Introdução: Nas últimas décadas os óbitos por DCNT aumentaram três vezes nos estados brasileiros. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência da obesidade e da hipertensão arterial na população de crianças e adolescentes estudantes da rede estadual de ensino de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo transversal com 505 crianças/adolescentes, da faixa etária de 10 a 16 anos, que frequentavam as escolas estaduais de Ribeirão Preto. A coleta de dados, foi realizada através de pesquisa de campo com visitas às escolas e entrevista dos alunos selecionados ao longo dos anos de 2013 e 2014. Medidas antropométricas (peso, altura, cintura, quadril), e os níveis de pressão arterial foram aferidos em todos os participantes. Resultados: Aproximadamente 53% (n=265) dos estudantes eram do gênero masculino e 47% (n=240) do gênero feminino, com média de idade de 12,74 anos. Verificou-se alteração do peso corporal em 30,9% da população estudada, sendo 18,22% com sobrepeso e 12,67% com obesidade, sem diferença estatística entre os gêneros. Quanto aos níveis de pressão arterial, verificou-se alteração em 8,71% da população total, sendo mais frequente no grupo feminino (4,95%). As crianças com níveis de PA normal admitem passar menos tempo livre sem gasto energético quando comparadas com as de PA alterada [RP 0,92 (IC95% 0,88 0,97)]. Encontrou-se associação significativa [RP 2,02 (IC95% 1,28;3,2)] para o IMC alterado e menarca antes dos 10 anos de idade. A análise de regressão linear simples mostrou associação positiva entre IMC e níveis de PA tanto sistólica (R² = 0,2244; y= 61,1770 + 1,8228x; p<0,001) quanto diastólica (R² = 0,3450; y = 35,2008 + 1,0726 x; p <0,0001). Para as demais variáveis comportamentais e de hábitos alimentares, não foram encontradas associações entre obesidade ou níveis de PA. Conclusão: Observou-se alta prevalência de obesidade e hipertensão arterial na população estudada. Foi encontrada associação positiva entre IMC e HAS. Para as variáveis comportamentais e alimentares poucas foram as associações. Houve associação para a ocorrência da menarca antes dos 10 anos e o IMC alterado. Houve associação também para o aumento dos níveis pressóricos e o tempo livre sem gasto energético. Não foram encontradas associações significativas entre consumo elevado de doces, refrigerantes e a prática de atividade física foi menor que a recomendação feita pela OMS. Ressalta-se a importância do desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção com a participação de equipe multiprofissional e familiares para prevenção e controle da obesidade e da hipertensão arterial nas crianças e adolescentes. / Introduction: In recent decades, deaths from CDNT increased three times in the Brazilian county. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of obesity and high blood pressure in the population of children and adolescents students of the county school of Ribeirão Preto/SP. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 505 children / adolescents, the age group 10-16 years who attended state schools in Ribeirão Preto/SP. Data collection was conducted through field research with visits to schools and interviews of selected students over the years 2013 and 2014. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist, and hip) and blood pressure levels were measured for all participants. Results: Approximately 53% (n=265) of the students were male and 47 % (n 240) were female, with a mean age of 12.74 years. There was change in body weight in 30.9 % of the study population, and 18.22 % were overweight and 12.67 % were obese, with no statistical difference between genders. As for blood pressure levels, there was change to 8.71 % of the total population, being more frequent in the female group (4.95%). Children with normal BP levels admit spend less time off without energy expenditure compared with the amended BP [RP 0.92 (95% CI from 0.88 to 0.97)]. Found a significant association [RP 2.02(95% CI 1.28, 3.2)] BMI changed and menarche before 10 years of age. Simple linear regression analysis showed a positive association between BMI and both systolic BP levels (R² = 0.2244, y = 61.1770 + 1,8228x; p < 0.001) and diastolic (R² = 0.3450, y = 35 2008 x + 1.0726; p <0.0001). For the other behavioral and eating habits variables, there were no associations between obesity and BP levels. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of obesity and hypertension in this population. There was a positive association between BMI and SAH. For behavioral and dietary variables were few associations. There was an association for the occurrence of menarche before age 10 and the changed BMI. Was associated also to increased blood pressure and the free time without energy expenditure. Significant associations between high consumption of sweets, soft drinks and physical activity lower than recommended were found. It emphasizes the importance of developing intervention strategies with the participation of multidisciplinary team, including schools and family for the prevention and control of obesity and high blood pressure in children and adolescents.

