Στην παρούσα διατριβή ερευνώ τη μορφολογική προσαρμογή λεξικών δανείων από τα Βενετσιάνικα και τα Ιταλικά στα Επτανησιακά, μια σύγχρονη νεοελληνική διάλεκτο. Υποστηρίζω ότι η προσαρμογή των λεξικών δανείων στα Επτανησιακά δεν είναι ένα ενιαίο, στατικό φαινόμενο αλλά συνιστά μια δυναμική διαδικασία, που αποτελείται από βαθμούς προσαρμογής/ενσωμάτωσης, όπως έχουν υποστηρίξει πολλοί ερευνητές γενικότερα για το δανεισμό μεταξύ διαφορετικών γλωσσικών συστημάτων, ανάμεσά τους, οι Bloomfield (1933), Haugen (1950: 213), Mackey (1970: 10), Jeffers & Lehiste (1979: 149), Filipović (1980,1981,1995), Poplack & Sankoff (1984: 106), Hock (1991: 397), Hoffmann (1991:102), McMahon (1994: 209), Αναστασιάδη - Συμεωνίδη (1994),Sočanac (1995), Hafez (1996: 3),Gorup (2000), Winford (2003: 59), Καραντζόλα & Φλιάτουρα (2004: 184), Katamba (2005: 164), Johanson (2002: 297), Gallova (2009: 26), Więcławska-Szymańska (2009: 39), Kayigema (2010: 104), Seidel (2010: 51), Creed (2012: 32), Galstyan (2012: 152) και Bogomolets (2014: 14). Οι βαθμοί ενσωμάτωσης των λεξικών δανείων που προτείνω είναι οι ακόλουθοι: α) Στοιχειώδης ενσωμάτωση με απλή μεταφορά των δανείων στη γλώσσα-στόχο, με θετικό μαρκάρισμα ως προς τη τιμή του γένους και τη γραμματική κατηγορία, αλλά χωρίς ένταξη στο κλιτικό σύστημα της γλώσσας-στόχου, χωρίς χρήση κάποιου παραγωγικού προσφύματος ως στοιχείου ενσωμάτωσης και χωρίς συμμετοχή των δανείων σε παράγωγους/σύνθετους σχηματισμούς, π.χ. καντσόνε (το) [Κεφ.] ‘το τραγούδι’ < ven. canzon (la) /it.canzone (la) ‘το τραγούδι’, β) Μερική ενσωμάτωση με προσαρμογή των δανείων στο κλιτικό σύστημα των Επτανησιακών και συχνά με χρήση ενός παραγωγικού προσφύματος ως στοιχείου ενσωμάτωσης, π.χ. κατζέλλο (το) [Ιθ.] ‘το συρτάρι’ < ven. scancello (il)/it. cancello (il) ‘το συρτάρι’, ατζαρδοσύνη (η) [Κεφ.] ‘το ρίσκο’ < it./ven.azzardo (il) ‘το ρίσκο’ + -οσύνη και γ) Πλήρης ενσωμάτωση με αφομοίωση των δανείων στο κλιτικό σύστημα της γλώσσας - στόχου και συμμετοχή σε παράγωγους αλλά και σύνθετους σχηματισμούς, π.χ. τυφλοκάντουνο (το) [Κεφ.] ‘ το αδιέξοδο’ < τυφλ(ός) + -ο- + καντούν(ι) (το) ‘ η πάροδος’ < it. cantone (il)/ ven. canton (il) ‘η πάροδος’. Προς επιβεβαίωση της παραπάνω υπόθεσης παραθέτω γλωσσικά δεδομένα από τα Επτανησιακά. / In this MA thesis I examine the morphological accommodation of lexical Venetian/Italian loanwords to Heptanesian, a Modern Greek dialect. Folowing Bloomfield (1933), Casagrande (1954/1955), Haugen (1950: 213), Filipović (1980, 1981, 1985), Clyne (2003: 144-145), Romaine (2010: 30-31), Creed (2012: 32) -among others- I assume that the morphological integration of lexical loanwords to Heptanesian is not a homogenous, fixed phenomenon, but it is a gradual process with levels of morphological integration. The levels of integration that I postulate are the following: a) Primary integration with simple transfer of the loanwords to the recipient-language. In primary integration, loanwords display gender assignment and assignment to a specific grammatical category. However, in this level loanwords do not demonstrate assignment to the inflectional system of Heptanesian. In addition, in this level loanwords do not exhibit participation to the productive morphological processes (e.g. compounding) of the recipient-language. b) Partial integration with accommodation of the loanwords to the inflectional system of the target-language. In this level, there is a usual use of a derivational affix as an integrator of the loanwords to the recipient-language, but loanwords do not function as a base for derivation and compounds. c) Total integration with absorption of the loanwords to all the morphological processes of Heptanesian. More particularly, loanwords exhibit gender assignment and assignment to a specific grammatical category. Furthermore, in this level almost all loanwords manifest inflectional adaptation to the inflectional system of Heptanesian. In total integration, loanwords participate to the productive schemas of Heptanesian (e.g. compounding). In confirmation of the above claim, I present data from Heptanesian.

