在本論文中，根據所建立的100,000筆模擬資料作為抽樣的母體，利用簡單隨機抽樣法（simple random sampling；SRS）從此模擬的資料中共抽出1068筆成功樣本，分別考慮了當個案訪問失敗（unit nonresponse）情形發生時是『隨機性』及『非隨機性』兩種情況下比較(1)事後分層加權（poststratification approach）；(2)多個變數反覆加權（raking or raking ratio）；及(3)估計成功率加權等三種加權方法之效果如何。 當訪問失敗具完全隨機性的情況之下所抽出之樣本，由於原始樣本的代表性過於『完美』，即使是經過事後分層加權或是raking加權後，均無顯著的效果。因此，對於樣本的改善程度實在是微不足道！而在訪問失敗是非隨機性的情況時，事後分層加權對於變數間具較強相關性時，則具有較佳的加權效果；raking加權方式的加權效果普遍上均不錯的表現，值得廣泛地採用；而估計成功率加權的效果則必須取決於估計準確與否，否則可能由於估計的偏差而導致加權效果不彰。 最後，本文亦提供了事後分層加權及raking加權的適用時機及建議，以作為日後從事抽樣調查工作者的參考意見。

In recent years nickel is mostly produced from lateritic ore deposits such as nontronite, limonite, etc. Resource estimation is difficult for laterite deposits as they have a weak and heterogeneous form. 3D modeling software are rather suitable for deposits having tabular or vein type ores. In this study the most appropriate estimation technique for resource estimation of nickel laterite deposits was investigated. One of the known nickel laterite deposits in Turkey is located at T&uuml / rkmen&ccedil / ardagi - G&ouml / rdes region. Since the nickel (Ni) grade recovered from drilling studies seem to be very low, a reconciliation pit having dimensions of 40 m x 40 m x 15 m in x-y-z directions was planned by Meta Nikel Kobalt Mining Company (META), the license owner of the mine, to produce nickel ore. 13 core drilling and 13 reverse circulation drilling (RC) and 26 column samplings adjacent to each drillholes were located in this area. Those three sampling results were compared to each other and as well as the actual production values obtained from reconciliation pit. On the other side 3D computer modeling was also used to model the nickel resource in T&uuml / rkmen&ccedil / ardagi - G&ouml / rdes laterites. The results obtained from both inverse distance weighting and kriging methods were compared to the results of actual production to find out the applicability of 3D modeling to laterite deposits. Modeling results showed that Ni grade of the reconciliation pit in T&uuml / rkmen&ccedil / ardagi - G&ouml / rdes, considering 0.5% Ni cut-off value, by using drillholes data, inverse distance weighting method estimates 622 tonnes with 0.553% Ni and kriging method estimates 749 tonnes with 0.527% Ni. The actual production pit results provided 4,882 tonnes of nickel ore with 0.649% Ni grade. These results show that grade values seem to be acceptable but in terms of tonnage, there are significant differences between theoretical estimated values and production values.