Thesis advisor: David Smith / The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 was witnessed first-hand by individuals of all ages in New York City, and many witnesses experienced symptoms of posttraumatic stress. This study investigated whether adolescent witnesses report being more negatively affected by the 9-11 event than adult witnesses. It is predicted that adolescents will be more negatively affected by 9-11 because they generally have had fewer life experiences in managing stress, thus they have developed fewer coping mechanisms for dealing with trauma. The study recruited adolescent participants from Stuyvesant High School (located 5 blocks away from the WTC) alumni graduating classes of 2002-05. Adult participants were recruited from employees of Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen, Hamilton, LLP (one block the street from WTC). Participants were sent an Internet survey via World Wide Web consisting of a series of questionnaires. The questionnaires asked participants to recall specific events from 9-11, put in order a series of events, report significant life changes post 9-11, rate how often they engage in various coping behaviors, and describe their current physical and mental well-being. The study found age to be significant on two factors within the life changes questionnaire: compared to adults, adolescents reported experiencing a wider range of emotions and the ability to focus on work despite outside stressors. These findings were contrary to the hypothesis. Essentially, adolescents reported faring either the same or better than adults across all measures. The study also unexpectedly found significance examining gender and hours of media consumption. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology. / Discipline: Psychology Honors Program.

Thesis advisor: Sandra R. Mott / The purpose of this research was to address the gap in the literature regarding the lack of first hand accounts of the factors that influence adolescent sexual decision making. Using a narrative approach, I asked a cohort of late adolescent participants to tell their stories about the events surrounding their decision to become sexually active, and how this initial decision affected subsequent decision making. The specific research questions that guided the study were: 1) What are late adolescents' perspectives of the factors that influenced their decision to become and remain sexually active? and 2) What is the effect of sexual decision making regarding coital debut on subsequent sexual activity? To accomplish my research aims I used narrative inquiry to elicit rich information, in the adolescents' own words, about what they perceive to be the most salient factors that contributed to their decisions to engage in sexual activity. I recruited a purposive sample of 11 late adolescents between the ages of 18 and 22 years from a series of family planning and sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics in the Northeastern United States. As their stories unfolded, four main components emerged. These components included the internal and external environmental context, expected social norms, implied sexual consent, and self-reflection and evaluation. The results of this study provide evidence that adolescent sexual decision making is a complex process with multiple layers of influence. Through the stories of my participants, I have constructed a more comprehensive conceptualization of adolescent sexual decision making and related sexual behaviors. This will guide the development of possible interventions to improve health care for this population. These interventions include expanding nursing knowledge to inform the development of theories, practice innovations, research, sexual health education, and policies for addressing adolescents' needs across the continuum of the adolescents' development from childhood to adulthood. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

Este estudo teve como objetivos apreender as percepções dos adolescentes em situação de exclusão social sobre a violência em seu cotidiano, identificar as experiências de violência desse grupo e analisar a realidade apreendida à luz da violência como processo histórico e socialmente determinado. Ou seja, a violência é um fenômeno social que possui caráter revelador de estruturas de dominação (de classe, etnia, geração, gênero, entre outros) e surge como expressão de contradições entre os que querem manter privilégios e os que se rebelam contra a opressão. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semi-estruturadas no Centro Comunitário da Criança e do Adolescente (CCCA) com adolescentes entre 12 a 17 anos de idade. Os dados foram tratados mediante análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciam que as percepções que os adolescentes têm da violência estão intrinsecamente relacionadas às suas vivências dentro de um meio social hostil, caracterizado por um sistema sociopolítico gerador de profundas desigualdades sociais. O conceito de violência foi associado a algo natural, enquanto medida disciplinar; violação aos seus direitos; discriminação social e de gênero, associado a atos físicos como agressões e brigas na comunidade. O tipo de violência mais citado pelos adolescentes foi a violência interpessoal que a Organização Mundial da Saúde caracteriza como violência doméstica quando ocorre entre os membros de uma família e seus agregados e violência social quando ocorre entre pessoas sem laços de parentesco. A superação dessa situação dar-se-á na medida em que os diferentes setores se organizem para garantir aos grupos sociais envolvidos uma assistência na medida das suas necessidades sociais e de saúde / This study aimed to capture the perceptions of adolescents