Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

La mucoviscidose est une maladie génétique due à des mutations du gène CFTR, conduisant à une altération de la fonction de canal à ions chlorure de la glycoprotéine transmembranaire CFTR associée à une atteinte pulmonaire sévère. Plusieurs études récentes ont amené à reconsidérer l’utilisation des vecteurs adénoviraux (Ad) de sérotype 5 (Ad5) dans la mucoviscidose, lesquels induisent non seulement des réactions immunes anti-adénovirales mais aussi des effets cytopathiques indésirables. (1) Dans une première partie de notre étude, nous avons étudié l’entrée et le transit intracellulaire de l’Ad5/F35, vecteur chimérique portant les fibres de l’Ad sérotype 35 sur une capside de sérotype 5. Nous avons montré que la protéine fibre est déterminante dans l’internalisation et le trafic intracellulaire de ce vecteur. Le vecteur Ad5/F35 exprimant la fusion GFP-CFTR s’est révélé (i) être dépourvu de cytotoxicité, (ii) transduire efficacement les cellules épithéliales pulmonaires par voie apicale, et (iii) restaurer l’activité de canal à chlorure dans les cellules CFTR(-). Il constitue donc un vecteur de transfert du gène CFTR potentiellement utilisable en thérapie génique de la mucoviscidose. (2) Dans une seconde partie, nous avons exploré une stratégie alternative de transfert de la protéine CFTR par trogocytose. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que le canal CFTR pouvait être véhiculé par des microvésicules ou microparticules membranaires (MP) émanant de la membrane cellulaire et libérées dans le milieu de culture. En utilisant un système d’expression stable de la protéine CFTR étiquetée par la protéine fluorescente GFP (GFP-CFTR) dans des cellules donneuses, nous avons pu démontrer que les MP sont capables de prendre en charge et délivrer la protéine GFP-CFTR à des cellules réceptrices, mais ce transfert n’est assuré que par une population réduite de MP (≤ 8 %), et la durée de vie du GFP-CFTR n’est que transitoire (≤ 24h). En fait, la majorité des MP transfèrent des molécules d’ARN messager ou polysomal GFP-CFTR. La protéine GFP-CFTR néosynthétisée à partir de ces ARNm est exprimée plus tardivement (> 48h) mais de façon prolongée (≥ 10 jours). La fonctionnalité du canal CFTR ainsi néosynthétisé est en cours d’évaluation. Les MP constituent donc un nouveau type de vecteurs de transfert non génique du CFTR qui pourraient être employés en thérapie de la mucoviscidose. / The cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease due to mutations of the CFTR gene, resulting in the alteration of the Cl channel function carried by the transmembranal glycoprotein CFTR, and associated with severe pulmonary complications. Several recent studies led the medical and scientific community to reconsider the use of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based vectors as CFTR gene transfer vectors in CF gene therapy. Not only immune response against the vector itself and the ansduced cells have been observed, but also Ad5-induced nondesired cytopathic effects. (1) In the first part of our study, we analyzed the cell entry and traficking of Ad5/F35, a chimeric vector consisting of serotype 5 capsid carrying serotype 35 fibers. We showed that the fibre protein is the major, if not only, determinant of the internalisation and entry pathway of Ad5/F35. Ad5/F35-GFP-CFTR, expressing the fusin protein GF-CFTR, was found (i) to be devoid of detectable cytopathic effect, (ii) efficiently transduced airway epithélial cells via the apical pole, and (iii) restore the Cl channel function in CF cells. Ad5/F35 therefore represents a CFTR gene transfer vector with a great potential for gene therapy of CF. (2) In the second part of our study, we have investigated an alternative strategy based on the transfer of the mature CFTR protein via trogocytosis. We hypothesized that microvesicles or microparticules (MP) issued from the cell membranes and released into the culture medium could transport and achieve the cell-to-cell transfer of CFTR channel cargo. We engineered donor cells for stable expression of GFP-tagged CFTR protein (GFP-CFTR), and showed that donor cell-issued MP were capable of delivering GFP-CFTR protein to recipient cell. However, the GFP-CFTR protein was only transferred by a limited population of MP (≤ 8 %), and was only transient (≤ 24h). In fact, the major population of MP transferred mRNAGFP-CFTR or polysomal thereof. Interestingly, the GFPCFTR protein newly synthesized from this mRNAGFP-CFTR was expressed at late times after transfer (≥ 48 h) but in a prolonged manner (≥ 10 jours). The Cl canal function after MP-mediated CFTR transfer is being evaluated. MP represent a novel type of CFTR vectors which can be produced by specifically designed autologous donor cells, and which would overcome most of the inconveniences of gene therapy using viral or nonviral vectors.