This thesis concerns the development and characterisation of X-ray imaging systems based on single photon processing. “Colour” X-ray imaging opens up new perspectives within the fields of medical X-ray diagnosis and also in industrial X-ray quality control. The difference in absorption for different “colours” can be used to discern materials in the object. For instance, this information might be used to identify diseases such as brittle-bone disease. The “colour” of the X-rays can be identified if the detector system can process each X-ray photon individually. Such a detector system is called a “single photon processing” system or, less precise, a “photon counting system”. With modern technology it is possible to construct photon counting detector systems that can resolve details to a level of approximately 50 µm. However with such small pixels a problem will occur. In a semiconductor detector each absorbed X-ray photon creates a cloud of charge which contributes to the image. For high photon energies the size of the charge cloud is comparable to 50 µm and might be distributed between several pixels in the image. Charge sharing is a key problem since, not only is the resolution degenerated, but it also destroys the “colour” information in the image. This thesis presents characterisation and simulations to provide a detailed understanding of the physical processes concerning charge sharing in detectors from the MEDIPIX collaboration. Charge summing schemes utilising pixel to pixel communications are proposed. Charge sharing can also be suppressed by introducing 3D-detector structures. In the next generation of the MEDIPIX system, Medipix3, charge summing will be implemented. This system, equipped with a 3D-silicon detector, or a thin planar high-Z detector of good quality, has the potential to become a commercial product for medical imaging. This would be beneficial to the public health within the entire European Union. / Denna avhandling berör utveckling och karaktärisering av fotonräknande röntgensystem. ”Färgröntgen” öppnar nya perspektiv för medicinsk röntgendiagnostik och även för materialröntgen inom industrin. Skillnaden i absorption av olika ”färger” kan användas för att särskilja olika material i ett objekt. Färginformationen kan till exempel användas i sjukvården för att identifiera benskörhet. Färgen på röntgenfotonen kan identifieras om detektorsystemet kan detektera varje foton individuellt. Sådana detektorsystem kallas ”fotonräknande” system. Med modern teknik är det möjligt att konstruera fotonräknande detektorsystem som kan urskilja detaljer ner till en upplösning på circa 50 µm. Med så små pixlar kommer ett problem att uppstå. I en halvledardetektor ger varje absorberad foton upphov till ett laddningsmoln som bidrar till den erhållna bilden. För höga fotonenergier är storleken på laddningsmolnet jämförbar med 50 µm och molnet kan därför fördelas över flera pixlar i bilden. Laddningsdelning är ett centralt problem delvis på grund av att bildens upplösning försämras, men framför allt för att färginformationen i bilden förstörs. Denna avhandling presenterar karaktärisering och simulering för att ge en mer detaljerad förståelse för fysikaliska processer som bidrar till laddningsdelning i detektorer från MEDIPIX-projekter. Designstrategier för summering av laddning genom kommunikation från pixel till pixel föreslås. Laddningsdelning kan också begränsas genom att introducera detektorkonstruktioner i 3D-struktur. I nästa generation av MEDIPIX-systemet, Medipix3, kommer summering av laddning att vara implementerat. Detta system, utrustat med en 3D-detektor i kisel, eller en tunn plan detektor av högabsorberande material med god kvalitet, har potentialen att kunna kommersialiseras för medicinska röntgensystem. Detta skulle bidra till bättre folkhälsa inom hela Europeiska Unionen.

在本論文中我們提出了一種個人化情緒／情境音樂檢索方法。主要的概念為根據使用者的feedback來找出符合該使用者情緒／情境的音樂在features上所具備的特性，藉此達到個人化的效果。為了更明確表示出音樂的特性，我們利用統計features分布情況的方式來做為音樂的表示法。同時，定義了兩層features自動weighting的方法來決定每個feature在不同情緒／情境下的鑑別度。最後，我們將探討音樂特性與音色對不同的情緒／情境會造成什麼樣的影響，並試著分析音樂與情緒／情境間的關係。 / In this paper, an approach for personalized music retrieval based on emotions / situations is proposed. The main concept is to find out the properties of music that caused the user have emotions / situations responses via the user feedback. And using the user feedback will help us to establish a personalized music retrieval system based on emotions / situations. To represent the music properties clearly, we proposed a new method of music representation based on statistics. And we defined a two-phase features re-weighting method to find out the importance of features in different emotions / situations. At last, we will discuss the influence of music properties and timbre on different emotions / situations, and try to analyze the relationship between the emotions / situations.

With the availability of inexpensive hardware and software, digital imaging has become an important medium of communication in our daily lives. A huge amount of digital images are being collected and become available through the internet and stored in various fields such as personal image collections, medical imaging, digital arts etc. Therefore, it is important to make sure that images are stored, searched and accessed in an efficient manner. The use of bag of visual words (BOW) model for modelling images based on local invariant features computed at interest point locations has become a standard choice for many computer vision tasks. Based on this promising model, this thesis investigates three main problems: natural scene classification, annotation and retrieval. Given an image, the task is to design a system that can determine to which class that image belongs to (classification), what semantic concepts it contain (annotation) and what images are most similar to (retrieval). This thesis contributes to scene classification by proposing a weighting approach, named keypoints density-based weighting method (KDW), to control the fusion of colour information and bag of visual words on spatial pyramid layout in a unified framework. Different configurations of BOW, integrated visual vocabularies and multiple image descriptors are investigated and analyzed. The proposed approaches are extensively evaluated over three well-known scene classification datasets with 6, 8 and 15 scene categories using 10-fold cross validation. The second contribution in this thesis, the scene annotation task, is to explore whether the integrated visual vocabularies generated for scene classification can be used to model the local semantic information of natural scenes. In this direction, image annotation is considered as a classification problem where images are partitioned into 10x10 fixed grid and each block, represented by BOW and different image descriptors, is classified into one of predefined semantic classes. An image is then represented by counting the percentage of every semantic concept detected in the image. Experimental results on 6 scene categories demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Finally, this thesis further explores, with an extensive experimental work, the use of different configurations of the BOW for natural scene retrieval.

