之前，政府已實施「官收－官運」制度， 為專賣奠定基礎，故各專賣品中，鹽專賣之產銷制度最健全。第六章各專賣物品之專賣價格與特徵：專賣價格合理與否 ，為專賣物品能否順利產銷關鍵， 戰時各專賣品之專賣價格由「專賣品成本＋專賣利益＋商人之合法利潤」決定，但因各專賣物品多屬民生消費品， 為顧及人民生計起見，其價格多較一般市價為低。第七章專賣與緝私：凡未依專賣法規定而擅自產製運銷者 ，即屬走私行為，應予以查緝。戰時專賣物品之走私案件 ，除不法商人圖謀私利外，專賣事業人員從中營私舞弊亦時有所聞。第八章專賣之成效與評估： 論述專賣事業之專賣利益與戰時財政關係，及其對國家社會之影響 ，從而了解戰時專賣事業實施之成效與得失。第九章結論：戰時專賣事業實施雖僅四年 ，卻充分顯現統制經濟特色，而專賣利益亦有助於財政收入。

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Electricity power is an irreplaceable resource in industry for a country. Enough and steady-offered electricity is also the support to develop not only traditional industry but high technology industry. Taiwan is a place, where is lacking of natural resources. There is only 3 % of which can be self ¡Vcontained. In fact, electricity power plays one of important roles in achieving ¡§Economic Miracle of Taiwan.¡¨ Basically, electricity power embraces three parts of power generation, power transmission, and distribution. And it is managed by the way of vertically integration. Traditionally, electricity power is assorted into public utility because of its huge principal and social resources, even concerning with the economy and society of the country and is governed and controlled by the government. Whatever country promotes electricity liberalization, the government and the academic put their eye on foster the total efficiency of management through market mechanisms. Electricity liberalization has been working for more than twenty years. Of course, there are some successful cases, for example, like England, Australia, and etc. They do benefit from increasing the occurrence, the efficiency, and decrease the price after operating electricity liberalization. As to Taiwan, the government has the same policy on it, too. The amendments are under discussion in The Legislative Yuan. By referencing to electricity liberalization of other countries and comparing their experiences with Taiwan, the questions below are searched in this thesis. First, does the policy in Taiwan really satisfy the essence of electricity liberalization? Second, could power generation, power transmission, and distribution of the electricity industry be operated by vertically integrated way? After electricity liberalization, it is important that how to do could get good combined with competition of the market, the offer of steady electricity and the society justice. If not, how to modify the rules would satisfy the needs of country development and expectations of the society.

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka förändringar i pris och tillgänglighet på OTC-läkemedel före och efter avregleringen av det svenska apoteksmonopolet ur ett konsumentperspektiv. Metod: Kvantitativ undersökning med abduktiv forskningsansats, där datainsamling sker via telefonkontakt och observation av hemsidor Teori: Marknadsformer, Avregleringar, Marknadsmixen, Prissättningsstrategier, Öppettider Resultat: Uppgång skedde kontinuerligt i pris på OTC-läkemedel före avregleringen av apoteksmonopolet och öppettiderna var då begränsade. Undersökningen visar att pris på OTC-läkemedel marginellt gått upp och en ökning skett i antal timmars öppethållande per vecka bland samtliga återförsäljare. Avregleringen har bidragit till stora variationer i priser och öppettider bland olika återförsäljare. Det finns ett mycket svagt positivt samband mellan pris på OTC-läkemedel och öppettider. Starkast är sambandet för Bensinstationer och Kiosker och närbutiker där undersökningen visar på både ett högt pris och flexibelt öppethållande. / The purpose of this thesis is to examine the changes in price and availability for OTC-pharmaceuticals before and after the deregulation of the Swedish pharmacy monopoly. In order to carry out the examination a quantitative approach is used and data has been collected by phone calls and observations. The framework is theories on the subject of market structure, deregulation, the marketing mix, price strategies and availability. The thesis has concluded that before the deregulation the price continually increased but the opening hours were limited. After the monopoly ceased the price has marginally increased and the number of opening hours per week has extended. Different retailers are after the deregulation able to sell OTC-pharmaceuticals and there is a variety among them regarding price and opening hours, which enables the customers to make choices between them. The study found a weak positive correlation between price and opening hours. The strongest correlation was found among Petrol stations and Convenience stores, which showed high price and flexible opening hours.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of price discrimination on tourism demand. Four objectives were defined with reference to the primary research goal. The first objective was to analyse the concept of price discrimination and relevant theories by means of a literature study. In this regard it was found that price discrimination between markets is fairly common and that it occurs if the same goods were sold to different customers at different prices. Price discrimination is also possible as soon as some monopoly power exists and it is feasible when it is impossible or at least impractical for the buyers to trade among themselves. Three different kinds of price discrimination can be applied, namely first-degree, second-degree and third-degree price discrimination. The data also indicated that price discrimination is advantageous (it mainly increases profit) and that it has several other effects too. The second objective was to analyse examples of price discrimination by means of international case studies. In these different case studies it was found that demand and supply, therefore consumer and product, formed the basis of price discrimination. If demand did not exist, it would be impossible to apply price discrimination. The findings also indicated that, for an organisation to be able to practice price discrimination, the markets must be separated effectively and it will only be successful if there is a significant difference in demand elasticity between the different consumers. Furthermore, the ability to charge these different prices will depend on the consumer's ability and willingness to pay. If an organisation should decide to price discriminate, it would lead to a higher profit, a more optimal pricing policy and also to an increase in sales. The third objective was to analyse national case studies. This was done through comparing the data of a tourism organisation price discriminating (Mosetlha Bush Camp, situated in the North West) to two organisations that did not implement price discrimination (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the Northern Cape and Golden Leopard Resort, also situated in the North West). It was found that a customer with low price elasticity is less deterred by a higher price than a customer with a high price elasticity of demand. As long as the customer's price elasticity is less than one, it will be very advantageous to increase the price: the seller will in this case get more money for less goods. With the increase in price the price elasticity tends to rise above one. The fourth objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations. It was concluded that price discrimination could be applied successfully in virtually any organisation or industry. Furthermore, price discrimination does not always have a negative effect; but can have a positive ass well. It can have a positive effect on tourism demand. The findings emphasised that the main reason for implementing price discrimination is to increase profit at the cost of reducing consumer surplus. From the results it was recommended that more research on this topic should be conducted. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.