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate mRNA translation by binding to complementary sequences usually within the 3’ un-translated region (UTR). By inserting four perfectly complementary binding sites for the hepatic specific microRNA mir122 into the 3’ UTR of adenovirus wild type 5 (Ad5 WT) E1A mRNA I show that the acute liver toxicity caused by Ad5 WT in mice can be significantly reduced. This virus, termed Ad5-mir122, is a promising virotherapy candidate and causes no obvious liver pathology whilst maintaining Ad5 WT replication in mir122 negative cells. Data shows that repeat intravenous administration of Ad5-mir122 (2x1010vp) to HepG2 tumour bearing mice mediated significant anti-cancer efficacy. RT-QPCR for E1A mRNA demonstrated a 29-fold reduction when compared to Ad5 WT in murine liver whilst western blot confirmed that all E1A protein variants were knocked down. Viral genomic replication was also reduced in mouse liver by 25-fold compared to Ad5 WT. This control of virus activity reduced alanine and aspartate transaminase release by >15-fold and histological analysis showed little to no pathology in Ad5-mir122 infected livers. Measurement of mature mir122 levels in Ad5-mir122 infected livers by RT-QPCR showed that the quantity of mir122 remained unaffected at therapeutic doses. Complete genome mRNA array profiling of infected livers showed that the transcript levels of >3900 different mRNAs were changed more than 2-fold following Ad5 WT infection whilst less than 600 were changed by Ad5-mir122. A non-replicating control adenovirus vector altered >550 mRNAs. No known mir122 target mRNAs were affected following infection with Ad5-mir122. Western blot analysis of a known mir122 regulated target (Aldolase A) confirmed these results, demonstrating no change in protein level despite infection with Ad5-mir122. These data combined demonstrate that the exploitation of microRNA mir122 regulation to control adenovirus replication is a safe method of control and does not alter the endogenous level or activity of the microRNA or its endogenous mRNA targets. Ad5-mir122 is a potent anti-cancer agent that replicates to wild-type levels in microRNA mir122 negative cells but is specifically and safely attenuated in hepatocytes.

L'infection chronique par le virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) touche 400 millions de personnes dans le monde et conduit à 1 million de décès par an des suites de complications hépatiques. Les traitements actuels permettent de freiner la progression de la maladie mais ne guérissent les patients que dans de très rares cas (3-5%). Le besoin médical pour de nouvelles thérapies est fort et les approches de type immunothérapie semblent aujourd'hui prometteuses dans cette pathologie où des corrélats immunitaires de résolution sont établis. Le but de cette thèse a été l'étude approfondie de candidats d'immunothérapie basés sur un vecteur adénovirus de sérotype 5 humain non réplicatif codant pour plusieurs antigènes du VHB. Des études in vitro et dans un modèle murin, ont montré la capacité : 1/ des antigènes du VHB codés par certains candidats a formé des VLP (microscopie électronique) 2/ des candidats à induire un recrutement de cellules immunitaires sur le site d'injection après administration par voie sous-cutanée. Des études in vivo utilisant un candidat prototype ont visé à caractériser les réponses immunitaires induites et à étudier l'impact de schémas d'immunisation atypiques, tels que ceux qui pourraient être utilisés en clinique. Elles ont montré la capacité du prototype, qu'il soit injecté une ou de multiples fois, à induire des réponses T CD8+ spécifiques du VHB, fortes, multispécifiques et maintenues dans le temps dans des modèles murins naïfs ou tolérants pour le VHB. Les administrations multiples n'ont pas conduit à une augmentation de la proportion de cellules T spécifiques du VHB exprimant des molécules d'inhibition, de type PD1 / Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects 400 million people worldwide and leads to 1 million of deaths per year as a result of liver complications. Current treatments can slow the progression of the disease but cure patients in very rare cases (3-5%). The medical need for new therapies is obvious, strong and immunotherapy approaches appear promising in this disease, where immune correlates of resolution are established. The aim of this thesis was a comprehensive study of immunotherapeutic candidates, based on a non-replicating human adenovirus serotype 5 vector, encoding several antigens of HBV. Studies in vitro and in a mouse model, showed the ability of: 1 / HBV antigens encoded by some candidates to form VLPs (electron microscopy) 2 / candidates to induce recruitment of immune cells at the injection site after subcutaneous administration. In vivo studies using a prototype candidate aimed at characterizing the induced immune responses and to study the impact of atypical immunization schedules, which could be clinically used. They demonstrated the ability of the prototype, injected once or multiple times, to induce strong, multispecific and sustained over time HBV specific CD8 + T cells, in naive or tolerant to HBV mouse models. Multiple administrations do not increase the proportion of HBV specific T cells expressing inhibitory molecules, such as PD1