at risk of social exclusion on the violence in their daily lives, identify the experiences of violence of this group and examine the reality perceived in the light of violence as a historical process and socially determined. It is violence is a social phenomenon that has character reveals structures of domination (of class, ethnicity, generation, gender, etc.) and appears as an expression of conflict between those who want to maintain privileges and who rebel against oppression. Were carried out 16 semi-structured interview in the Community Center on Children and Adolescents (CCCA) with adolescents between 12 to 17 years of age. The data were treated by content analysis as method of analysis. The results show that the perceptions that adolescents have of violence are intrinsically linked to their experiences within a hostile social environment, characterized by a sociopolitical system generates deep social inequalities.The concept of violence was associated with something natural, as a disciplinary measure; violation of their rights, social and gender discrimination, coupled with acts such as physical assaults and fights in the community. The type of violence most cited by teens was the interpersonal violence that the World Health Organization characterizes as domestic violence when it occurs between members of a family and their household and social violence when it occurs between people without ties of kinship. Overcoming this situation will occur in that the different sectors to organize themselves to provide social groups involved as well as their social needs and health

A era digital vivenciada na contemporaneidade promove transformações nos modos de circulação de informações e conhecimentos. De igual modo, incentiva o surgimento de novas formas de comportamento e de vivências. Tal processo afeta diretamente as novas gerações e a produção social dos sujeitos, nos seus tempos e espaços, constituindo os denominados Geração Z, que são adolescentes que apresentam novas demandas às instituições da vida moderna. Essa conjuntura influi diretamente no espaço escolar, principalmente quando os estudantes estão em constante interação com as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) que objetivam facilitar a comunicação e troca de informações. Assim, a relação entre a escola e esses sujeitos, que buscam primeiramente espaços online para obter informações e realizam múltiplas tarefas simultaneamente, implica em se pensar espaços educacionais que favoreçam a aprendizagem desses novos estudantes, considerando também as características específicas por eles apresentadas. A vista disso, a pesquisa objetivou conhecer o sentido da escola para os estudantes imersos a tecnologia digital. Para tanto foram utilizados como metodologia um roteiro de perguntas autoaplicável visando obter o perfil sociodemográfico, Observação Participante e Grupo Focal (GF) realizados com estudantes do Ensino Médio de uma escolapública da cidade de Palmas, TO. Os resultados analisados por meio da estatística descritiva evidenciaram que dos 426 estudantes que responderam o roteiro de perguntas, 98% possuem acesso à internet e 33% permanecem online mais que oito horas diárias. Entre os locais de acesso, a casa foi citada por 80% e a escola por 37%. Ainda, 85% usam a internet para acesso às redes sociais e 41% para pesquisas escolares; 57% disseram que adquiriram conhecimento por meio de aplicativos em computadores e dispositivos móveis e 33% por meio de curso online. A somar, 57 participantes dos GFs apresentaram por meio da análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática,trêsnúcleos, a saber: Escola, espaço para aprender e preparar para o futuro; Mas não só, escola é alcançar voo e Impasses e em passos, construindo novas perspectivas sobre a escola.A Geração Zcompreende a escola como um espaço de construção da aprendizagem, porém não o únicoe, assim, consideram o ambiente virtual também como um espaço de se aprender, construir e reconstruir conhecimento. Dessa maneira, expressam o desejo de serem reconhecidos nesse espaço, bem como que a escola se redescubra no tempo atual. Apreender a percepção dos estudantes sobre a escola na era digital contribui para o repensar a educação a eles direcionada, no sentido de atribuir ao ensino novas linguagens e inovações na relação entre escola, professor e estudante, capazes de modificar a forma de ser, agir e pensar das novas gerações / The digital age experienced in the contemporary world promotes transformations on how information and knowledge circulate. It also encourages the emergence of new forms of behaviour and experiences. Such process directly affects the new generations and the social production of the subjects, in their own times and spaces, constituting the so-called Generation Z, which are adolescents who present new demands to the institutions of modern life. This situation directly affects the school space, especially when the students are in constant interaction with Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) that aim to facilitate the communication and exchange of information. Thus, the relationship between the school and these subjects, who firstly seek online spaces to obtain information and perform multiple tasks simultaneously, implies thinking about educational spaces that favour the learning of these students, also considering the specific characteristics presented by them. In light of this, the aim of this research was to apprehendthe meaning of the school to the Generation Z students. For this purpose, a self-administered questionnaire was used as methodology to obtain the sociodemographic profile, the Participant Observation and Focal Group (FG) carried out with high school students from a public school in Palmas, TO.Analysed