Rising global antibiotic resistance has caused concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Majority of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, primarily with livestock rearing. Animal manure land application integrates livestock farming and agroecosystems. This manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) (resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and veterinary antibiotics) that contribute towards antimicrobial resistance. Altering manure application techniques can reduce surface runoff of other contaminants such as excess N and P, pesticides, and hormones, that can impact water quality. Conventional tillage practices in the U.S. has reduced or stopped, making subsurface injection of manure a promising option when compared to surface application. Our research compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping system, and manure-rainfall time gaps to gauge the impact on AREs in the environment. Two field-scale rainfall simulation studies were conducted along with one laboratory study. Using the injection method lowered concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, 9-30 times less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to 1 d time gap for that broadcast method. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other based on manure application and soil ARG richness in all manure-amended soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained 52 ARGs with higher abundance compared to runoff from surface applied plots. ARGs in the former were more correlated to soil and more correlated to manure in the latter. The highest antibiotic concentrations were in the injection slit soil of those plots. Antibiotic concentrations in samples corresponded positively to concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and there was a positive correlation between resistant FCB and their associated ARGs (Spearman's ρ = 0.43-0.63). A CRIISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for in-situ detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil. / Doctor of Philosophy / Rising global antibiotic resistance cause concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Most of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, especially with livestock rearing. Overuse of antibiotics that are medically important to human medicine compromises the effectiveness of our medicines. Animal manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) such as resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antibiotics) that contribute towards resistance issues. Once these AREs enter the environment, they can be taken up by crops, runoff into surface water or leached into ground water, or even reside within the animal products we consume. Altering manure application techniques is beneficial for nutrient conservation but also potentially for reducing ARE spread. With our research, we compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping systems, and manure-rainfall time gaps to find ways to balance the need for manure application and the spread of resistance. We used two field-scale rainfall simulation studies along with one laboratory study. Overall, using the injection method resulted in significantly lower concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to the 1 d time gap for broadcast methods. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other and soil ARG totals in all manure applied soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained more soil ARGs and runoff from surface applied plots containing more manure associated ARGs. The subsurface injection method also caused highest antibiotic concentrations in the injection slit soil of those plots. High antibiotic concentrations in samples generally meant high concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and resistant FCB were also found with their associated ARGs as well. A CRISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for onsite detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.

Depuis l'introduction du premier système ABS par Bosch, en 1978, de nombreux algorithmes de commande pour les systèmes ABS ont été proposés dans la littérature. En général, ces algorithmes peuvent être divisés en deux catégories : ceux basés sur une logique de régulation déterminée par des seuils sur l'accélération angulaire des roues et ceux basés sur la régulation du taux de glissement. Chaque approche a ses avantages et ses inconvénients. D'une manière simplifiée, on peut dire que le point fort du premier type est sa robustesse ; tandis que ceux du deuxième type sont leur courte distance de freinage (sur les terrains secs) et leur absence de cycles limite. Au milieu de cette dichotomie industrielle/académique, en se basant sur un concept appelé extended braking stiffness (XBS), une classe complètement différente de stratégies de commande pour l'ABS a été proposée par certains chercheurs. Ce concept combine les avantages des deux approches. Néanmoins, puisque l’XBS n'est pas directement mesurable, elle introduit la question de son estimation en temps réel. