Diferentemente do que ocorre na área pública, na qual tanto a Corte Internacional de Justiça (CIJ) quanto a Dispute Solution Board (DSB) da OMC estão aptas a solucionar os conflitos internacionais públicos, na área jurídica privada não é viável, no mundo contemporâneo, imaginar a existência de um modelo supranacional e global para a solução de litígios privados internacionais que se guiasse por normas processuais próprias e aplicasse normas materiais unificadas internacionalmente. Assim, cada país estabelece seu poder jurisdicional dentro de seu próprio território e nos limites postos pelo direito internacional, de modo que, atualmente, exceto nos casos em que se convencionar a solução do conflito pela via da arbitragem, será sempre um tribunal nacional que decidirá o litígio de caráter internacional. Haverá, evidentemente, casos em que as decisões proferidas em tribunais nacionais não apresentarão aptidão para garantir a efetivação dos interesses tutelados, fazendo-se necessário que parte ou a totalidade dos efeitos práticos da sentença sejam produzidos em outros sistemas jurídicos, ocasião em que, salvo convenções e tratados internacionais, haverá a necessidade de seu reconhecimento, por meio do processo de homologação, para que possa ser executada. Busca este trabalho demonstrar que nem todos os efeitos da sentença dependem do procedimento de homologação para que se manifestem. Por outro lado, a Lei de Arbitragem, ao equiparar em efeitos laudos arbitrais a sentenças estatais, consequentemente impõe ao laudo arbitral estrangeiro o seu reconhecimento por meio do processo de homologação pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça, para que, só então, possa ser executado. Tal medida legislativa parece desconsiderar a distinção entre sentença judicial e laudo arbitral, este de natureza privada, que não decorre da prestação jurisdicional de um Estado, mas sim proferido por pessoas despidas de qualquer autoridade pública, cujo poder jurisdicional provém de convenção privada das partes. Em resposta a essa situação, propõe-se este trabalho demonstrar a diferença entre laudo e sentença, no intuito de eliminar a exigência legal da homologação dos laudos arbitrais estrangeiros pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça, sem contudo retirar-lhes os efeitos, o que se daria pela limitação das matérias de defesa no processo de execução de títulos executivos extrajudiciais / Differently of what it happens in the public area, in the which both the International Court of Justice (CIJ) and the Dispute Solution Board (DSB) of OMC are capable to solve the public international conflicts, in the private juridical area it is not viable, in the contemporary world, to imagine the existence of a supranational and global model for the solution of private international litigations guided by own procedural norms and applied material norms internationally unified. Thus, each country establishes its jurisdictional power inside its own territory and into the limits put by the international law, so that, now, except in the cases that the solution of the conflict is stipulated by the means of arbitration, it will always be a national court that will decide the international litigations. There will be, evidently, cases in which the pronounced decisions by national courts wil not present aptitude to guarantee the efectiveness of the tutored interests, being necessary that part or the totality of the practical effects of the sentence are produced in other juridical systems, occasion in that, except for conventions and international agreements, there will be the need of its recognition, through the approval process, so that it can be executed. This work aims to demonstrate that not all the effects of the sentence depend on the approval procedure to be shown. On the other hand, the Law of Arbitration, when matching in effects arbitral awards to public sentences, consequently imposes to the foreign arbitral award its recognition by the means of the approval process by the Superior Tribunal of Justice, so that, only then, it can be executed. Such a legislative measure seems to disrespect the distinction between judicial sentence and arbitral award, this of private nature, that doesnt elapse from the jurisditional rendering of a State, but is pronounced by people without any public authority, whose jurisdictional power comes from the private convention of the parts. In response to that situation, this work intends to demonstrate the difference between arbitral award and sentence, in the intention to eliminate the legal demand of the approval of the foreign arbitral awards by the Superior Tribunal of Justice, without however removing their effects, what would de done by the limitation of the defense matters in the process of execution of extrajudicial executive titles.