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SUMMARY According to many Lithuanian teachers, the problem of dropouts is a social, cultural, economic and managerial problem. Unwilling to study juvenile and dropouts usually add to the ranks of unskilled labor force, unemployed individuals and even criminal groups. Analysis of the available literature showed that there have been no consistent researches carried out in connection to the problem of dropouts at vocational schools. The objective of this paper is to identify the reasons of dropping out at vocational school and preventive measures applied in this regard. In order to achieve this objective, the scope of dropouts at Lithuanian vocational schools, experience of EU countries in tackling the problem of dropping out of young individuals aged 18 - 24 from the education system were reviewed in addition to the analysis of preventive potential. The second part of the paper contains research results which reveal the reasons why students susceptible to dropping out do lease schools, what teachers and managers think about the problem of dropping out. Analysis of the opinions of students and teachers demonstrated that the basic reason for dropping out from vocational schools, as pointed out by one third of students at risk and teachers, i.e., nonattendance, is related to: - insufficient subsistence funds, i.e., will to work in Lithuania or abroad; - learning failures accompanying students from comprehensive schools; - selected profession, i.e., having experienced practical... [to full text]

Aim of the Master thesis is: To evaluate the education demand of the health literacy program in the Kaunas University Hospital. Goals of the paper are: 1. To reveal the interface between the knowledge and behavior of the patients treated in the Kaunas University Hospital. 2. To motivate the education demand of the patients’ health literacy. Research methodology: From December of 2005 to January of 2006 the autonomous survey of the Kaunas University Hospital respondents, using the standardized questionnaire, designed for the patients, was accomplished. 183 patients participated (96.3 % response rate) in the survey. The research material was processed using the SPSS statistical package of data analysis. Research results: The patients who had enough knowledge on the health maintenance (52,2 %) more valuated their health (76,1 %) (χ² = 18; LLS = 4; p = 0,001) as well as were careful about their health while were healthy (67 %) (χ² = 26,3; LLS = 4; p = 0,000), and when got sick have changed their lifestyle and behavior: have changed their nutrition habits (45,8%), have reduced their weight (44 %), tried to leave off smoking (32 %), tried to drink less alcohol (90 %). Because of an unsuitable communication of health specialists, using many complicated medical concepts the patents are not able to understand the provided health information (69,7 %) (χ² = 46; LLS = 4; p = 0,000), and therefore perform worse the medical prescription (16,2 %) (χ² = 19,2; LLS = 4; p = 0,001)... [to full text]

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate potential links between trunk stiffness, vibration transmission and whole-body vibration (WBV) injuries. The investigation was comprised of field and laboratory studies. Tri-planar trunk postures, operator injury histories and 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) vibration exposure data were collected from eight forestry skidders during normal field operations in Northern Ontario. Using this skidder posture and vibration exposure data, the laboratory investigation examined interactions between WBV exposure levels and spectra, seated trunk postures, trunk muscle activity, and trunk stiffness on the transmission of 6-DOF vibration from the seat to several levels of the spine. The field study revealed that when driving, skidder operators were exposed to vibrations with higher accelerations and lower frequency exposures while adopting the most neutral postures. When dropping-off (DOAL), picking-up (PUAL) or ploughing a load, operators were exposed to vibrations with lower accelerations and higher frequency exposures while adopting the postures furthest away from neutral. Furthermore, operators who adopted the greatest lateral trunk bending and forward flexion for the greatest percentage of time reported low-back and neck pain, however, interestingly were not exposed to the greatest exposure accelerations. Operators who complained of neck pain as a result of twisting to see the rear of the vehicle while DOAL and PAUL experienced some of the highest translational and rotational vibration exposures during those operating conditions. This suggests that WBV exposures and postures may interact to produce operator injuries. The