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de ce problème d'estimation et à une généralisation de la technique proposée à une plus grande classe de systèmes. D'un point de vue technologique, la conception des systèmes de contrôle pour l'ABS est fortement dépendante des caractéristiques physiques du système et des performances de l'actionneur. Les algorithmes de commande actuels pour l'ABS sur les véhicules, par exemple l'algorithme ABS de Bosch, sont basés sur des approches heuristiques qui sont profondément liées à la nature hydraulique de l'actionneur. Ils ne fonctionnent correctement qu'en présence d'un retard spécifique associé à la nature hydraulique de l'actionneur. Pour les systèmes de freinage qui ont un retard différent de ceux des actionneurs hydrauliques, comme les moteurs-roues électriques par exemple (un retard plus court) ou les freins pneumatiques des semi-remorques (un retard plus grand), ils ne sont plus appropriés et ont un fonctionnement déficient. Par conséquent, l'adaptation des algorithmes standards de l'ABS pour d'autres actionneurs avancés devient un objectif primordial dans l'industrie automobile. Cet objectif peut être atteint par la compensation des retards induits par les actionneurs. La deuxième partie de cette thèse se concentre sur cette question, et à la généralisation de la technique proposée à une classe particulière de systèmes non linéaires.Tout au long de cette thèse, nous utilisons deux techniques de linéarisation différentes : la linéarisation de la dynamique d'erreur dans la construction des observateurs basés sur des modèles et la linéarisation basée sur le retour d'état restreint. La première est l'une des façons les plus simples pour synthétiser un observateur pour des systèmes dynamiques avec sortie et pour analyser sa convergence. L'idée principale est de transformer le système non linéaire original via un changement de coordonnées en un système différemment formalisé, qui admette un observateur avec une dynamique d'erreur linéaire et les gains de l'observateur peuvent donc être facilement calculés pour en assurer la convergence. Cette dernière est une méthode classique pour commander des systèmes non linéaires en les convertissant en une équation d'état linéaire contrôlable via l'annulation de leurs non-linéarités. Il convient de mentionner que les résultats existants pour la synthèse des observateurs par la linéarisation de l'erreur dans la littérature ne sont appliqués que pour le cas des changements réguliers de l'échelle de temps. Cette thèse explique comment les étendre aux cas des changements singuliers de l'échelle de temps. Par ailleurs, la thèse combine la linéarisation classique par retour d'état avec une nouvelle méthode de compensation du retard de l'entrée pour résoudre le problème de suivi de la sortie pour des systèmes linéarisables par retour d'état restreint avec des retards de l'entrée. / Many control algorithms for ABS systems have been proposed in the literature since the introduction of this equipment by Bosch in 1978. In general, one can divide these control algorithms into two different types: those based on a regulation logic with wheel acceleration thresholds that are used by most commercial ABS systems; and those based on wheel slip control that are preferred in the large majority of academic algorithms. Each approach has its pros and cons [Shida 2010]. Oversimplifying, one can say that the strength of the first ones is their robustness; while that of the latter ones their short braking distances (on dry grounds) and their absence of limit cycles. At the midpoint of this industry/academy dichotomy, based on the concept of extended braking stiffness (XBS), a quite different class of ABS control strategies has been proposed by several researchers (see, e.g., [Sugai 1999] and [Ono 2003]). This concept combines the advantages from both the industrial and academic approaches. Nevertheless, since the slope of the tyre characteristic is not directly measurable, it introduces the question of real-time XBS estimation. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of this estimation problem and to a generalization of the proposed technique to a larger class of systems. From the technological point of view, the design of ABS control systems is highly dependent on the ABS system characteristics and actuator performance. Current ABS control algorithms on passenger cars, for instance the Bosch ABS algorithm, are based on heuristics that are deeply associated to the hydraulic nature of the actuator. An interesting observation is that they seem to work properly only in the presence of a specific delay coming from the hydraulic actuation [Gerard 2012]. For brake systems that have different delays compared to those of hydraulic actuators, like electric in-wheel motors (with a smaller delay) or pneumatic trailer brakes (with a bigger delay), they might be no longer suitable [Miller 2013]. Therefore, adapting standard ABS algorithms to other advanced actuators becomes an imperative goal in the automobile industry. This goal can be reached by the compensation of the delays induced by actuators. The second part of this thesis is focused on this issue, and to the generalization of the proposed technique to a particular class of nonlinear systems. Throughout this thesis, we employ two different linearization techniques: the linearization of the error dynamics in the construction of model-based observers [Krener 1983] and the linearization based on restricted state feedback [Brockett 1979]. The