Ce mémoire s’intéresse aux expériences de femmes en processus de sortie de la prostitution. Il vise à comprendre les obstacles auxquels ces femmes sont confrontées pour pouvoir bénéficier d’interventions sociales accessibles et facilitant leur sortie de la prostitution. Cette recherche qualitative prend appui sur 11 entretiens individuels réalisés auprès de femmes âgées de 26 à 55 ans et habitant Montréal, les Laurentides et l’Abitibi. Bien que nombre de femmes aux prises avec la prostitution souhaitent en sortir, on compte peu d’interventions sociales pour les aider en ce sens. Les services publics sont largement insuffisants à la fois du point de vue de leur accessibilité et de leur réponse aux besoins de ces femmes. Peu d’études s’intéressent aux services d’aide à la sortie de la prostitution, notamment au Québec. Ce mémoire privilégie une perspective féministe abolitionniste et un cadre épistémologique de la théorie standpoint. Les résultats mettent en lumière les obstacles à l’accessibilité des interventions sociales, dont le cloisonnement des services et le refus manifeste d’offrir de l’aide aux femmes. Cette recherche rend compte également de l’expérience de pratiques d’intervention entravant le processus de sortie : 1) les pratiques punitives, 2) celles proposant une aide limitée aux femmes ou 3) leur adaptation à la prostitution. La conclusion de ce mémoire propose la mise en œuvre de pratiques sociales novatrices qui prennent en compte les contraintes sociales qui mènent les femmes à l’industrie du sexe et les y maintiennent ainsi que les conséquences de l’expérience même de la prostitution sur elles. / This thesis focuses on the experiences of women in the process of leaving prostitution. It aims to understand the barriers these women face in order to receive social interventions that are accessible and that facilitate their exit from prostitution. This qualitative research builds on 11 individual interviews with women aged between 26 and 55 years and living in Montreal, the Laurentians and Abitibi. Although many women in prostitution want to exit, there are few social interventions to help them in this regard. Public services are largely inadequate both regarding their accessibility and their response to the needs of these women. Few studies have focused on support services to facilitate exiting prostitution, especially in Quebec. This thesis is anchored in a feminist abolitionist perspective with standpoint theory as the epistemological framework. The results highlight the barriers to accessibility of services including compartmentalisation of services and a manifest refusal to provide social support interventions for women. This study also gives an account of the experience of interventions that hinder the exiting process: 1) punitive practices, 2) those providing limited assistance to women or 3) their adaptation to prostitution. The conclusion proposes the implementation of innovative social practices that take into account the social constraints that lead women into the sex industry and keep them there as well as the consequences of the very experience of prostitution on them.

The purpose of this study is to discover, through a survey of beginning Latin-American children, their status and their outstanding problems during the school year of 1939-1940 with the hope of bettering their conditions in future years.

The thesis discusses the current phenomenon of ICT penetration in kindergarten. The author at first take into account the broader context of the issue of changing the role of educator role in postmodern society. After that discusses the process and organizational incorporation of selected courses aimed at training teachers in kindergartens in the area of ICT. The first chapter concludes with a broader, related to the use of ICT focused, analysis of intergenerational differences that determine the further development of educational policy and requirements for the education of children. The second chapter focuses on the issue of school readiness of a child, in particular a close look at the psychological profile of the individual according to his age and development of cognitive function in preoperative stage. It is therefore a basis with which to be reckoned with in the revision of existing knowledge and increased demands on the educational component of pre-school preparation. It is also pointed to specific foreign studies that deal with the question of the effectiveness of the involvement of ICT in teaching preschool children. There is also a look back at criticism of current threats called as digital degeneration. In the third chapter are answered three hypotheses and also concluded whether a...

The thesis will focus on outlooks of the Czech energy system, especially with respect to supply-demand balance and generation adequacy. The current situation in the electricity market will be used as a starting point for projections of future scenarios. The scenarios will look at possible issues and challenges as well as further developments that the Czech energy system will be facing in the near future. These problems and challenges can be defined as the mid-term and long-term ability to balance supply and demand for electricity in the Czech Republic. The increase in production of electricity from renewable resources and the subsequent loss of flexibility of power sources go hand in hand with adverse economic conditions, together worsening the overall risk in the electricity system. At the same time we must take into account changes in EU energy policy and its effect on member countries, such as the planned shutdown of nuclear power plants in Germany, increased taxation of carbon dioxide production, supported production of electricity from renewable resources, and integration of energy markets. We must consider the harmonization of methods that are used to evaluate the adequacy and security of a production portfolio, known as a generation adequacy, while meeting the requirements of the given system and...