Nous avons mis en place au cours de ce travail de thèse différentes stratégies permettant d’améliorer l’efficacité thérapeutique des adénovirus (Ad) oncolytiques contre différents types de tumeurs. Une première stratégie a été de combiner un inhibiteur d’histone-désacétylase, l’acide valproique (VPA) avec un Ad oncolytique à capside sauvage E1Δ24 (CRAd) dans le traitement de carcinomes côliques. Nous avons dans un premier temps démontré que la combinaison du CRAd et du VPA permettait une diminution plus importante de la survie des cellules cancéreuses côliques comparé au simple traitement basé sur le CRAd ou le VPA in vitro mais aussi in vivo.De plus, nous avons observé que cet effet n’était pas lié à une meilleure réplication du CRAd par le VPA. En effet, le VPA provoquait un ralentissement de la réplication virale à des temps précoces mais ne modifiait pas la production virale. Nous avons également découvert que le co-traitement CRAd+VPA conduisait à une forte inhibition de la croissance cellulaire mais aussi à une mort cellulaire non apoptotique. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence que les cellules co-traitées par le CRAd et le VPA affichaient une forte polyploïdie accompagnée d’une augmentation de la phosphorylation de l’histone H2AX, un marqueur de dommages à l’ADN. Une deuxième stratégie a été de fournir aux Ad oncolytiques de nouvelles voies d’entrée afin d’infecter et de détruire plus efficacement des cellules de carcinomes rénaux réfractaires à l’infection adénovirale. Nous avons démontré que les CRAd à hexon modifié porteurs d’un ligand CKS-17 (Ad-HCKS-17-E1Δ24) ou à fibre modifiée de sérotype 3 (AdF3-E1Δ24) étaient capables d’infecter et de tuer plus efficacement ces cellules qu’un CRAd à capside sauvage in vitro. Malheureusement in vivo, les modifications de capside n’ont permis ni d’améliorer l’entrée des CRAd dans les tumeurs rénales, ni d’améliorer leur efficacité anti-tumorale. Cependant, nous avons observé qu’après administration intra-tumorale, les Ad à capside modifiée présentaient un plus faible tropisme hépatique comparé à un Ad à capside sauvage. / During this thesis, we investigated different strategies to increase the therapeutic effects of oncolytic adenovirus (CRAd) to fight several kinds of tumors.The first strategy seeks to evaluate in human colon carcinomas the association of a CRAd bearing Δ24 deletion in E1A with valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Interestingly, this combination led to a dramatic reduction of cell survival both in vitro and in vivo compared to single treatment with CRAd or VPA. This effect did not stem from a better CRAd replication and production in the presence of VPA. Inhibition of cell proliferation and a non-apoptotic cell death were shown to be two mechanisms mediating the effects of the combined treatment. Interestingly, whereas cells treated only with CRAd displayed a > 4N population and polyploidy, this phenotype was strongly increased in cells treated with both CRAd and VPA. In addition, the increase in polyploidy triggered by a combined treatment with CRAd and VPA was associated with the enhancement of H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX), a hallmark of DNA damage. The second strategy developed aimed to find new entry pathways allowing CRAd to better infect and kill renal tumor cells, known to be refractory of Ad infection. We demonstrated that CRAd with capsid modified (Ad-HCKS-17-E1Δ24 and AdF3-E1Δ24), containing respectively a ligand CKS-17 in hexon or a fiber of serotype 3, were more efficient to infect different renal cell carcinomas in vitro compared to a CRAd with a wild type capsid. However, these capsid-modified oncolytic adenovirus provoked, neither increase of the infection level, nor a better efficacy of growth inhibition in renal tumor xenografts bearing by nude mice. Nevertheless, both types of modifications reduce Ad ability to transduce hepatocytes after intratumoral injection.