former is one of the simplest ways to build an observer for dynamical systems with output and to analyze its convergence. The main idea is to transform the original nonlinear system via a coordinate change to a special form that admits an observer with a linear error dynamics and thus the observer gains can be easily computed to ensure the observer convergence. The latter is a classical method to control nonlinear systems by converting them into a controllable linear state equation via the cancellation of their nonlinearities. It is worth mentioning that existing results for observer design by error linearization in the literature are only applied to the case of regular time scalings ([Guay 2002] and [Respondek 2004]). The thesis shows how to extend them to the case of singular time scalings. Besides, the thesis combines the classical state feedback linearization with a new method for the input delay compensation to resolve the output tracking problem for restricted feedback linearizable systems with input delays.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] En la actualidad, el modelado por deposición fundida (FDM) es el tipo de tecnología de fabricación aditiva más difundida y estudiada dada su facilidad de uso y economía de proceso. No obstante, debido a las anisotropías generadas durante el proceso aditivo, las piezas fabricadas mediante FDM presentan limitaciones en su uso funcional. Estas anisotropías dependen de los parámetros del proceso y pueden provocar variaciones dimensionales y cambios en las propiedades mecánicas de las piezas. Para mejorar dichas características, se puede recurrir a diversos post-procesos como el tratamiento térmico. Sin embargo, durante su aplicación se pueden producir variaciones dimensionales en las piezas tratadas que reduzcan o anulen su aplicabilidad industrial. En la presente Tesis Doctoral se ha abordado el estudio del comportamiento dimensional de piezas fabricadas mediante FDM sometidas a tratamiento térmico. Se ha evaluado una propuesta de mejora en el post-proceso consistente en el uso de un molde de polvo cerámico compactado alrededor de las piezas a fin de minimizar la aparición de deformaciones durante el tratamiento térmico. El estudio de las deformaciones durante el post-procesado térmico se ha focalizado en los dos materiales termoplásticos más empleados en FDM, el ácido poliláctico (PLA) y el acrilonitrilo butadieno estireno (ABS), de naturaleza semicristalina y amorfa respectivamente. Se han analizado las variaciones dimensionales sufridas por las piezas durante el tratamiento térmico, considerando la influencia de la orientación de las líneas depositadas, la temperatura del tratamiento y el uso del molde de polvo cerámico. Para evaluar la mejora aplicada en el post-procesado térmico, se ha definido y analizado la eficacia del molde con las mismas variables del estudio dimensional. A fin de poder predecir las deformaciones sufridas por las piezas tratadas y la eficacia del molde en un amplio rango de temperaturas, se ha realizado una aproximación polinómica con los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente. / [CA] Actualment, el modelatge per deposició fosa (FDM) és el tipus de tecnologia de fabricació additiva més difosa i estudiada atesa la facilitat d'ús i economia de procés. Això no obstant, a causa de les anisotropies generades durant el procés additiu, les peces fabricades mitjançant FDM presenten limitacions en el seu ús funcional. Aquestes anisotropies depenen dels paràmetres del procés i poden provocar variacions dimensionals i canvis a les propietats mecàniques de les peces. Per millorar aquestes característiques, es pot recórrer a diversos postprocessos com el tractament tèrmic. No obstant això, durant la seva aplicació es poden produir variacions dimensionals a les peces tractades que redueixin o anul·lin la seva aplicabilitat industrial. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral s'ha abordat l'estudi del comportament dimensional de peces fabricades mitjançant FDM sotmeses a tractament tèrmic. S'ha avaluat una proposta de millora en el post-procés consistent en l'ús d'un motlle de pols ceràmic compactat al voltant de les peces per tal de minimitzar l'aparició de deformacions durant el tractament tèrmic. L'estudi de les deformacions durant el post-processat tèrmic s'ha focalitzat en els dos materials termoplásticos més empleats en FDM, l'àcid poliláctico (PLA) i l'acrilonitrilo butadien estireno (ABS), de naturalesa semicristalina i amorfa respectivament. S'han analitzat les variacions dimensionals sofrides per les peces durant el tractament tèrmic, tenint en compte la influència de l'orientació de les línies dipositades, la temperatura del tractament i l'ús del motlle de pols ceràmic. Per avaluar la millora aplicada en el post-processat tèrmic, s'ha definit i analitzat l'eficàcia del motlle amb les mateixes variables de l'estudi dimensional. Per tal de poder predir les deformacions patides per les peces tractades i l'eficàcia del motlle en un ampli rang de temperatures, s'ha fet una aproximació polinòmica amb els resultats obtinguts experimentalment. / [EN] Nowadays, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most widespread and studied additive manufacturing technology due to its ease of use and process economics. However, due to the anisotropies