laboratory study revealed a number of interactions between vibration exposure (magnitude, spectra and axis), posture, muscle activity, trunk stiffness, vibration transmissibility, dominant transmission frequency and spinal level. In general, experiment conditions expected to increase trunk muscle activity and stiffness typically did. In contrast, the expected increase in vibration transmissibility and dominant transmission frequency with increased muscle activity and trunk stiffness was not present under many of the simulated field conditions. Trunk muscle activity patterns necessary to maintain required trunk postures were often out of phase with input accelerations, reducing trunk stiffness and increasing transmissibility. These results are contrary to findings from previous studies thus bringing into question the appropriateness of literature based vibration exposure guidelines.

The ability to extract meaning from text is an important skill. Yet many students struggle with effectively comprehending what they read. In comparison with research carried out with younger students, there is a lack of research in the reading comprehension of adolescents (Grades 4 – 12). The goal of this dissertation was to increase our understanding of the factors that underlie the poor reading comprehension abilities of this older group of students. This dissertation includes two studies drawn from a sample of 137 age 15 year old high school students. Study One utilized archival data from government mandated tests of reading achievement of 78 students administered in Grades 3, 6, and 10, and results from a commercially available test of reading comprehension administered in Grade 10. This longitudinal study examined the prevalence of the stability, cumulative growth, and compensatory models in reading comprehension development. Probabilities of later-grade reading achievement categorization conditioned on earlier-grade reading achievement were computed, the prevalence of developmental paths was estimated, and tests of regression to the mean were conducted. Overall findings suggest considerable stability across time. Study Two examined the specificity of the comprehension weaknesses of 15 year old readers whose comprehension skills are below those expected from their skill in word reading and nonverbal ability (unexpected poor comprehenders). Regression analyses identified unexpected poor comprehenders, and two contrast groups (expected average and unexpected good comprehenders). Characteristics of unexpected poor comprehenders are examined after controlling for word-reading accuracy, phonological decoding, reading rate, nonverbal ability, and vocabulary. Findings indicate a critical disadvantage of unexpected poor comprehenders lies in their weakness in vocabulary and that comprehension difficulties related to the identification of details and main ideas in summary writing remain when vocabulary is controlled. Implications for interpreting previous and informing future research are discussed. Results of both studies are discussed with respect to the nature of the reading comprehension construct, identification and remediation of reading comprehension difficulties, and the assessment of reading comprehension. / Thesis (Ph.D, Education) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-28 13:32:25.641

Flooding cycle in wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems is often subject to seasonal and cultural variations which may affect the availability and uptake of nitrogen in different ways. These factors may more or less influence the physiological and growth responses of the plant. In an effort to improve productivity in rice cropping systems, two controlled environment studies and a field trial were conducted to evaluate the growth and yield responses of rice to different flooding regimes and nitrogen fertilizer management strategies. In the first glasshouse trial, an upland cultivar (GM-1) was used to study the effects of four flooding regimes and three nitrogen application rates on the tillering, yield components and grain yield of rice. The field study determined the applicability of the results of the glasshouse trial to out-door environmental conditions, with the aim of gaining further insight into the impact of nitrogen application strategy on tiller and grain qualities. Two wetland cultivars (FKR-19 and N-19) and GM-1 were used to evaluate the effects of two flooding regimes and two nitrogen topdressing patterns. The second glasshouse trial determined the effect of hydro-priming on the establishment of direct seeded rice, and the effect of flooding on aerenchyma formation in rice roots. Results of the studies showed that flooding with standing water of 5 cm above the soil surface, irrespective of when it