through descriptive statistics, the results showed that out of the 426 students who answered the questionnaire, 98% had internet access and 33% remained online more than 8 hours a day. Among the access places, the house was mentioned by 80% and the school by 37%. Also, 85% use the internet to access social networks and 41% to school searches; 57% said they acquired knowledge through applications on computers and mobile devices and 33% through online courses. To sum up, 57 participants of the FGs presented through content analysis, thematic modality, three nuclei, which are: School, space to learn and prepare for the future; Learning is taking off; Building new perspectives about the school. Generation Z understands the school as a space of construction of learning, but not the only one, and thus also consider the virtual environment as a space to acquire information, build and rebuildknowledge. In this way, they express the desire to be recognized in this space, as well as that the school gets rediscovered in the present time. To capture the student\'s perceptions about the school in the digital era contributes to the rethinking of the education directed to them, in the sense of attributing a new language and innovations in the relationship between school, teacher and student, which can be capable of changing the way of being, acting and thinking of the new generations

Este estudo teve por objetivos analisar a experiência do cateterismo vesical intermitente por crianças e adolescentes portadores de bexiga neurogênica e suas mães, bem como analisar os fatores limitantes e facilitadores para o autocateterismo vesical intermitente nessas crianças e adolescentes na realidade das suas vidas cotidianas. No referencial teórico, buscamos a compreensão dessa construção da realidade, do cuidar/cuidado humano como uma questão de cidadania e valorização da vida nesse cotidiano, e a educação em saúde como uma prática de enfermagem para a valorização do cuidar cuidado. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, aplicando as representações sociais como categoria de análise. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizamos os prontuários das crianças, formulário com questões semi-estruturadas, entrevista e diário de campo. A análise dos dados baseou-se em aspectos da hermenêutica dialética. A interposição das categorias empíricas com o referencial teórico fez emergir dimensões que mostraram esses atores sociais pertencentes a um contexto micro e macro social que determinam o seu modo de agir na e para a vida. A realidade no dia-a-dia das crianças, adolescentes e respectivas mães revelou-se em seis categorias empíricas: “CVI – corpo e sexualidade em evidência" e “CVI – conformação e relutância" são as categorias empíricas que traduzem as falas das crianças e adolescentes; “A responsabilização materna", “A agenda da vida", “O enfrentamento" e “A acomodação/compartilha" são as categorias empíricas que surgiram das falas das mães. Nessas seis categorias, revelam-se importantes elementos limitantes e facilitadores à experiência de cuidar da vida e, conseqüentemente, à experiência do autocateterismo pelas crianças e adolescentes. Cabe aos profissionais de saúde e em especial ao enfermeiro uma atitude solidária, num esquema de co-responsabilidade por meio da educação em saúde, que deverá ser desenvolvida como um processo emancipatório que, além do enfoque biológico, dê importância considerável aos aspectos ligados à vida cotidiana e amplie a consciência de cidadania desses atores sociais para viverem de modo mais pleno nos seus limiares próprios. / This study is aimed at analyzing the experience of intermittent vesical catheterism of children and adolescents with neurogenic bladders and their mothers, as well as analyzing limiting and facilitating factors for intermittent vesical autocatheterism in these children and adolescents in their daily lives. As for theoretical referentials, we sought to understand this construction of reality in human care as a matter of citizenship and valorization of life in this daily life; moreover, the health education as nursing practice on these values were the theoretical reference used in this study. This research is of a qualitative nature applying social representations as an analysis category. For data collection, we used children's reference books, forms with semi-structured questions, interviews and field diaries. The data analysis was based on aspects of dialectic hermeneutics. The interposition of empirical categories with the theoretical basis led to the appearance of dimensions which showed these social actors belonging to a micro- and macro-social context which determines their way of acting in and for life. The children's, adolescents' and their mothers' daily reality was revealed through six empirical categories: “CVI – body and sexuality in evidence" and “CVI – conformation and reluctance" are empirical categories which translate children's and adolescents' speech; “Maternal responsibility", “Life agenda", “Confrontation" and “Acceptance / sharing" are empirical categories which arose from the mothers' speech. In these six categories, important limiting and facilitating elements for the experience of taking care of life are revealed and, consequently, for autocatheterism by children and adolescents. It is the responsibility of the health professional, and especially of the nurse, to express a supportive attitude in a scheme of co-responsibility by means of health education, which should be developed as an emancipatory process which, besides the biological focus, values the aspects related to daily life and increases the citizenry conscience of these social actors so that they can live more fully according to their own thresholds.