generated during the additive process, FDM fabricated parts have limitations in their functional use. These anisotropies depend on the process parameters and can lead to dimensional variations and changes in the mechanical properties of the parts. Various post-processes, such as heat treatment, can be used to improve these characteristics. However, during its application, dimensional variations can occur in the treated parts that reduce or make their industrial applicability impossible. In this Thesis, the dimensional behavior of FDM parts subjected to heat treatment has been studied. A post-processing improvement proposal consisting of using a compacted ceramic powder mould around the parts to minimize deformations during the heat treatment has been evaluated. The study of deformations during thermal post-processing has focused on the two most widely used thermoplastic materials in FDM, polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), with semi-crystalline and amorphous nature respectively. For this purpose, standard specimens coded according to different internal geometries were manufactured. The dimensional variations suffered by the parts during the heat treatment have been analyzed considering the influence of the orientation of the deposited lines, the material used, the treatment temperature and the use of the ceramic powder mould. To evaluate the thermal post-processing improvement, the effectiveness of mould has been defined and analyzed with the same variables of the dimensional study. To predict the deformations suffered by the treated parts and the efficacy of the mould in a wide range of temperatures, a polynomial approximation has been fitted to the results obtained experimentally. / Lluch Cerezo, J. (2023). Análisis y mejora del comportamiento dimensional de termoplásticos impresos en 3D mediante modelado por deposición fundida sometidos a un proceso de tratamiento térmico [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194607 / Compendio

Nichtglatte Optimierungsprobleme in reflexiven Banachräumen treten in vielen Anwendungen auf. Häufig wird angenommen, dass alle vorkommenden Nichtdifferenzierbarkeiten durch Lipschitz-stetige Operatoren wie abs, min und max gegeben sind. Bei solchen Problemen kann es sich zum Beispiel um optimale Steuerungsprobleme mit möglicherweise nicht glatten Zielfunktionen handeln, welche durch partielle Differentialgleichungen (PDG) eingeschränkt sind, die ebenfalls nicht glatte Terme enthalten können. Eine effiziente und robuste Lösung erfordert eine Kombination numerischer Simulationen und spezifischer Optimierungsalgorithmen. Lokal Lipschitz-stetige, nichtglatte Nemytzkii-Operatoren, welche direkt in der Problemformulierung auftreten, spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in der Untersuchung der zugrundeliegenden Optimierungsprobleme. In dieser Dissertation werden zwei spezifische Methoden und Algorithmen zur Lösung solcher nichtglatter Optimierungsprobleme in reflexiven Banachräumen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Als erste Lösungsmethode wird in dieser Dissertation die Minimierung von nichtglatten Operatoren in reflexiven Banachräumen mittels sukzessiver quadratischer Überschätzung vorgestellt, SALMIN. Ein neuartiger Optimierungsansatz für Optimierungsprobleme mit nichtglatten elliptischen PDG-Beschränkungen, welcher auf expliziter Strukturausnutzung beruht, stellt die zweite Lösungsmethode dar, SCALi. Das zentrale Merkmal dieser Methoden ist ein geeigneter Umgang mit Nichtglattheiten. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der zugrundeliegenden nichtglatten Struktur des Problems und der effektiven Ausnutzung dieser, um das Optimierungsproblem auf angemessene und effiziente Weise zu lösen. / Non-smooth optimization problems in reflexive Banach spaces arise in many applications. Frequently, all non-differentiabilities involved are assumed to be given by Lipschitz-continuous operators such as abs, min and max. For example, such problems can refer to optimal control problems with possibly non-smooth objective functionals constrained by partial differential equations (PDEs) which can also include non-smooth terms. Their efficient as well as robust solution requires numerical simulations combined with specific optimization algorithms. Locally Lipschitz-continuous non-smooth non-linearities described by appropriate Nemytzkii operators which arise directly in the problem formulation play an essential role in the study of the underlying optimization problems. In this dissertation, two specific solution methods and algorithms to solve such non-smooth optimization problems in reflexive Banach spaces are proposed and discussed. The minimization of non-smooth operators in reflexive Banach spaces by means of successive quadratic overestimation is presented as the first solution method, SALMIN. A novel structure exploiting optimization approach for optimization problems with non-smooth elliptic PDE constraints constitutes the second solution method, SCALi. The central feature of these methods is the appropriate handling of non-differentiabilities. Special focus lies on the underlying structure of the problem stemming from the non-smoothness and how it can be effectively exploited to solve the optimization problem in an appropriate and efficient way.