Les adénovirus (Ad) sont parmi les vecteurs les plus utilisés en thérapie génique. Cependant, les données d’essais pré-Cliniques et cliniques ont montré qu’ils induisaient une forte toxicité hépatique consécutive à leur tropisme hépatique, une réponse inflammatoire et une forte thrombocytopénie. Différents travaux avaient montré que l’interaction de l’Ad avec le facteur de la coagulation X (FX).était responsable de la transduction in vivo des hépatocytes après administration systémique des vecteurs Ad. Cependant, des résultats précédents du laboratoire avaient montré également que le pseudotypage d’une autre protéine de capside, la fibre, permettait de réduire la transduction hépatique. Dans le but de mieux comprendre le rôle de la fibre dans le tropisme et la toxicité des Ad, nous avons comparé des Ad recombinants pseudotypés pour tout (tige et tête de la fibre : AdF3) ou partie (tige : AdS3K5) de la fibre Ad3 avec un Ad5 à capside non modifiée (Adwt). Après administration systémique chez la souris, l’AdF3 et l’AdS3K5 induisent une plus faible expression du transgène dans le foie et la rate comparativement à l’Ad5wt. Cette réduction ne résulte ni d’un défaut de capture de ces vecteurs dans le foie ni de leur incapacité à utiliser le FX. Cependant, nos résultats ont révélé que les Ad pseudotypés par la fibre Ad3 étaient capturés de façon plus importante par les cellules de Kupffer. Nous avons montré que cette capture était une propriété intrinsèque de la fibre Ad3 puisqu’elle était observée également après administration systémique d’un Ad de sérotype 3. De façon intéressante, les Ad pseudotypés par la fibre Ad3 restent capables de transférer des gènes dans les tumeurs aussi efficacement que l’Adwt.Dans la deuxième partie de nos travaux, nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de la thrombocytopénie consécutive à l’administration d’Ad. Nous avons défini la cinétique de la thrombocytopénie ainsi que l’effet de la dose virale. Nous avons montré que certains facteurs de l’hôte comme les facteurs de la coagulation ou la rate n’étaient pas impliqués dans la thrombocytopénie. De façon intéressante, nous avons montré que la fibre Ad5 jouait un rôle dans l’induction de la baisse plaquettaire puisque l’administration des virus à fibre Ad3 n’induisait plus de forte baisse plaquettaire. Parallèlement, nous avons observé un profil inflammatoire associé à l’administration des Ad à fibre modifiée beaucoup plus réduit que celui de l’Adwt. Nos travaux en cours évaluent l’existence possible d’une corrélation entre la production de cytokines/chimiokines et la thrombocytopénie.L’ensemble de ces résultats montre que le pseudotypage des Ad5 par la fibre de l’Ad3 permet de réduire leur toxicité et de limiter la réponse inflammatoire tout en conservant un transfert de gènes efficace dans les tumeurs. L’introduction de ce type de modification de capside dans les Ad oncolytiques devrait permettre de conserver leur capacité à se répliquer dans les tumeurs tout en limitant les toxicités liées à leur dissémination par voie systémique. / To date adenoviruses (Ad) are the most used vectors in gene therapy. However, Ad use is hampered by a strong liver tropism that leads to hepatotoxicity, a strong inflammatory response and the induction of thrombocytopenia. Binding of Ad hexon to coagulation factor X (FX) is responsible for hepatocyte transduction in vivo. As a consequence, mutation of hexon protein abrogates Ad interaction with FX and reduces liver transduction. However, previous results of our lab have demonstrated that Ad5 pseudotyping with fiber Ad3 also resulted in significant reduction of liver transduction. To understand how fiber modification affects in vivo Ad tropism, we used