Les données manquantes sont fréquentes dans les enquêtes et peuvent entraîner d’importantes erreurs d’estimation de paramètres. Ce mémoire méthodologique en sociologie porte sur l’influence des données manquantes sur l’estimation de l’effet d’un programme de prévention. Les deux premières sections exposent les possibilités de biais engendrées par les données manquantes et présentent les approches théoriques permettant de les décrire. La troisième section porte sur les méthodes de traitement des données manquantes. Les méthodes classiques sont décrites ainsi que trois méthodes récentes. La quatrième section contient une présentation de l’Enquête longitudinale et expérimentale de Montréal (ELEM) et une description des données utilisées. La cinquième expose les analyses effectuées, elle contient : la méthode d’analyse de l’effet d’une intervention à partir de données longitudinales, une description approfondie des données manquantes de l’ELEM ainsi qu’un diagnostic des schémas et du mécanisme. La sixième section contient les résultats de l’estimation de l’effet du programme selon différents postulats concernant le mécanisme des données manquantes et selon quatre méthodes : l’analyse des cas complets, le maximum de vraisemblance, la pondération et l’imputation multiple. Ils indiquent (I) que le postulat sur le type de mécanisme MAR des données manquantes semble influencer l’estimation de l’effet du programme et que (II) les estimations obtenues par différentes méthodes d’estimation mènent à des conclusions similaires sur l’effet de l’intervention. / Missing data are common in empirical research and can lead to significant errors in parameters’ estimation. This dissertation in the field of methodological sociology addresses the influence of missing data on the estimation of the impact of a prevention program. The first two sections outline the potential bias caused by missing data and present the theoretical background to describe them. The third section focuses on methods for handling missing data, conventional methods are exposed as well as three recent ones. The fourth section contains a description of the Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study (MLES) and of the data used. The fifth section presents the analysis performed, it contains: the method for analysing the effect of an intervention from longitudinal data, a detailed description of the missing data of MLES and a diagnosis of patterns and mechanisms. The sixth section contains the results of estimating the effect of the program under different assumptions about the mechanism of missing data and by four methods: complete case analysis, maximum likelihood, weighting and multiple imputation. They indicate (I) that the assumption on the type of MAR mechanism seems to affect the estimate of the program’s impact and, (II) that the estimates obtained using different estimation methods leads to similar conclusions about the intervention’s effect.

Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème de l'analyse des sentiments. Plus précisément, nous sommes intéressés à analyser le sentiment exprimé dans les textes de médias sociaux.Nous allons nous concentrer sur deux tâches principales: la détection de polarité de sentiment dans laquelle nous cherchons à déterminer la polarité (positive, négative ou neutre) d'un texte donné et l'extraction de cibles d’opinion et le sentiment exprimé vers ces cibles (par exemple, pour le restaurant nous allons extraire des cibles comme la nourriture, pizza, service). Notre principal objectif est de construire des systèmes à la pointe de la technologie qui pourrait faire les deux tâches. Par conséquent, nous avons proposé des systèmes supervisés différents suivants trois axes de recherche: l'amélioration de la performance du système par la pondération de termes, en enrichissant de la représentation de documents et en proposant un nouveau modèle pour la classification de sentiment.Pour l'évaluation, nous avons participé à un atelier international sur l'évaluation sémantique (Sem Eval), nous avons choisi deux tâches: l'analyse du sentiment sur Twitter dans laquelle nous déterminer la polarité d'un tweet et l'analyse des sentiments basée sur l’aspect dans laquelle nous extrayons les cibles d'opinion dans les critiques de restaurants, puis nous déterminons la polarité de chaque cible, nos systèmes ont été classés parmi les premiers trois meilleurs systèmes dans toutes les sous-tâches. Nous avons également appliqué nos systèmes sur un corpus des critiques de livres français construit par l'équipe Open Edition pour extraire les cibles d'opinion et leurs polarités. / In this thesis, we address the problem of sentiment analysis. More specifically, we are interested in analyzing the sentiment expressed in social media texts such as tweets or customer reviews about restaurant, laptop, hotel or the scholarly book reviews written by experts. We focus on two main tasks: sentiment polarity detection in which we aim to determine the polarity (positive, negative or neutral) of a given text and the opinion target extraction in which we aim to extract the targets that the people tend to express their opinions towards them (e.g. for restaurant we may extract targets as food, pizza, service).Our main objective is constructing state-of-the-art systems which could do the two tasks. Therefore, we have proposed different supervised systems following three research directions: improving the system performance by term weighting, by enriching the document representation and by proposing a new model for sentiment classification. For evaluation purpose, we have participated at an International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval), we have chosen two tasks: Sentiment analysis in twitter in which we determine the polarity of a tweet and Aspect-Based sentiment analysis in which we extract the opinion targets in restaurant reviews, then we determine the polarity of each target. Our systems have been among the first three best systems in all subtasks. We also applied our systems on a French book reviews corpus constructed by OpenEdition team for extracting the opinion targets and their polarities.