A dissertação se ocupa da análise da coisa julgada sobre a sentença genérica coletiva de procedência que, segundo a regra do artigo 95 do Código de Defesa do Consumidor brasileiro, tem por objeto a fixação de responsabilidade do réu para efeitos da tutela coletiva de direitos individuais homogêneos. O primeiro capítulo analisa a ação civil coletiva do direito brasileiro, com particular ênfase para a repartição da atividade cognitiva entre as questões comuns, objeto da ação coletiva propriamente dita, e das questões particulares que constituem objeto das ações complementares em que se apuram a titularidade e o conteúdo dos direitos individuais a cuja tutela se direciona o procedimento. O capítulo seguinte realiza uma revisão da teoria da coisa julgada, sob a ótica da vinculação da jurisdição moderna à tutela dos direitos previamente reconhecidos pela ordem jurídica, que passam a constituir a unidade mínima estrutural do processo civil. Finalmente, o último capítulo classifica a sentença genérica coletiva como modalidade de sentença parcial de mérito e examina diferentes teorias que buscaram explicar a estabilidade desse tipo de decisão. Os resultados atingidos são aplicados para se estudar a viabilidade do estabelecimento de parâmetros de liquidação na própria sentença genérica e a obrigatoriedade das questões resolvidas pela sentença genérica em ações conexas à ação coletiva / This dissertation deals with the analysis of the effects of res judicata upon the generic collective sentence which, according to article 95 of Brazilian Consumers Defense Code, has for object the fixation of defendants liability in the context of collective redress of individual rights. First Chapter analyses the civil collective action in Brazilian law, emphasizing the bifurcation of procedure that separates the decision of common issues, which are tried in the collective suit; and of particular issues, that constitute the object of complementary suits in which are tried the ownership and contents of individual claims. The following Chapter reviews the theory of res judicata in civil procedure, under the perspective of modern jurisdictions function of protection of rights previously recognized by law, making them the minimal structural unit of civil procedure. Finally, the last Chapter classifies the generic collective sentence as a species of partial sentence on the merits, and reviews different theories that tried to explain the stability of this sort of decision in order to identify its defining features. The results achieved are applied in the study of admissibility of claim-value definition in the very generic collective sentence, as well as in the binding effect of the common issue resolution in parallel suits.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta tese apresenta um estudo de dez crimes passionais julgados pelo Tribunal do JÃri brasileiro, sendo quatro os conceitos-chave que orientam a discussÃo: crimes passional, jÃri, honra, veredicto e sentenÃa. Um dos principais objetivos do trabalho foi caracterizar o discurso da honra nas prÃticas escritas e orais da elaboraÃÃo do crime passional, entendendo a honra como o valor do rÃu aos olhos dele mesmo e, mais ainda, à Ãptica da sociedade a que pertence. Na anÃlise que se segue, sÃo discutidos os conceitos de honra ligados ao pensamento sociolÃgico, antropolÃgico e jurÃdico, mais especificamente na figura do homicida passional, mediante atravÃs da apresentaÃÃo dos casos de crimes passionais e na anÃlise do argumento da âlegÃtima defesa da honraâ, discurso constituÃdo durante a narraÃÃo dessas mortes, desde a denÃncia do ato atà o julgamento pelo Tribunal do JÃri. A elaboraÃÃo deste texto à fundamentada na tipologia de estudo de casos, com abordagem qualitativa e mÃtodo descritivo. Na montagem da problemÃtica que orienta a discussÃo desta tese, tem-se a seqÃÃncia: caracterizaÃÃo da honra, apresentaÃÃo do Tribunal do JÃri, relato de uma sessÃo do jÃri, descriÃÃo dos casos de crimes passionais e anÃlise dos ilÃcitos. Nas conclusÃes da anÃlise, pode-se perceber que o crime passional, o discurso, o julgamento e a sentenÃa tÃm significados sociolÃgicos relevantes na caracterizaÃÃo desse condensado de idÃias, interpretadas como expressÃo das tradiÃÃes sociais, dever moral exposto na sentenÃa, e fortalecimento dos discursos da honra nas narrativas, aspectos formuladores do mundo social. / This thesis presents a study of ten cases of crimes of passion tried before the Jury Court (Tribunal do JÃri), a Brazilian court with specialized jurisdiction over each of certain grave offenses in which a life is taken. A main objective of the study was to characterize the discourse concerning honor in the written and oral practices in the construction of the crime of passion, understanding honor as a value of the accused, both through their own eyes and through the eyes of the society to which they belong. Concepts of honor are discussed in connection with sociological, anthropological and juridical thought, more specifically in the figure of the passionate murderer within the presentation of cases of crimes of passion and in the analysis of the juridical "legitimate defense of honor", a discourse constructed in the narrative of these deaths throughout the process from the charge of the crime to the verdict of the Jury Court. The development of the text is based upon a typology of the cases using a qualitative approach and descriptive method. The construction of questions guiding the discussion in this thesis takes the following sequence: characterization of the concept of honor, overview of the Jury Court, account of a jury session, description of the cases of crimes of passion and analysis thereof. It can be seen in the conclusions of the analysis that crime of passion, discourse, verdict and sentence all have sociological meaning as expression of social traditions and moral duty, strengthening the discourse concerning honor in the narrative and reinforcing aspects of the construction of the social world.