two pseudotyped viruses with whole (AdF3) or only the shaft (AdS3K5) of Ad3 fiber.Following systemic delivery of fiber-Modified Ads, a reduced transduction was observed 2 days p.i. in liver and spleen. This reduction was not due to the impairment of fiber-Modified Ads liver entry or FX use in vivo. Remarkably, after Kupffer cells depletion, a restored transgene expression level was observed, suggesting that fiber-Modified Ads are strongly uptaken by Kupffer cells. We have demonstrated that this strong uptake is an Ad3 intrinsic property since Ad3 was also strongly uptaken by Kupffer cells. Interestingly, fiber-Modified Ads transduce tumours as efficiently as Ad5. In the second part of this work, we aimed to better understand the mechanism of Ad-Induced thrombocytopenia. We first defined the kinetic and dose-Dependence of Ad-Induced thrombocytopenia. Then, we have shown that factors of the host such as the coagulation factors and the spleen were not involved in the thrombocytopenia development. Interestingly, we demonstrated o role for Ad5 in this platelet count reduction since fiber-Modified Ad induced only a modest thrombocytopenia. In parallel, we have observed a reduced production of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine following fiber-Modified Ad administration. Experiments are ongoing to investigate a possible correlation between inflammatory responses and thrombocytopenia. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Ad5 pseudotyping with Ad3 fiber allows à reduced toxicity and inflammatory response while tumour transduction efficacy is remained. Therfore, oncolytic Ad pseudotyped with Ad3 fiber might be potent tool in tumor virotherapy while limiting risk of toxicity.

A glicoproteína gp120 do HIV apresenta domínios conservados, dentre os quais está o C4. Este domínio está envolvido no reconhecimento da molécula CD4 na superfície das células alvo, e anticorpos dirigidos contra ele neutralizam o vírus. Em trabalho anterior, este domínio foi introduzido dentro da região globular da proteína fibra do adenovírus. Como a fibra adenoviral é estimulante do sistema imune, decidimos testar a capacidade de indução de anticorpos anti-C4 por essa proteína modificada. Assim, foram construídos vetores plasmídicos e adenovirais portando o gene da região globular da fibra adenoviral contendo o domínio C4, que usados na imunização de camundongos induziram anticorpos capazes de reconhecer a proteína gp120. Também construímos um vetor baculoviral expressando essa proteína híbrida, que purificada por HPLC, foi utilizada para imunizar camundongos que também produziram anticorpos capazes de reconhecer a proteína gp120. Nossos dados sugerem que a região globular da fibra adenoviral é uma boa plataforma para a exposição de epítopos de imunização. / HIV glycoprotein gp120 has conserved domains, one of them being the C4 domain. This region is involved in the recognition of the CD4 marker in target cells and antibodies that recognize this domain can block HIV infection. Previously, the C4 domain was introduced in the adenovirus fiber knob. As the adenovirus fiber stimulates de immune system, we decided to test the production of anti-C4 antibodies by this hybrid protein. We constructed plasmid and adenovirus vectors carrying the fiber knob modified with the C4 domain. Immunization of mice with these vectors showed the production of specific antibodies that recognized de gp120 glycoprotein. Also, we constructed a baculovirus vector expressing the hybrid protein, which was purified by HPLC. Mice immunized with this protein also produced antibodies capable of recognizing gp120. Our data suggest that the fiber knob is a good carrier protein for epitope immunization.