Equality, considered as a corollary of Justice after a long and discussed philosophic evolution was nowadays raised to the condition of constitutional principle in most of occidental juridical ordinations. Its essence presupposes a unit to compare subjects related to each other in a factual situation chosen by a guider criterion which it is pertinent to, used with a specific finality which countersigns it. In Brazilian juridical order, this principle occupies a prominent position among the fundamental rights. It is considered by National Tributary System as one method of limiting the taxation power. In order to perform tax equality, the legislator has to elaborate some norm and the interpreter has to apply them properly to equal and unequal taxpayers. The quest for equality admits the imposition of differences, since there is a logical match between the factor used for discrimination and inequality established by it. This is what happens with the tax relief for small businesses, which are favored with a less burdensome taxation, due to their economic weakness. This apparent paradox between tax equality and favoring tax for small enterprises represents a problem to be solved by pondering the involved constitutional principles. As the weighing up is normally done by the Judiciary, it is up to perform the relevant evaluations and decide justly, rejecting unjustified inequalities or the assignment of hateful privileges. In this context, this theoretical search based on deductive method and a case study as an auxiliary proceeding, aims to analyze the application of tax equality principle, especially in juridical universe of small business enterprises, expecting to contribute for a deeper discussion on the importance of them in national social and economic development. / A igualdade, assim considerada como um corolário da justiça, após uma longa e debatida evolução jus filosófica foi alçada na contemporaneidade à condição de princípio constitucional na maioria dos ordenamentos ocidentais. Sua essência pressupõe uma unidade de comparação entre sujeitos que se relacionam em uma determinada situação fática, eleita por um critério sinalizador ao qual é pertinente, utilizada com uma finalidade específica que a referenda. Na ordem jurídica brasileira, essa norma-princípio ocupa posição de destaque entre os direitos fundamentais, alojada no Sistema Tributário Nacional como uma modalidade de limitação ao poder de tributar. Para realizar a igualdade tributária, o legislador deve elaborar as normas e o intérprete aplicá-las adequadamente aos contribuintes ―iguais‖ e aos contribuintes ―desiguais‖. A busca pela igualdade admite a imposição de diferenças, desde que haja uma correspondência lógica entre o fator de discriminação utilizado e a desigualdade por ele estabelecida. É o que ocorre com a concessão de benefícios fiscais para as pequenas empresas, que, por sua fragilidade econômica, são favorecidas com uma tributação menos onerosa. Esse aparente paradoxo entre igualdade tributária e favorecimento fiscal para as pequenas empresas representa uma problemática a ser dirimida pela ponderação dos princípios constitucionais envolvidos. Como o sopesamento em regra é feito pelo Poder Judiciário, cabe a ele realizar as valorações pertinentes e decidir com justiça, ou seja, rejeitando desigualdades injustificadas ou a atribuição de privilégios odiosos. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa teórica, pautada no método dedutivo e um estudo de caso como procedimento instrumental auxiliar, presta-se a analisar a aplicação do princípio da igualdade tributária, em especial no universo jurídico das pequenas empresas. Espera-se que essa investigação possa contribuir para um debate mais profundo sobre a importância dessas empresas no desenvolvimento socioeconômico nacional. / Mestre em Direito Público

