The purpose of this thesis work was to develop an automatic fault detection system for surveillance of bearing temperature in hydropower turbines. The parameters used except the bearing temperature were cooling water temperature and cooling water flow. A simple static model based on data sampled every minute was developed to estimate the bearing temperature. Then a detector for detection of change in bearing temperature based on the CUSUM-algorithm was designed. Since the amount of data was very small the developed model was too uncertain to be used in a working system. The designed fault detection system showed to work well for the available data. It is, however, recommended that the performance of the system should be evaluated using more data. Another model based on data sampled once every minute for at least a year has to be developed before the system can be fully evaluated. The results shown were: • The fault detection system can discover fast and slow changes in bearing temperature. • No false alarms were given for measuring faults and sensor faults of the types used in this thesis. If a measuring fault occurs for too long there will be an alarm. The fault detection algorithm was also implemented in Delphi to be used in a working system over the Internet where for example trends and alarms will be presented. / Syftet med examensarbetet var att utveckla ett automatiskt feldetekteringssystem för övervakning av bärlagertemperaturen i vattenkraftturbiner. De ingående parametrarna förutom bärlagertemperaturen var kylvattentemperaturen och kylvattenflödet. En enkel statisk modell baserad på data samplat en gång per minut togs fram för att estimera bärlagertemperaturen. Därefter utvecklades en detektor för att upptäcka avvikelser i bärlagertemperaturen baserad på CUSUM-algoritmen. På grund av en för liten mängd data var den framtagna modellen alltför osäker för att kunna implementeras i ett fungerande system. Det framtagna feldetekteringssystemet visade sig fungera bra för de data som fanns tillgängliga. Det är däremot rekommenderat att utvärdera systemets prestanda med längre dataserier. En ytterligare modell baserad på minutdata över ett år måste tas fram innan systemet kan fungera på riktigt. De resultat som erhölls var: • Feldetekteringssystemet klarar av att upptäcka abrupta och långsamma avvikelser av bärlagertemperaturen. • Inga falsklarm ges då det är enstaka mätfel eller givarfel av sådan typ som tagits upp i arbetet. Pågår ett mätfel alltför länge ges dock ett larm. Feldetekteringsalgoritmen implementerades även i Delphi för att kunna användas i ett fungerande system över Internet där t.ex. trendkurvor och larmsignaler skall kunna presenteras.

Background: Incoming medical alarm is a common routine for emergency nurses. Working in these situations may represent a major burden on the individual nurse. Purpose: To investigate emergency room nurses' experiences in receiving medical alerts focused on education, safety, security, skills and experience, and andherence to guidelines. The purpose was also to investigate whether there were any differences in action between the emergency room nurses who had worked longer or shorter period than two years with this. Method: The design was quantitative, comparative and descriptive. Surveys were distributed to 30 nurses who worked in the emergency room at a Swedish hospital. The questionnaires were answered by 20 nurses these were divided into two groups based on their experience, the groups were compered whether there were any differences in action between the emergency room nurses who had worked longer or shorter period than two years in the emergency room. Results : Emergency Room Introduction, 70% had an experienced colleague. Securities in emergency situation were always experienced by 20% of the nurses while 65%of them often felt secure. Safeties were experienced by 60%. Few nurses reported that they experienced stress and time pressure. Half of the group always thought that their experience and skills were a applied in alarm situations. 50% did know the accepted guidelines. Decision aids was not used to any great extent. There was no difference between groups in the conduct of the emergency situation. Conclusion: Emergency Room introduction and decision support needs to be improved. The majority of the nurses felt safe and secure in emergency situation.

Fishes in the superorder Ostariophysi, including fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), possess specialized epidermal club cells that contain an alarm substance. Damage to these cells, as would occur during a predator attack, causes the release of the alarm substance and can indicate the presence of actively foraging predators to nearby conspecifics. For nearly 70 years, research involving epidermal club cells has focused on the alarm substance and the role it plays in predator/prey interactions. However, recent studies have indicated that there may be a connection between epidermal club cells and the fish immune system. Fish increase investment in epidermal club cells upon exposure to skin penetrating pathogens and parasites. In this study I tested for differences in epidermal club cell investment by fathead minnows exposed to the immunosuppressive effects of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. In experiment 1, fathead minnows were exposed to either a single intraperitoneal injection of corn oil or no injection at all. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether corn oil, the vehicle for cortisol injections in later experiments, had an effect on epidermal club cell density. The treatments had no effect on epidermal club cell size, cell area, or epidermal thickness. In experiment 2, skin extract was prepared from the skin of corn oil injected and non injected fathead minnows as in experiment 1 to determine whether corn oil had an effect on the epidermal club cell alarm substance concentration. The treatments showed no significant differences in observed anti-predator behaviour, including change in shelter use, dashing and freezing. In experiment 3, fathead minnows were exposed to either a single intraperitoneal injection of cortisol or corn oil. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether cortisol, a known immunosuppressant, had an effect on epidermal club cell investment. Fathead minnows exposed to a single cortisol injection had significantly reduced respiratory burst activity of kidney phagocytes indicating that there was suppression of the innate immune system. Furthermore, cortisol treated fathead minnows showed significantly lower numbers of epidermal club cells. The treatments had no effect on individual epidermal club cell area, epidermal thickness and serum cortisol levels after 12 days. The results from this experiment suggest that pharmacological cortisol injections in fathead minnows have a suppressive effect on the fish innate immune system. Furthermore, the findings that cortisol induced immunosuppression also influences epidermal club cell investment provides support for the hypothesis that epidermal club cells may function as part of the fish immune system.