occurred, and nitrogen application increased the number of tillers and panicles, above ground dry matter, nitrogen uptake and grain yield of rice. However, late flooding and high nitrogen application rate of 220 kg ha-1 were found to encourage the production of late tillers, thereby reducing the efficiency of nitrogen use for grain production. Nitrogen application in three split doses tended to increase plant nitrogen content at heading; it slightly increased the protein content of the grains at maturity, but reduced the amylose content of the starch granules. Nitrogen application in two split doses led to increased grain yield in non-flooded plants, while the three-split treatment increased nitrogen uptake and grain yield in the flooded plants. Flooding significantly increased aerenchyma formation in the cortical tissues of rice roots, particularly at 50 mm behind the root tips. Hydro-priming seeds for 48 h improved plant establishment by shortening the germination and emergence times, and increasing the height and dry matter accumulation of seedlings, thereby ameliorating the susceptibility of rice to flooding stress. Overall, the thesis affirmed that controlled flooding is beneficial to rice production since it enhanced the growth and yield of the plant. It further revealed that early flooding and appropriate timing of moderate nitrogen application can ensure the conservation of water and nitrogen resources, including the quality of the environment, with no significant consequence for yield and productivity of the crop. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Tyrimo aktualumas. Valstybinės švietimo strategijos 2003-2012 m. nuostatose keliamas tikslas suartinti bendrojo lavinimo ir profesinio mokymo kryptis, sukurti lanksčią ir atvirą švietimo struktūrą, sujungiančią bendrąjį lavinimą ir profesinį mokymą. Lietuvoje per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius, siekiant suartinti profesinio mokymo ir bendrojo lavinimo kryptis vidurinio ugdymo lygmeniu, įgyvendinta nemažai priemonių ir šiuo metu tęsiama daug įvairių veiklų: profesinėse mokyklose yra sudaryta galimybė kartu su profesine kvalifikacija įgyti vidurinį išsilavinimą, jose steigiami gimnazijų skyriai, bendrojo lavinimo mokykloms numatyta galimybė į vidurinio ugdymo programą įtraukti profesinio mokymo programų modulius, įvestas technologijų egzaminas, plėtojama nacionalinė kvalifikacijų sistema ir kt. Profesinio mokymo prestižą galima padidinti profesinį mokymą ir bendrąjį lavinimą integruojant – t. y., kurti įvairius ryšius tarp šių sistemų (Koditz ir kt., 2009). Tyrimo problema. Integruotas ugdymas, sudarantis galimybes pasireikšti intelekto daugialypiškumui, kartu sukuria prielaidas visiems dalykams tapti jungiamąja ugdymo grandimi. Kadangi tiek bendrojo lavinimo, tiek profesinio rengimo dalykus galima priskirti tam tikroms mokslo sritims, tai galima atrasti tarp jų bendrų ryšių ir tuos ryšius panaudoti ugdyme, dalykus integruojant. Tačiau kol kas nėra nustatyta, kokie integracijos ryšiai, integracijos raiškos lygmenys ir integravimo modeliai yra įmanomi tarp bendrojo lavinimo ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Relevance of the research. National Education Strategy for period of 2003-2012 aims to bring the provisions of general education and vocational training policies, a flexible and open structure of education, integrating general education and vocational training. During the past two decades aiming to bring together the training and direction of general education at upper secondary level in Lithuania is implemented a wide variety of measures and activities: vocational schools are given the opportunity, together with the professional qualification of secondary education, to set up gymnasiums, schools for general education provided access to secondary education curriculum to include vocational training programs, modules, introduced in test technology, the development of a national qualifications framework and others. The prestige of vocational training can be raised by integrating vocational training and general education – that is to create links between these various systems (Koditz and others., 2009). The problem of the research. Integrated education, allowing opportunities for intellectual multiplicity, also creates the presumption for all subjects to become a coupling link of education. As both general education and vocational training issues can be attributed to certain areas of science, it is possible to find common links between them and those links can be used in education by integrating subjects. But there are no studies accomplished which integration, integration... [to full text]