Este trabalho descreve a remediação simultânea de dois genes supressores de tumor, CDKN2A e p53, em três linhagens celulares derivadas de glioblastoma multiforme: U87 (CDKN2A-/-, p53wt/wt), U251 (CDKN2A-/-, p53mut/mut) e T98G (CDKN2A-/-, p53mut/mut). A entrega gênica foi mediada por vetor adenoviral bicistrônico contendo o cassete CDKN2AIRESp53, capaz de expressar as duas proteínas simultaneamente. Vetores monocistrônicos também foram testados (AdCDKN2A e Adp53). Visando detectar apoptose, as linhagens receberam o sensor de atividade de caspase-3/7 GFP-DEVD-ssGLUC por transdução lentiviral. Este possui Gaussia luciferase (GLUC) C-terminal, que é secretada após ativação de caspases e pode ser dosada no sobrenadante. Após a marcação, realizaram-se ensaios de viabilidade celular, proliferação, formação de colônias, senescência, ciclo celular e dosagem de GLUC após remediação dos genes supressores de tumor nas linhagens GBMDEVD-GLUC. Com ensaio de viabilidade, observou-se efeito citotóxico do vetor bicistrônico AdCDKN2AIRESp53 maior que a soma dos obtidos com cada tratamento monocistrônico. No ensaio de senescência, o vetor AdCDKN2A resultou na maior indução do fenótipo senescente em todas as linhagens, seguido por Adp53, enquanto AdCDKN2AIRESp53 produziu resultados similares a um desses dois perfis em cada linhagem. Dosagem de GLUC no sobrenadante foi usada como indicador para atividade de caspase-3/7 após tratamento com os vetores supressores de tumor. O controle AdLacZ resultou em atividade de GLUC maior que nas amostras sem vírus (mock), enquanto tratamento com AdCDKN2A obteve resultados maiores que o controle em 72 h nas três linhagens. O vetor AdCDKN2AIRESp53 alcançou, inesperadamente, resultados variados em 72 h. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que a remediação simultânea de CDKN2A e p53 possui notável ação antiproliferativa tumoral, podendo levar à morte ou à senescência celular. Também é apontado que o sensor de caspase-3/7 GFP-DEVD-ssGLUC é robusto, mas detecta não apenas a indução de apoptose, mas a combinação de todos os processos ativadores de caspases em uma amostra. / This thesis describes the simultaneous remedy of two tumor suppressor genes, CDKN2A and p53, in three glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)-derived cell lines: U87 (CDKN2A-/-, p53wt/wt), U251 (CDKN2A-/-, p53mut/mut) and T98G (CDKN2A-/-, p53mut/mut). Gene delivery was mediated by a bicistronic adenoviral vector bearing the sequence CDKN2AIRESp53, which simultaneously expresses both proteins. Monocistronic vectors were also tested (AdCDKN2A and Adp53). To detect apoptosis, the GBM cell lines received caspase-3/7 sensor GFP-DEVD-ssGLUC via lentiviral transduction. This sensor has a C-terminal Gaussia luciferase (GLUC), which is secreted by the cell after caspase activation and can be measured in the supernatant. After sensorization, functional assays were carried out, including cell viability, proliferation, colony formation, cell senescence, cell cycle and GLUC measure after treatment with the tumor suppressor vectors in GBMDEVD-GLUC lineages. Viability assay with the AdCDKN2AIRESp53 vector resulted in a remarkable cytotoxic effect, greater than the sum of the effects with each monocistronic treatment. In the senescence assay, vector AdCDKN2A yielded the highest induction of cell senescence in all lineages, followed by Adp53, while AdCDKN2AIRESp53 induced results that followed one of these two profiles in each cell line. GLUC measure was an indicator of intracellular caspase-3/7 activity after treatment with the tumor supressor vectors. Control vector AdLacZ resulted in higher GLUC activity than mock treatment in all three cell lines, while AdCDKN2A treatment showed results bigger than control at 72 h in all cell lines. Bicistronic vector AdCDKN2AIRESp53 reached, unexpectedly, varied results at 72 h in all cell lines. Data obtained in this study indicate that simultaneous remedy of CDKN2A and p53 has remarkable antiproliferative activity in GBM cells, resulting in cell death or cell senescence. It is also shown that caspase-3/7 sensor GFP-DEVD-ssGLUC is a robust tool, but its results detect not only a single cellular process, such as apoptosis, but the combination of all caspase-activating processes in a cell population.