Three experiments examined normal-hearing and cochlear-implant listeners' abilities to perceive and use talker-specific information in the speech signal. In Experiment 1 voice similarity judgments were gathered from normal-hearing listeners to maximize variability across talkers used in Experiment 2. These judgments were submitted to a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis; this solution was used to select the talkers of Experiment 2. Experiment 2 was an approximate replication of Nygaard and Pisoni's (1998) work. In this study cochlear-implant and normal-hearing listeners were trained to recognize 6 different voices. The cochlear-implant users recognized the voices with 59.31% accuracy and the normal-hearing listeners achieved 92.64% accuracy. After training the listeners completed a sentence recognition task in noise. In the task 6 familiar talkers spoken half of the sentences and 6 novel talkers spoke the other half. It was predicted that sentences spoken by the familiar talkers would be more accurately perceived than those spoken by the novel talkers. However, there was no difference in accuracy, nor was there a difference in performance across the groups of listeners. The factors contributing to these null results were discussed at length. Experiment 3 gathered voice similarity judgments from the normal-hearing and cochlear-implant listeners of Experiment 2. These data were submitted to both classical and weighted MDS analyses. The voice maps showed notable differences in the perceptual spaces of the two groups of listeners. The participant space yielded from the weighted MDS showed great variation across all of the participants' judgments, but no clear trend supporting the listeners' group membership. In conclusion, despite listening via a constrained, electric signal, the cochlear-implant users were trained to recognize voices with notable accuracy (as were the normal-hearing listeners). Nevertheless, Experiment 2 failed to provide insight into talker familiarity's effect on the sentence recognition skills of cochlear-implant and normal-hearing listeners. These results are contrary to research with normal-hearing listeners that suggests talker familiarity facilitates speech processing in noise. The present studies did show, though, that cochlear-implant users appear to perceive and use talker-specific information differently than normal-hearing listeners.

Thesis (M.Ed. (Language Education)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / The research reported in this study firstly sought to examine the effects of First Language (L1) on sentence transformation among grade 12 learners studying English First Additional Language (EFAL). Secondly, it endeavoured to recommend possible measures that could be implemented to eliminate the consequences of such effects, since available research on errors, resulting from L1 interference, offers no feasible classroom solutions to this problem. The significance for this study rests in the sense that it pursued to provide a meaningful soluble contribution to the problem, taking into cognisance South Africa’s multilingual and multicultural realities. Thirdly, the study also attempted to ensure that the recommendations made, acknowledged the reality of the fact that a majority of South Africa’s EFAL teachers are themselves Second Language (L2) speakers. To achieve the above, the study employed the mixed method model of research design to answer the question ‘What are the effects of L1 interference on sentence transformation among grade 12 EFAL learners?’ The findings of this study revealed that learners, who participated in this study are exposed to various sources of language input. In addition, the results indicated that a majority of the learners listen to a predominantly Xitsonga language radio station. Thus, there is very little exposure to English L2 input from this media. With regards to television, however, most of the learners watch SABC 1 and in particular, Generations, a multilingual soapie (localism for soap opera) dominated by the use of Black South African English (BSAfE). On the issue of the effects of L1 on sentence transformation, the findings showed a number of levels at which sentence transformation is affected by L1. Given the findings of this study, the researcher strongly recommends that in order to relieve the problem underlying this study, the education system should consider responding to the call by authors in this field, that BSAfE be accepted as an institutionalised variety, which offers an innovative and unique identity to the South African linguistic context. Thus, the study is of practical importance to various sectors. It contributes invaluable information for curriculum developers and implementers. It also contributes vital knowledge for teacher training programmes.