The purpose with this research paper is to examine the students’ shown knowledge in geometry, with a focus on construction and its concepts, and the educational value and teaching the students got in this area. The students’ homes are used as a starting-point. The students shall, from a self-made drawing of their home and a photograph of it, describe what their home looks like. In this paper, the mathematical concepts the students used will be analyzed and compared with the education they received. The analytical framework is based on Van Hieles levels of knowledge and Blooms Taxonomy. The study was done at a Secondary School in Kenya. Four students were selected and interviewed. The lesson observations were made with the purpose to get an understanding for how the education for these students look like and to get examples on how the teaching is conducted for these students. Finally, interviews with the teachers were carried out. The students show a good knowledge in the national exams. However, the study shows that when the students are supposed to use this particular knowledge outside of the classroom, the students experience difficulties. Mostly, the students encounter problems when they are supposed to estimate measurements. Furthermore, they lack the ability to compare scales. The research also shows that the education for these students is monotone and much time during the lessons is spend either with a teacher lecturing in front of the board or students working with examples in the textbook. According to the Variation Theory, the knowledge of the students should deepen if the objects of learning are varying. This variation is not something the students receive in the present situation. / Syftet är att undersöka några gymnasieelevers visade kunskaper i geometri med fokus på konstruktion och begreppsanvändning samt den undervisning som erbjuds eleverna inom området. Elevernas hem används som utgångspunkt. Eleverna ska utifrån en teckning, som de själva ritat, och ett fotografi beskriva hemmet. De matematiska begrepp som eleverna använder analyseras. Analysverktyget bygger på van Hieles kvalitativa kunskapsnivåer och Blooms Taxonomi. Undersökningen genomfördes på en gymnasieskola i Kenya. Fyra utvalda elever intervjuades. Lektionsobservationer genomfördes i syfte att få förståelse för hur elevernas undervisningssituation ser ut och få exempel på hur undervisningen bedrivs. Slutligen intervjuades två av elevernas lärare. Eleverna har goda kunskaper på nationella prov men undersökningen visar att när dessa kunskaper skall överföras till något utanför lektionssalen stöter eleverna på problem. De har svårt att uppskatta längdenheter och svårt att jämföra skala. Det kommer också fram att deras undervisning är ganska monoton. Mycket tid läggs till att läraren undervisar eleverna framme vid tavlan eller att eleverna jobbar med uppgifter i sin övningsbok. Enligt variationsteorin, som beskrivs i arbetet, skulle elevernas kunskaper ges möjlighet att fördjupas om de geometriska objekt som skall förstås varieras. Denna variation erbjuds inte eleverna i nuläget.

This dissertation outlines the contribution of evolutionary and environmental factors on North American freshwater fish morphological variation. A more thorough understanding of the factors which result in morphological variation is essential to describing patterns of evolutionary diversification, distribution, ecological niche, ontogeny, sexual dimorphism, ecosystem role, community assembly, invasion dynamics, and conservation. This dissertation makes a unique contribution to understanding morphological diversity in freshwater fishes by linking intraspecific and interspecific variation to phylogeny, allometry, sex, habitat niche, geographic niche, hydrology, and long term environmental change. This dissertation is comprised of three chapters which detail large scale macroevolutionary patterns in morphological variation for North American freshwater fishes, long term morphological changes with hydrological alterations in Cyprinidae, and phenotypic plasticity of freshwater drum in the Wabash River. Overall, North American fishes tend to be deeper bodied and more robust with larger body size, in females, in low flow and lentic hydrological conditions, and in taxa with smaller geographic range that occupy more specialized habitat niches. Further, macroevolutionary analysis suggests that the majority of morphological diversification occurred relatively early on in the evolutionary history of North American fishes. / Evolution of North American freshwater fish morphology with variation in habitat use and geographic range -- 100 years of hydrologic alterations and morphological variation in Cyprinidae -- Effects of allometry, sex and river location on morphological variation of freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens in the Wabash River, USA. / Department of Biology