Die vorliegende Schwerpunktbereichsklausur im Gesellschafts- und Kapitalmarktrecht ist zeitlich wie inhaltlich anspruchsvoll. Sie verlangt von den Bearbeitenden eine rigorose Schwerpunktsetzung, vertieftes Wissen im Kapitalgesellschafts- und Kapitalmarktrecht sowie den sicheren Umgang mit unbekannten Rechtsproblemen. Die Klausur unterfällt in drei Teile. Der erste Teil widmet sich der Haftung für einen fehlerhaften Börsenzulassungsprospekt. Der zweite Teil verlangt die Prüfung von Schadensersatzansprüchen bei rechtswidrigem Bezugsrechtsausschluss der dritte Teil behandelt Kapitalmarktdeliktsrecht.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un procédé de recyclage de mélanges ABS-PC issus des Déchets d'Equipements Electriques et Electroniques (DEEE) réels capable de s'affranchir des contraintes liées au recyclage des polymères.Ces contraintes sont liées, entre autre, à la présence d'impuretés (autres polymères) après l'étape de tri et au procédé de remise en forme. L'influence de la présence d'impureté dans un alliage ABS-PC sur ces propriétés mécaniques (résistance au choc et traction) a donc été étudiée en s'appuyant sur des observations morphologiques. Il s'est avéré que la présence d'impureté non miscible conduit à la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques de l'ABS-PC. L'ajout de compatibilisants a été étudié afin de masquer l'effet de l'impureté. Il a ainsi été montré que l'amélioration de la résilience du mélange (ABS-PC/impureté) est intimement liée à la modification de la morphologie et à la nature de l'adhésion aux interfaces. Il a ensuite été constaté que l'optimisation des paramètres de mise en oeuvre engendre une modification de la morphologie. Cette modification peut entrainer une augmentation de la résistance au choc.Ces deux méthodes ont ensuite été appliquées à un mélange d'ABS-PC ignifugé issu des DEEE contenant une impureté. L'ajout de compatibilisant et de la modification des paramètres de mise en oeuvre améliore la résilience. En revanche, cela a un effet néfaste sur le comportement au feu de l'alliage ABS-PC ignifugé.

Many control algorithms for ABS systems have been proposed in the literature since the introduction of this equipment by Bosch in 1978. In general, one can divide these control algorithms into two different types: those based on a regulation logic with wheel acceleration thresholds that are used by most commercial ABS systems; and those based on wheel slip control that are preferred in the large majority of academic algorithms. Each approach has its pros and cons [Shida 2010]. Oversimplifying, one can say that the strength of the first ones is their robustness; while that of the latter ones their short braking distances (on dry grounds) and their absence of limit cycles. At the midpoint of this industry/academy dichotomy, based on the concept of extended braking stiffness (XBS), a quite different class of ABS control strategies has been proposed by several researchers (see, e.g., [Sugai 1999] and [Ono 2003]). This concept combines the advantages from both the industrial and academic approaches. Nevertheless, since the slope of the tyre characteristic is not directly measurable, it introduces the question of real-time XBS estimation. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of this estimation problem and to a generalization of the proposed technique to a larger class of systems. From the technological point of view, the design of ABS control systems is highly dependent on the ABS system characteristics and actuator performance. Current ABS control algorithms on passenger cars, for instance the Bosch ABS algorithm, are based on heuristics that are deeply associated to the hydraulic nature of the actuator. An interesting observation is that they seem to work properly only in the presence of a specific delay coming from the hydraulic actuation [Gerard 2012]. For brake systems that have different delays compared to those of hydraulic actuators, like electric in-wheel motors (with a smaller delay) or pneumatic trailer brakes (with a bigger delay), they might be no longer suitable [Miller 2013]. Therefore, adapting standard ABS algorithms to other advanced actuators becomes an imperative goal in the automobile industry. This goal can be reached by the compensation of the delays induced by actuators. The second part of this thesis is focused on this issue, and to the generalization of the proposed technique to a particular class of nonlinear systems. Throughout this thesis, we employ two different linearization techniques: the linearization of the error dynamics in the construction of model-based observers [Krener 1983] and the linearization based on restricted state feedback [Brockett 1979]. The former is one of the simplest ways to build an observer for dynamical systems with output and to analyze its convergence. The main idea is to transform the original nonlinear system via a coordinate change to a special form that admits an observer with a linear error dynamics and thus the observer gains can be easily computed to ensure the observer convergence. The latter is a classical method to control nonlinear systems by converting them into a controllable linear state equation via the cancellation of their nonlinearities. It is worth mentioning that existing results for observer design by error linearization in the literature are only applied to the case of regular time scalings ([Guay 2002] and [Respondek 2004]). The thesis shows how to extend them to the case of singular time scalings. Besides, the thesis combines the classical state feedback linearization with a new method for the input delay compensation to resolve the output tracking problem for restricted feedback linearizable systems with input delays.