It has long been theorized that, after the so-called critical period has passed, acquiring language becomes a more difficult enterprise. While general differences between adult second language (L2) learners and normally developed child (L1) acquirers have been more or less empirically established, a strand of recent L2 accounts have focused on the specific locus of these differences. The main goal of this dissertation project is to test the predictions of one such account: Clahsen and Felser's Shallow Structure Hypothesis (SSH; Clahsen & Felser 2006a, 2006b). The SSH places emphasis on the empirical testing of native/non-native language processing asymmetries, which are argued to be due to less detailed L2 grammatical representations. This dissertation tests the predictions of the SSH using a long-distance dependency: Clitic Left Dislocation (CLLD) in L2 Spanish. The study includes on-line and an off-line tasks, which were completed by a control group of native speakers of Spanish and an experimental group constituted by L2 learners of Spanish whose first language was English. In view of the well-known fact that L2 learning outcomes vary widely across individuals, a secondary goal of this dissertation project is to determine whether variability in individual learning abilities, such as inhibitory control and statistical learning predicts variability in L2 learning. Part of L2 learning involves detecting the probabilistic patterns of a language (Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996), such that individuals who are better pattern learners may be better able to learn the structural regularities of the L2 input. Results were analyzed in order to determine whether the predictions of the SSH could account for the patterns present in the data. These results suggest that although the acquisition of long-distance dependencies is a protracted process, both intermediate and advanced L2 learners of Spanish could anticipate (predict) a syntactic element based in previously occurring cues. Thus, these results fail to support the predictions of the SSH. In terms of individual differences, overall, neither statistical learning nor inhibitory control appear to modulate the on-line processing of this particular long-distance dependency in Spanish.

Este trabalho trata da interpretação da sentença civil, aqui entendida como pronunciamento jurisdicional de órgão não penal de primeiro ou de grau superior, definitivo ou ainda sujeito a recursos , que deve oferecer solução adequada para uma demanda submetida a julgamento. Para preparar a discussão sobre esse tema central, são desenvolvidos diversos pontos envolvendo a sentença, cujos elementos estruturais devem ser bem identificados e compreendidos, a fim de poder sustentar afirmações a serem depois desenvolvidas. Da mesma forma, diversos outros temas relacionados a tal provimento judicial são tratados, com vistas a desenvolver a tese, que pretende demostrar que, como ato discursivo, as regras sobre interpretação de textos aplicam-se à sentença e, como ato jurídico, os métodos para interpretação da lei e do negócio jurídico são o ponto de partida para a compreensão dela; mas que, como pronunciamento jurisdicional de resposta a uma demanda, como ato destinado a eliminar um conflito de interesses com apoio no Direito vigente, a sentença apresenta particularidades, cuja interpretação deve seguir caminhos próprios. A identificação da natureza jurídica e da função da sentença, especialmente aquela do processo de conhecimento como ato processual resolutivo de disputa, destinado a restabelecer a paz social abalada pelo conflito apresentado ao Poder Judiciário, que, a um certo momento, deve ficar imune a rediscussão, sem o que haveria insegurança jurídica é pressuposto para a construção de métodos próprios de interpretação de tal pronunciamento jurisdicional. A tese considera que a preocupação interpretativa pode variar, conforme a sentença possa ainda ser aperfeiçoada ou já não mais se submeta a recursos, justificando o exame particular dessas duas situações. Sob outro aspecto, conquanto os requisitos para a elaboração da sentença sejam os mesmos que os para confecção de acórdão, a forma de realização de um julgamento por órgão monocrático é diversa daquela desenvolvida por órgão colegiado, exigindo o enfrentamento de particularidades a se terem em conta quando da interpretação de cada um desses pronunciamentos jurisdicionais. Depois de haverem sido oferecidos meios para interpretação da sentença (sempre naquele sentido amplo), destinados a que o seu intérprete disponha de elementos teóricos de sustentação para sua tarefa revelando-se, pois, como zetético o método de pesquisa aqui desenvolvido , a tese apresenta julgados, que são analisados à vista das propostas interpretativas nela desenvolvidas. O trabalho termina com uma conclusão, em que são resumidos os pontos mais salientes desenvolvidos ao longo dele. / This paper deals with the interpretation of the civil judgment, here it means a jurisdictional statement, from a non criminal court, in a trial or higher court - which is the final decision or which is subject to appeal, which needs to offer adequate solution to a demand on trial. In order to open up the discussion on this central theme, we developed several points involving the sentence whose structural elements should be well identified and understood, in order to substantiate claims that will be investigated later. Likewise, many other topics related to Court decisions, are considered in order to develop a thesis, which aims to demonstrate that the rules of text interpretation can be applied to sentences and, as a legal act, the methods for interpreting the law and the legal business are the starting point for understanding them; even more than a judicial statement to response to a demand, it is an act intended to eliminate a conflict of interest with its support coming from current legislation, the sentence has peculiarities, whose interpretation must follow its own paths. The identification of the legal nature and function of the sentence, especially that of knowledge as a resolute act of procedural dispute, designed to restore social peace shattered by conflict presented to the judiciary bodies, which, at a certain point, should be immune to re discussion, without which there would be legal uncertainty it is a prerequisite for the construction of proper methods of interpreting such court decisions. The thesis considers the interpretive concern may vary as long as the sentence can still be improved or if it can no longer use resources to appeal, justifying the particular examination of these two situations. On the other hand, while the requirements for the preparation of a sentence are the same as for making judgment, the embodiment of a trial by a tyrannical body is different from that developed by a collective body, requiring coping characteristics to take into account when interpreting each judicial decision. After the means to interpret the sentence having been provided (always in that broad sense), for the interpreter to have theoretical support for his task being zetetic, the research method developed here - the thesis presents judgments, which are analyzed in view of the interpretive proposals here developed. The paper ends with a conclusion that summarizes the main points developed along it.