The introduction of algorithms has for companies led to new ways of marketing themselves. However, access to personal data is needed for a company to successfully use an algorithm, which means companies can trade with our personal data. Personal data is therefore no longer used solely for nonprofit purposes but has rather acquired a financial value. This has led to new challenges in terms of third country transfer of personal data, which requires legislation that can effectively protect personal data. Within the EU, the General Data Protection Legislation (GDPR) regulates how personal data can be transferred to a third country. Article 45 GDPR, which contains the first requirement for third country transfers, states that transfers are only permitted based on an adequacy decision issued by the Commission. On the basis, inter alia, of the annulment of the Safe Harbor decision, by the European Court of Justice, and the criticism that has been addressed towards the Privacy Shield decision, questions are raised if there are reason for companies to make third country transfers based on the alternative provisions in article 46 and article 49 GDPR. The aim of this thesis is to examine the possibilities of making third country transfers according to articles 45, 46 and 49 GDPR by making a comparison that has been made from an individual- and company perspective. The research questions have been focused on the content of the adequacy decisions concerning USA, Switzerland, Canada, Israel and Japan, a review of the legal basis for third country transfers stated in articles 46 and 49 GDPR, as well as benefits and drawbacks with applying the grounds set forth in articles 46 and 49 GDPR rather than applying an adequacy decision pursuant to article 45 GDPR. In conclusion, it may be noted that the adequacy decisions that have been discussed leave room for doubt in relation to the level of protection that is guaranteed in the GDPR. This gives reason for companies to consider application of article 46 and article 49 GDPR. There are several benefits and drawbacks with such considerations including the size of the company and its financial recourses affecting which appropriate safeguard in article 46 GDPR is the most suitable safeguard to use. Furthermore, the derogations in article 49 GDPR may, in theory and in practice, be very difficult to apply instead of article 45 and article 46 GDPR since the derogations focuses on specific situations and must be used restrictively. The findings in this thesis however leads to the conclusion that there are several reasons for companies to consider application of article 46 GDPR instead of article 45 GDPR.

La robotique mobile est un domaine en plein essor. L'un des domaines de recherche consiste à permettre à un robot de cartographier son environnement tout en se localisant dans l'espace. Les techniques couramment employées de SLAM (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping) restent généralement coûteuses en termes de puissance de calcul. La tendance actuelle vers la miniaturisation des systèmes impose de restreindre les ressources embarquées. L'ensemble de ces constatations nous ont guidés vers l'intégration d'algorithmes de SLAM sur des architectures adéquates dédiées pour l’embarqué.Les premiers travaux ont consisté à définir une architecture permettant à un robot mobile de se localiser. Cette architecture doit respecter certaines contraintes, notamment celle du temps réel, des dimensions réduites et de la faible consommation énergétique.L’implantation optimisée d’un algorithme (EKF-SLAM), en utilisant au mieux les spécificités architecturales du système (capacités des processeurs, implantation multi-cœurs, calcul vectoriel ou parallélisation sur architecture hétérogène), a permis de démontrer la possibilité de concevoir des systèmes embarqués pour les applications SLAM dans un contexte d’adéquation algorithme architecture. Une seconde approche a été explorée ayant pour objectif la définition d’un système à base d’une architecture reconfigurable (à base de FPGA) permettant la conception d'une architecture fortement parallèle dédiée au SLAM. L'architecture définie a été évaluée en utilisant une méthodologie HIL (Hardware in the Loop).Les principaux algorithmes de SLAM sont conçus autour de la théorie des probabilités, ils ne garantissent en aucun cas les résultats de localisation. Un algorithme de SLAM basé sur la théorie ensembliste a été défini garantissant l'ensemble des résultats obtenus. Plusieurs améliorations algorithmiques sont ensuite proposées. Une comparaison avec les algorithmes probabilistes a mis en avant la robustesse de l’approche ensembliste.Ces travaux de thèse mettent en avant deux contributions principales. La première consiste à affirmer l'importance d'une conception algorithme-architecture pour résoudre la problématique du SLAM. La seconde est la définition d’une méthode ensembliste permettant de garantir les résultats de localisation et de cartographie. / Mobile robotics is a growing field. One important research area is Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM). Algorithms commonly used in SLAM are generally expensive in terms of computing power. The current trend towards miniaturization imposes to restrict the embedded processing units. All these observations lead us to integrate SLAM algorithms on dedicated architectures suitable for embedded systems.The first work was to define an architecture for a mobile robot to localize itself. This architecture must satisfy some constraints, including the real-time, small dimensions and low power consumption. The optimized implementation of a SLAM algorithm, using the best architectural characteristics of the system (capacity of processors, multi-core implementation, SIMD instructions or parallelization on heterogeneous architecture), has demonstrated the ability to design embedded systems for SLAM applications in the context of Hardware-Software codesign.A second approach has been explored with the aim of designing a system based on a reconfigurable architecture (FPGA-based) for a highly parallel architecture dedicated to SLAM. The defined architecture was evaluated using a HIL (Hardware in the Loop) methodology.The main SLAM algorithms use the probabilistic theories, they do not guarantee their localization results. A SLAM algorithm based on interval analysis is defined to guarantee the overall results. Several algorithmic improvements are then proposed. A comparison with probabilistic algorithms highlighted the robustness of the approach.This thesis put forward two main contributions. The first is to affirm the importance of the hardware software codesign to solve the problem of SLAM with real-time constraint. The second is the definition of a new algorithm to ensure the results of localization and mapping.