Contexte - La majorité des fumeurs adultes ont commencé à fumer à l'adolescence et sont devenus dépendants avant l'âge de vingt ans. La plupart des efforts de lutte contre le tabagisme des jeunes se sont centrés sur la prévention de l'initiation et peu sur l'aide au sevrage. Sur ce constat, nous avons proposé de mettre en place une démarche originale de sevrage basée sur une offre de proximité associant le sevrage médicamenteux aux thérapies cognitivo-comportementales. Dans une perspective de réduction des inégalités sociales de santé, nous avons souhaité centrer notre action sur une population particulièrement vulnérable habituellement peu sollicitée, celle des jeunes apprentis. Avant de généraliser une telle intervention, il était important d'en évaluer l'efficacité. Objectif - 1) décrire les caractéristiques du tabagisme dans une population socialement défavorisée, les apprentis 2) puis mettre en évidence les déterminants de la dépendance au tabagisme dans cette population 3) et enfin répondre à l'objectif principal qui est l'évaluation de l'efficacité de l'offre d'un programme de sevrage tabagique au sein de cette population.Méthode - Cette étude quasi-expérimentale, prospective, comparative s'est déroulée au cours des 2 années d'apprentissage. La population était composée de l'ensemble des stagiaires de huit CFA (Centre de Formation des Apprentis) en Lorraine. Le groupe intervention (3 CFA) a bénéficié du programme TABADO, et le groupe témoin (5 CFA) n'a reçu aucune intervention spécifique autre que les services éducatifs généralement disponibles. Résultats - Parmi les 1.814 élèves interrogés (770 dans le groupe intervention, 1044 dans le groupe témoin), 52% étaient fumeurs dont 89,4% de fumeurs quotidiens, et 5,7% ex-fumeurs. L'âge moyen d'initiation au tabagisme était de 12,1 ans (ET=2,1) et celui du début du tabagisme régulier de 13,8 ans (ET=1,6). La consommation actuelle des fumeurs s'élevait en moyenne à 12,8 cigarettes par jour (ET=7,8). Le score moyen de dépendance des adolescents fumeurs interrogés était de 6,1 (ET=2,8), d'après le test du Hooked On Nicotine Checklist (score de 0 à 10= fortement dépendant). Les déterminants de la dépendance mis en évidence étaient : le genre féminin, le tabagisme quotidien, une forte consommation moyenne journalière, la co-consommation de cannabis, un environnement fumeur et un haut score de vulnérabilité perçue. Les facteurs perçus comme incitant à fumer (automatisme du geste, gestion du stress et soutien du moral) étaient également des facteurs de dépendance. Sur les 584 fumeurs à J0 suivis à J0+12 mois, 17% étaient devenus abstinents dans le groupe d'intervention vs. 11,9% dans le groupe témoin (p = 0,08 univariée, p = 0,008 ajusté ; odds ratio [OR] 2,1; 95% intervalle de confiance [IC] 1.2 à 3.6). Conclusion - Notre étude a permis de produire des données originales sur l'efficacité d'une action de sevrage tabagique dans une jeune population socialement défavorisée qui avait été très peu investiguée jusqu'à présent. La combinaison de la proximité de l'action d'information et de soutien psychologique, et d'une offre gratuite de substituts nicotiniques paraît comme une condition du succès. La mise en évidence d'un effet groupe devrait permettre à l'avenir d'élaborer des programmes facilitant cet effet des réseaux sociaux / Context - Most smokers start smoking during adolescence and became smoking dependent before the age of 20. Efforts to fight against smoking in the teenage population have focused largely on programs to prevent rather than quit smoking. On this basis, we implemented an original approach of help to smoking cessation based on a nearness offer associating pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioural strategy with. In a perspective of reducing social health inequalities, we wanted to focus our efforts on a particularly vulnerable population usually not sought, the apprentices. Before expanding such programs, their efficacy must be assessed.Objective- 1) describe the characteristics of smoking in a socially disadvantaged population, the apprentices 2) then highlight the determinants of tobacco addiction in this population 3) and finally meet the main objective which is the evaluation of the effectiveness of offering a smoking cessation program in this population. Method - This quasi-experimental, prospective, comparative study was conducted during two years ofvocational training. The population was composed of all the students from eight VTC (Vocational Training Center) in Lorraine (France). The intervention group (3 CFA) has benefited from the TABADO program, and the control group (5 CFA) received no specific intervention other than educational services generally available. Results - Among the 1,814 students included (770 in the intervention group, 1044 in the control group), 52.0 % were smokers among whom 89.4 % daily smokers, and 5.7 % were ex-smokers. The average age of tobacco use initiation was 12.1 years (SD=2.1) and the average age at inception of regular cigarette smoking was 13.8 years (SD=1.6). Current consumption of the smokers was 12.8 cigarettes per day (SD = 7.8). The average score of smoking addiction was 6.1 (SD = 2.8), according to the Hooked On Nicotine Checklist test (score from 0 to 10 = strongly dependent). Factors significantly associated with dependence were female gender, daily cigarette use, high mean daily cigarette use, co-consumption of cannabis, a smoking environment and a high score of perceived vulnerability. Factors perceived as leading to smoking (automatic gesture, combating stress and supporting morale) were also dependence factors. Of 584 original smokers at 12-month follow-up, 17% in the intervention group were abstinent vs. 11.9% in the control group (univariate p=0.08; adjusted p=0.008; odds ratio [OR] 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.6). Conclusions - Our study has produced original data on the effectiveness of a smoking cessation in a socially disadvantaged young people who had hardly been investigated so far. The combination of proximity to the action of information and psychological support, and an offer of free nicotine replacement therapy seems to be a prerequisite for success. The demonstration effect of a group should allow the future to develop programs that facilitate this effect of social networks

Este estudo teve por objetivos analisar a experiência do cateterismo vesical intermitente por crianças e adolescentes portadores de bexiga neurogênica e suas mães, bem como analisar os fatores limitantes e facilitadores para o autocateterismo vesical intermitente nessas crianças e adolescentes na realidade das suas vidas cotidianas. No referencial teórico, buscamos a compreensão dessa construção da realidade, do cuidar/cuidado humano como uma questão de cidadania e valorização da vida nesse cotidiano, e a educação em saúde como uma prática de enfermagem para a valorização do cuidar cuidado. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, aplicando as representações sociais como categoria de análise. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizamos os prontuários das crianças, formulário com questões semi-estruturadas, entrevista e diário de campo. A análise dos dados baseou-se em aspectos da hermenêutica dialética. A interposição das categorias empíricas com o referencial teórico fez emergir dimensões que mostraram esses atores sociais pertencentes a um contexto micro e macro social que determinam o seu modo de agir na e para a vida. A realidade no dia-a-dia das crianças, adolescentes e respectivas mães revelou-se em seis categorias empíricas: “CVI – corpo e sexualidade em evidência" e “CVI – conformação e relutância" são as categorias empíricas que traduzem as falas das crianças e adolescentes; “A responsabilização materna", “A agenda da vida", “O enfrentamento" e “A acomodação/compartilha" são as categorias empíricas que surgiram das falas das mães. Nessas seis categorias, revelam-se importantes elementos limitantes e facilitadores à experiência de cuidar da vida e, conseqüentemente, à experiência do autocateterismo pelas crianças e adolescentes. Cabe aos profissionais de saúde e em especial ao enfermeiro uma atitude solidária, num esquema de co-responsabilidade por meio da educação em saúde, que deverá ser desenvolvida como um processo emancipatório que, além do enfoque biológico, dê importância considerável aos aspectos ligados à vida cotidiana e amplie a consciência de cidadania desses atores sociais para viverem de modo mais pleno nos seus limiares próprios. / This study is aimed at analyzing the experience of intermittent vesical catheterism of children and adolescents with neurogenic bladders and their mothers, as well as analyzing limiting and facilitating factors for intermittent vesical autocatheterism in these children and adolescents in their daily lives. As for theoretical referentials, we sought to understand this construction of reality in human care as a matter of citizenship and valorization of life in this daily life; moreover, the health education as nursing practice on these values were the theoretical reference used in this study. This research is of a qualitative nature applying social representations as an analysis category. For data collection, we used children\'s reference books, forms with semi-structured questions, interviews and field diaries. The data analysis was based on aspects of dialectic hermeneutics. The interposition of empirical categories with the theoretical basis led to the appearance of dimensions which showed these social actors belonging to a micro- and macro-social context which determines their way of acting in and for life. The children\'s, adolescents\' and their mothers\' daily reality was revealed through six empirical categories: “CVI – body and sexuality in evidence\" and “CVI – conformation and reluctance" are empirical categories which translate children\'s and adolescents\' speech; “Maternal responsibility", “Life agenda", “Confrontation" and “Acceptance / sharing" are empirical categories which arose from the mothers\' speech. In these six categories, important limiting and facilitating elements for the experience of taking care of life are revealed and, consequently, for autocatheterism by children and adolescents. It is the responsibility of the health professional, and especially of the nurse, to express a supportive attitude in a scheme of co-responsibility by means of health education, which should be developed as an emancipatory process which, besides the biological focus, values the aspects related to daily life and increases the citizenry conscience of these social actors so that they can live more fully according to their own thresholds.