Some syntactic aspects of the oral language of 20 mildly intellectually handicapped, 20 normal seven year old and 20 normal ten year old children were examined in order to determine the comparative development of the mildly intellectually handicapped children and some of the difficulties they might experience. The language was classified into 24 categories for various types of analysis. These types included traditional counts and an examination of the types of subordination as well as of non-conventional usage. In addition, Developmental Sentence Scoring (Lee : 1974) was used to assess the maturity of personal pronoun and main and secondary verb usage. The sentence repetition technique was employed as a means of assessing competence in a variety of later-developing structures. Questions were designed to assess ability in other specific syntactic areas. Analysis of variance was used to compare group scores and determine if any significant differences occurred. Several significant differences did occur. The findings provided strong evidence that the language of mildly intellectually handicapped children is more like that of children of the same chronological age than it is like that of children of the same mental age and that it is less mature than the former. These handicapped children experience considerable delay in the development of pronouns and verbs and have a high incidence of non-conventional usage. This study also provided evidence of the continuing language development of normal primary age children. Some methods of sampling and analysing oral language were found to be of particular value. Of these the sentence repetition technique seems promising both as a research tool and as a classroom instrument for assessing individual children's language competence. The importance of this and similar research lies in its implications for educational programming.

This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili c�mleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik c�mleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.

<p>Verbal information has predominantly been the to-be-remembered materials in human memory research for more than a century. In recent years some interesting deviations from the established rules of verbal memory have been observed in subjects who have been asked to motorically self-perform (enact) action sentences at the encoding phase of the memory task, instead of only hearing or reading them as in a traditional verbal task (VT). Marked enhancements in recall were also consistently demonstrated in such studies and the effect was named the subject-performed task (SPT) effect. Presently, the body of SPT research is large but little agreement has been reached regarding the mechanism at work in producing the SPT phenomenon. The present thesis addresses two major issues in SPT research. The enhancement of associative information and the significance of the motor component are evaluated. In Study A, the SPT effect was studied in two cued-recall tasks that relied on item-specific association and relational association, respectively. The results showed that SPT encoding interacts with item-specific associative cues at recall to produce a larger SPT effect as compared to free recall. This supports the notion that part of the SPT effect is due to enhanced item-specific association. In Study B, the associative effect in SPT was studied amongst age cohorts comprised of subjects between 40 and 85 years old. Normal age-related decline in episodic memory has elsewhere been suggested to be caused mainly by associative deficits connected with ageing. The results of Study B indicate that the item-specific associative effect in SPT was more age sensitive than recall of VT and the relational associative effect in SPT. In Study C, the question over whether the SPT effect is dependent on motor modality or not was addressed. Self-produced sign language encoding was argued to be qualitatively the same as self-produced oral/verbal encoding, with the motor modality component being the only exception. It was also argued that the motor modality component was the main similarity to performing SPT. Since the signing subjects performed at the same level as the SPT condition at recall, and better than the control conditions (e.g., VT), the conclusion was made that motor activation per se can contribute to memory enhancement in SPT. Whether SPT encoding results in qualitatively different memory traces is discussed as well as the effect of SPT on other types of associative information. The results are also briefly related to other controversies in SPT research. It is concluded, finally, that enactment produces differential effects on different types of associations. The association between verb and noun is clearly enhanced by SPT encoding. Moreover, it is concluded that overt motor activation is necessary for obtaining a full SPT effect. To explore these interactions further and to build upon these conclusions, an increased focus on motor processes and their relation to verbal processes is called for in future cognitive research.</p>