BIM é uma proteína pro-apoptótica membro da família Bcl-2. No sistema imunológico, BIM foi descrita como reguladora da homeostase de linfócitos. Porém, ainda não foi estudado o papel do BIM no estabelecimento da resposta imune de linfócitos T CD8+. Sendo que os vetores adenovirais fortes ativadores da resposta, neste trabalho investigamos o papel de BIM na qualidade e frequência de linfócitos T CD8+ estimulados com Ad.cOVA. Camundongos C57Bl/6 selvagens, bim+/- e bim-/- foram imunizados com 2x106 PFU/100μl. Assim, observou-se uma redução da lise especifica e menor freqüência de linfócitos CD8+ produtores de IFNγ em camundongos bim-/-. Em paralelo, foi avaliada a resposta imune anti-tumoral destes camundongos sem encontrar diferencias significativas. A cinética da resposta efetora de linfócitos T CD8+ de camundongos bim-/- mostrou escassa perda das capacidades efetoras destes linfócitos, sendo o possível mecanismo para controlar a progressão tumoral. Em conclusão camundongos bim-/- apresentam uma menor freqüência de células efetoras, sugerindo um importante papel de BIM na produção de linfócitos T CD8+ antígeno-específicos trás a vacinação com Ad.cOVA. / BIM is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family. In the immune system, BIM has been described as lymphocyte homeostasis regulator. However, the role of BIM in the establishment of the immune response of CD8+ T lymphocytes has not yet been studied. As the strong adenoviral vectors activating the response, we investigated the role of BIM in the quality and frequency of Ad.cOVA-stimulated CD8+ T lymphocytes. Wild C57Bl/6 mice, bim+/- and bim-/- were immunized with 2x106 PFU/100μl. Thus, a reduction of the specific lysis and decreased frequency of IFNγ producing CD8+ lymphocytes in bim-/- mice was observed. In parallel, the anti-tumor immune response of these mice was evaluated without finding significant differences. The kinetics of the effector response of CD8+ T lymphocytes from bim-/- mice showed little loss of the effector capacities of these lymphocytes, being the possible mechanism to control tumor progression. In conclusion, bim-/- mice show a lower frequency of effector cells, suggesting an important role of BIM in the production of antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes after vaccination with Ad.cOVA.

Os vírus entéricos humanos são encontrados no esgoto e em subprodutos dos processos de tratamento. Recentemente vem sendo recomendados como indicadores de qualidade microbiológica em normas da legislação brasileira e também nas de outros países, mas ainda com parâmetros a definir. O objetivo do estudo é a avaliação e a comparação entre métodos clássicos e moleculares aplicados à detecção de vírus entéricos em amostras de água de reúso e de lodo, visando subsidiar a legislação brasileira. Ensaios de semeadura experimental de protótipos de rotavírus e de adenovírus foram realizados nas matrizes ambientais e os vírus detectados por métodos clássicos (cultivo celular e reação de imunoperoxidase) e moleculares (PCR/nested-PCR, RT-PCR e ICC-PCR), determinando-se os limites de detecção de cada método para cada matriz. A pesquisa de rotavírus e adenovírus presentes naturalmente em 25 amostras de água de reúso e em 25 de lodo possibilitou a comparação dos métodos propostos. O ICC-PCR mostrou ser o método mais factível a ser aplicado na área de saneamento. / Human enteric viruses are common contaminants of raw sewage and subproducts of sewage treatment processes. In recent years, those viruses were recommend as new microbiological indicators in different matrices in Brazilian legislation and others countries, although some questions should be elucidated. At present, the aim was to evaluate and compare the efficiencies of standard and molecular virological methods for detection of human enteric viruses in sludge and reclaimed water samples. Rotavirus and adenovirus were experimentally spiked in the proposed matrices and virus recovery and detection limits established for each method and matrice. Viruses naturally presented in 25 samples of sludge and 25 samples of reclaimed water were assayed by all methods and results evaluated and compared for statistical significance. From all methods evaluated, ICC-PCR showed to be the most suitable for virus surveillance in sludge and reclaimed water.