Background: Previous research has reported positive correlations between perfectionism, anxiety and depression within community adolescent samples. Psychological distress has the potential to develop into adulthood; therefore consideration is required about potential mechanisms that could positively impact on this trajectory. Self-compassion has been shown to be negatively associated with psychopathology and positively related to psychological well-being. It has also been found to be inversely related to maladaptive perfectionism (negative aspects of perfectionism) in adult populations. No previous studies have examined both constructs of perfectionism and self-compassion in an adolescent population and what impact they may have on psychological distress and well-being. Aims: This research had two aims: 1. Conduct a systematic literature review exploring the relationship between perfectionism and anxiety/stress in young people; 2. Establish empirically whether perfectionism and self-compassion have a role in the prediction of psychological distress and psychological well-being in an adolescent population. Method: For the first aim a systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify studies that explored the relationships between perfectionism and anxiety/stress in young people. Fourteen papers were identified which were subsequently subjected to methodological appraisal using quality criteria. To address the second aim an empirical study was conducted. It was a cross-sectional, quantitative design using self-report surveys, in an adolescent population (n=128; 64.1% female, mean age 16.24 years) across schools in Edinburgh. Results: The results of the systematic review suggested that there is a significant relationship between perfectionism and anxiety and/or stress in young people; however, some inconsistent results were found between the perfectionism subtypes and their impact on anxiety. Methodologically, the studies held good internal validity, but external validity was poor meaning that the ability to generalise findings beyond the remit of the studies was questionable. The results of the empirical study demonstrated a significant relationship between perfectionism and self-compassion and a subsequent relationship with psychological distress and psychological well-being in the adolescent population. An interaction effect between perfectionism and self-compassion was also established for some of the variables, with self-compassion playing a particularly significant role in this relationship. Conclusions: Overall, there is evidence to suggest a link between perfectionism and psychopathology in adolescents. The factors of perfectionism and self-compassion demonstrated a significant relationship, with both constructs having an impact on psychological well-being in particular. Self-compassion demonstrated a strong predictive relationship to both psychological distress and psychological well-being. The significant findings regarding self-compassion in particular suggest that it may be a potential strategy for working with young people (either clinically or in academic settings) who experience psychological distress related to perfectionistic tendencies. Further research exploring perfectionism and self-compassion and the link with psychopathology in adolescents is much needed. In particular, studies are required which attempt to focus on this area with alternative designs (non cross-sectional), different methodologies and various clinical and non-clinical adolescent populations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nara Cristina Leao.pdf: 2454571 bytes, checksum: e594acb0a3c20ffb74f5f55e9eb5a256 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / The involvement of adolescents in criminal activities is a problem that has mobilized the society and the issue has been debated in several areas. For this reason, science needs to get engaged in this issue and investigate it. This dissertation proposes to specifically investigate the process of desistance of antisocial behavior by adolescents in conflict with the law. For this, two surveys were conducted, organized and presented by means of two articles: one theoretical and one empirical. The first one is a systematic review of the literature, which analyzed critically what has been published in the scientific community on desistance from crime in adolescents over the last 10 years, in search tools and databases with national and international articles - Google Scholar, BVS, Scirus, ScienceDirect, Psycinfo. 