This master thesis deals with the area of external audit of the bank in the Czech Republic. Its goal is to identify and describe the specifics making the procedures during bank's financial statements audit different from those applied by non-financial commercial subjects. The first part is focused on the general framework of the external audit. The second part describes main features of the bank identifying several risks connected with the business which have a significant influence on the approach used by the auditors. The third part describes the methodology applied by auditors during the audit of the bank.

This dissertation is a collection of three separate essays on the health of women and children. In the first essay, I along with my co-authors, analyzed the impact of two large, national-level health policies (the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)) on maternal health outcomes (proportion of institutional deliveries) in India. We used data from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) and found that the JSY and the NRHM had a greater impact on institutional deliveries in high-focus states. We also found that the conditions of the public health facilities, did not change after the implementation of the JSY and the NRHM. Finally, we found that adequacy of health facilities was not associated with the likelihood of mothers in high-focus states having an institutional delivery. In the second essay, I examined whether a key social determinant of health in South Asia- gender inequality, is associated with physical health outcomes among Indian women. I found that the gender inequality expressed as the gendered household practice of seclusion was negatively associated with body weight of Indian women. Further, I found that participation in all household decisions by women of the household was generally not associated with body weight outcomes. The association between gendered household practices and women’s body weight outcomes was generally similar among rural and urban Indian women. In the final essay, I examined whether perinatal food environments (FE), maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and early childhood weight (ECW) outcomes are associated. I used data on mother-children dyads from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth cohort (ECLS-B), Area Resource Files (ARF) and Current Business Practices (CBP). I found that maternal GWG was associated with ECW outcomes. I also found that measures of food environment were associated with ECW outcomes. Specifically, I found that having an additional full-service restaurant per one thousand population in the maternal perinatal county of residence was associated with lower Body Mass Index (BMI) among children at age two years. Finally, I found that GWG did not mediate the association between food environment and ECW outcomes.

Bakgrund: En ny reglering har införts den 1 januari 2018, vilket är IFRS 9 finansiella instrument som ersätter IAS 39. Värdering och redovisning förändras från en objektiv till en subjektiv bedömning av kreditförluster. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken effekt IFRS 9 har på svenska banker efter införandet. Studien undersöker även om effekten varierar beroende av bankers storlek. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvantitativ studie med deduktiv ansats tillämpats. Sekundärdata har inhämtats ur bankernas årsredovisningar för 2018 från respektive hemsida. Banker som ingår i studien är 43 svenska banker som står under Finansinspektionens tillsyn. Studiens tre hypoteser testades med hjälp av ttest, där parvis observation gjordes mellan åren 2017 och 2018. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visade en signifikant förändring av totala kapitalrelationen och kärnprimärkapitalrelationen i de större bankerna, vilka nyckeltalen var lägre efter införandet av IFRS 9. Egna kapitalet, kreditförlusterna och soliditeten kunde inte visa någon signifikant förändring. Slutsats av studiens resultat är att införandet av IFRS 9 haft en marginell effekt på svenska banker. / Background: The new regulation IFRS 9 has replaced IAS 39. The new regulation is subjective, forward-looking, compared with the old, objective model. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect IFRS 9 has on Swedish banks after the transition. Another aim is to study the effect of IFRS 9 on different bank sizes. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study, a quantitative method has been applied. Data has been obtained from annual reports for the year of 2018. The data consist of shareholders equity, balance sheet total and reported loan losses. Hypothesis testing has been done by using t-test Result and conclusion: The results can support a week significant positive effect on Tier 1 capital and capital adequacy ratio from large banks. No results could be found for Shareholders equity, Credit loss or Solidity.

PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to systematically assess the factors that influence maternal health care services utilization by women in Awash Fentale woreda (district), Ethiopia. DESIGN: A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional design was selected as the methodology for this study. METHOD: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to 422 women aged 15 to 49 years through a stratified sampling technique. Data was entered, analyzed and interpreted using SPSS computer program. Binary logistic regression model was used to identify the factors that influence maternal health care services utilization. RESULTS: The findings of this research indicated that not attending school, not watching television, and not owning a Bajaj (three-tire motorbike) significantly influenced low utilization of antenatal care (ANC) visits, while exposure to media, including reading newspapers, was positively associated with the adequacy of ANC visits. Similarly, factors such as not attending school and not watching television at all influenced delivery care (DC) services utilization negatively, while husbands’ low income and not watching television at all were negatively associated with postnatal care (PNC) service utilization. This research study found that 80 (19%) of the respondents preferred to give birth at home and the remaining 342 (81%) preferred a health facility for their delivery services. In addition, 43% of the respondents were not satisfied with the care and attention given by the health care provider and approximately 52% of the respondents were not satisfied with the cleanliness of the health facilities. It was also illustrated in this study that family members’ influence was one of the major barriers identified for DC services utilization. Conclusion: Policy making, planning, and implementation should focus on factors that influence maternal health care services utilization and barriers to DC services. In order to increase the utilization of maternal health care services by women with low levels of educational status, husbands ’low income or wealth quintile, and low media exposure, strategies were developed by the researcher. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)