In recent years, the increase in the population of mobile users and the advances in computational capabilities of mobile devices have led to an exponentially increasing traffic load on the wireless networks. This trend is foreseen to continue in the future due to the emerging applications such as cellular Internet of things (IoT) and machine type communications (MTC). Since the spectrum resources are limited, the only promising way to keep pace with the future demand is through aggressive spatial reuse of the available spectrum which can be realized in the networks through dense deployment of small cells. There are many challenges associated with such densely deployed heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The main challenges which are considered in this research work are capacity enhancement, velocity estimation of mobile users, and energy efficiency enhancement. We consider different approaches for capacity enhancement of the network. In the first approach, using stochastic geometry we theoretically analyze time domain inter-cell interference coordination techniques in a two-tier HetNet and optimize the parameters to maximize the capacity of the network. In the second approach, we consider optimization of the locations of aerial bases stations carried by the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to enhance the capacity of the network for public safety and emergency communications, in case of damaged network infrastructure. In the third approach, we introduce a subsidization scheme for the service providers through which the network capacity can be improved by using regulatory power of the government. Finally, we consider the approach of device-to-device communications and multi-hop transmissions for enhancing the capacity of a network. Velocity estimation of high speed mobile users is important for effective mobility management in densely deployed small cell networks. In this research, we introduce two novel methods for the velocity estimation of mobile users: handover-count based velocity estimation, and sojourn time based velocity estimation. Using the tools from stochastic geometry and estimation theory, we theoretically analyze the accuracy of the two velocity estimation methods through Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs). With the dense deployment of small cells, energy efficiency becomes crucial for the sustained operation of wireless networks. In this research, we jointly study the energy efficiency and the spectral efficiency in a two-tier HetNet. We optimize the parameters of inter-cell interference coordination technique and study the trade-offs between the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency of the HetNet.

Work tackles the general design systems of automatic control of engine power and braking effects so that avoid any unnecessary dangerous situations and to improve the driving characteristics and suppression causes of accident due to bad decisions of driver. Is required to propose a general system based on the draft sensors and control circuits, their relationships, design control processor, which will be without the knowledge of the driver intervene in driving motorcycle.

Dan Beaty (1937-2002) was a prolific composer, pianist, researcher, educator, and writer. His large compositional output included chamber works, choral works, songs, orchestral pieces, electronic music, and keyboard works. Beaty was well versed in traditional Western music as well as the more avant-garde and perplexing idioms of the twentieth century. Beaty's compositions reflect the many fascinating, if not always popular, musical trends of his time. His music encompasses styles from serial to jazz, shows compositional influences from Arnold Schoenberg to Indonesian music, and demonstrates thought-provoking and highly intellectual craftsmanship. This document explores several of Beaty's songs through a discussion of the composer's life and compositional process. Songs included in this document are Three Weeks Songs, October, November, A Sappho Lyric, Love Song, That Night When Joy Began, and War Lyrics. This document was written to accompany the author's DMA Lecture-Recital at the University of North Texas. Unfortunately, Beaty's vocal music was never published and is mostly unknown. One goal of the project was to initiate interest in Beaty's songs. Through this document, Lecture-Recital, and additional performances, considerable strides have been made to bring Beaty's songs to new audiences throughout the United States. In addition, the author has received permission from the Beaty family to publish Dan Beaty's songs.