19 articles were found, 8 national and 11 international, which focused primarily on two issues: life trajectories and models of intervention. In conclusion, they emphasized the environment as a highly relevant factor for the development and maintenance of antisocial behavior, and also the possibility of developing actions that assist in the process of desistance of criminal behavior. The second study, presented in the second article, is about two descriptive and exploratory researches, and it aims to investigate the psychological availability to the desistance of criminal behavior in adolescents under socio-educational measure. In the first one, a sample of 44 adolescents was used, through the Rorschach method (Comprehensive System). It was observed that 40% of the sample was available for the abandonment of criminal behavior, and the aspects of personality that most favored the willingness to change behavior were related to interest in what people say and do (SumH), as well as flexibility of thought in making decisions and adaptating to new situations (a: p). The least present aspects were related to the ability to establish psychologically intimate relationships with other people (SumT), and the ability of introspection (FD). In the second one, there was a content analysis of the interviews of two teenagers aiming to deepen on issues concerning desistance of crime. The two teenagers differed in availability to the discontinuance of criminal behavior, especially with respect to the suffering experienced by the current life situation. Anyway, it was concluded at the end of the two surveys that it is possible to develop performances with adolescents in conflict with the law aiming at desistance from crime, both individually and in broader levels, involving the youngsters, their family, and the community where they live, so that there might be an increase in the chances of desistance from crime and restructuring of life. / O envolvimento de adolescentes em crimes é um problema que tem mobilizado muito a sociedade e a questão tem sido debatida em diversos espaços. Frente a isso, percebe-se a necessidade de a ciência se ocupar desse tema e investigá-lo. Esta dissertação se propõe a investigar especificamente o processo de desistência da conduta infracional por adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Para isso, foram realizadas duas pesquisas, organizadas e apresentadas por meio de dois artigos: um teórico e outro empírico. O primeiro traz uma revisão sistemática de literatura, na qual se analisou, criticamente, o que vem sendo publicado no meio científico sobre a desistência do crime em adolescentes, nos últimos 10 anos, em ferramentas de busca e bases de dados com artigos nacionais e estrangeiros Google Acadêmico, BVS, Scirus, ScienceDirect, Psycinfo. Foram encontrados 19 artigos, sendo 8 nacionais e 11 internacionais, os quais focaram, basicamente, duas questões: trajetórias de vida e modelos de intervenção. Como conclusão, ressaltou-se o fator ambiente como altamente relevante para o desenvolvimento e manutenção do comportamento antissocial, e também a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de ações com esse público que o auxiliem no processo de abandono da conduta infracional. A segunda pesquisa, apresentada no segundo artigo, trata de dois estudos descritivos e exploratórios, que tem como objetivo investigar a disponibilidade psicológica para a desistência da conduta infracional em adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de internação. O primeiro deles utilizou-se de uma amostra de 44 adolescentes sob medida socioeducativa de internação, por meio do Método de Rorschach (Sistema Compreensivo). Observou-se que 40% da amostra estava disponível para o abandono da conduta infracional, e os aspectos da personalidade que mais favoreciam essa disponibilidade para mudança de conduta estavam relacionados ao interesse pelo que as pessoas falam e fazem (SumH), bem como a flexibilidade do pensamento na tomada de decisões e na adaptação a novas situações (a:p). Os aspectos menos presentes estavam relacionados à habilidade para estabelecer relacionamentos psicologicamente íntimos com outras pessoas (SumT) e à capacidade de introspecção (FD). No segundo, fez-se análise de conteúdo das entrevistas de dois adolescentes, visando aprofundar nas questões relativas à desistência do crime. Os dois adolescentes apresentaram diferenças quanto à disponibilidade para a desistência da conduta infracional, especialmente com relação ao sofrimento vivido pela atual situação de vida. Enfim, pôde-se concluir, ao final das duas pesquisas, que é possível desenvolver atuações com adolescentes em conflito com a lei visando a desistência do crime, tanto em nível individual quanto em níveis mais amplos, envolvendo o jovem, a sua família e a comunidade em que vivem, para que aumentem as chances de desistência do crime e reestruturação de vida.