The present study has as object of study the duty to justify the judicial decisions established in art. 489 of the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure, which, in accordance with the Federal Constitution, established the grounds as an essential element of the judicial pronouncement, but innovated in the conception of §1º which deals with the inherent contours of the obligation to state reasons, and §2º which provides for the justification of a consolidated judicial decision in the weighting of legal rules. Seen in this way is that once consolidated in the judicial decision the preponderance of the implementation of legal norms, the legitimation of the exercise of the judicial activity and thus the guarantee of correction of the legal discourse by means of its consistency is in the duty of justification of the judicial decision an important tool to control the interpretation and application of legal norms. Thus, in view of the dimension of the thematic, several theories were developed in order to better clarify the phenomenon described and with that to trace parameters of its verification, among these the present work took as object of investigation the doctrine undertaken by the German Robert Alexy, which widely received in Brazil has as theoretical framework the development of an argumentative legal theory, besides being responsible for the introduction of the weighting technique as a form of resolution of the normative conflict between principles. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to analyze the duty to state reasons for the judicial decision, set forth in art. 489, §1º and §2º in the light of the discursive theory developed by Alexy, in order to draw the parallel between the theoretical framework chosen and the regulation of the thematic. Such an approach presupposes the necessary verification of the compatibility of that with the current procedural system, so that its scope and limitations are established. / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o dever de fundamentação das decisões judiciais disposto no art. 489 do Código de Processo Civil brasileiro, o qual em consonância com a Constituição Federal erigiu a fundamentação como elemento essencial do pronunciamento judicial, mas inovou na concepção do §1º o qual trata dos contornos inerentes a materialização do dever de fundamentação, e do §2º que dispõe sobre a justificação de decisão judicial consolidada na ponderação entre normas jurídicas. Visto desta maneira é que uma vez consolidada na decisão judicial a preponderância da concretização das normas jurídicas, a legitimação do exercício da atividade jurisdicional e assim a garantia da correção do discurso jurídico por meio de sua coerência tem-se no dever de fundamentação da decisão judicial uma importante ferramenta de controle da interpretação e aplicação das normas jurídicas. Deste modo, diante da dimensão da temática várias teorias foram desenvolvidas no sentido de melhor esclarecer o fenômeno descrito e com isso traçar parâmetros de sua verificação, dentre essas o presente trabalho tomou como objeto de investigação a doutrina empreendida pelo alemão Robert Alexy, a qual amplamente recepcionada no Brasil tem como marco teórico o desenvolvimento de uma teoria jurídica argumentativa, além de ser responsável pela introdução da técnica da ponderação como forma de resolução do conflito normativo entre princípios. Por essa razão é que se propõe nesse estudo a análise do dever de fundamentação da decisão judicial, exposto no art. 489, §1º e §2º à luz da teoria discursiva desenvolvida por Alexy, no sentido de traçar o paralelo entre o marco teórico elegido e a regulamentação da temática. Tal abordagem se faz pressuposto necessário à verificação da compatibilidade daquela com a sistemática processual vigente, de modo que assim sejam estabelecidos seu alcance e limitações.

Effective management of the potential environmental impacts of naval sonar requires quantitative data on the behaviour and hearing physiology of cetaceans. Here, novel experimental and analytical methods were used to obtain such information and to test the effectiveness of an operational mitigation method for naval sonar. A Bayesian method was developed to estimate whale locations through time, integrating visual observations with measurements from on-animal inertial, acoustic, depth, and Fastloc-GPS sensors. The track reconstruction method was applied to 13 humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) data sets collected during a multi-disciplinary behavioural response study in Norwegian waters. Thirty-one controlled exposure experiments with and without active transmissions of 1.3-2 kHz sounds were conducted using a moving vessel that towed a sonar source. Dose-response functions, representing the relationships between measured sonar dose and behavioural responses identified from the reconstructed tracks, predicted that 50% of the humpbacks would initiate avoidance at a relatively high received sound pressure level of 166 dB re 1 µPa. Very similar dose-response functions were obtained for cessation of feeding. In a laboratory study, behavioural reaction times of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) to sonar-like sounds were measured using operant conditioning and a psychoacoustic method. Auditory weighting functions, which can be used to improve dose-response functions, were obtained for the porpoise based on the assumption that sounds of equal loudness elicit equal reaction time. Additional analyses of the humpback whale data set provided evidence that ramp-up of naval sonar mitigates harmful sound levels in responsive cetaceans located directly in the path of the source, and suggested that a subset of the humpback whale population, such as mother-calf pairs, and more responsive species would benefit from the use of sonar ramp-up. The findings in this thesis are intended to inform sound exposure criteria and mitigation guidelines for anthropogenic noise exposure to cetaceans.