With current advances in sensors and information technology, online measurements of process variables become increasingly accessible for process control and monitoring. Such measurements may take the shape of curves rather than scalar values. The term Multichannel Functional Data (MFD) is used to represent the observations of multiple process variables in the shape of curves. Generally MFD contains rich information about processes. The challenge of process control in MFD is that Statistical Process Control (SPC) is not directly applicable. Furthermore, there is no systematic approach to interpret the complex variation in MFD. In this research, our objective is to develop an approach to systematically analyze the complex variation in MFD for process change detection and process faulty condition discrimination. The main contributions of this thesis are: MFD decomposition, process change detection, and process faulty condition discrimination. We decomposed MFD into global and local components. The approach reveals global and local variations that are due to global signal shifts and local variations. Global variation was extracted using weighted spline smoothing technique, whereas, local variation was obtained by subtracting the global variation from original signals. Weights were obtained using the local moving average of the generalized residuals. The proposed approach helps in process change detection and process faulty condition discrimination based on further MFD analysis using Principal Curve Regression (PCuR) Test. For process change detection, global variation component was used in the PCuR test. In-control global data sets were used as training data to detect process change that is due to global and local variation. On the other hand, for faulty condition discrimination purpose, local variation component was used in the PCuR test. In-control local variation data sets were used as training data in the PCuR test; therefore, process faulty condition that is due to local variations remains in control, whereas, process faulty condition that is due to global shifts appears as random out of control points in the PCuR test. We applied our approach on real life forging data sets. A simulation study was also conducted to verify the approach and results are promising for wide applications.

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No description available.

The skin of many fishes contains large epidermal club cells (ECCs) that are known to release chemicals (alarm cues) that warn other fishes of danger. Initial research on ECCs focussed on their role in predator avoidance behaviour, however later research revealed that these cells might also have immune functions. Anthropogenic activities have dramatically increased over the past decades, with the consequence that many organisms simultaneously get exposed to multiple environmental stressors. We have seen considerable reductions in stratospheric ozone with a concomitant increase in global ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Metal pollution associated with industrial activity is also increasing on a global scale. Cadmium (Cd) is one such ubiquitous pollutant which is known to be toxic to organisms at extremely low concentrations. The main goal of my PhD research was to understand how multiple environmental stressors play a role in altering ECC investment and chemically-mediated predator-prey interactions by indirectly elucidating the evolutionary role of ECCs. The first experiment investigated the effects of in vivo ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure on ECC investment, physiological stress responses and potency of alarm cues in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Subsequently, I investigated the interactive effects of UVR and/or waterborne cadmium (Cd) exposure using the same end points. I found that minnows exposed to UVR, either in the presence or absence of Cd, showed consistent decrease in ECC investment compared to non-exposed controls. There was a significant increase in cortisol levels of UVR exposed minnows compared to unexposed minnows. However, the combined exposure of UVR and Cd reduced cortisol levels relative to that in UVR only exposure. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the potency of the cues prepared from the skin of UVR and/or Cd exposed or non-exposed fish indicating that UVR and/or Cd exposure combined may have little influence on chemically-mediated predator-prey interactions. In aquatic systems, much of the negative effects of UVR are minimized by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) which is known to attenuate rates of UVR across the water column. In my third study, I investigated if DOC played a role in ameliorating the effects of in vivo UVR exposure on physiological stress and ECC investment in fathead minnows. I used two sources of DOC, a commercial soil based DOC (Sigma Aldrich Humic Acid) and a terrigenous source of DOC (Luther Marsh Natural Organic Matter). I found that fish exposed to UVR, in the presence of either source of DOC, in the presence and absence of UV blocking filter, maintained high ECC investment and reduced cortisol levels compared to fish exposed to UVR only. Studies that have examined factors that influence ECC investment have often been hampered by large variation in baseline levels of ECC. The larger the baseline variation in ECC number, the more difficult it is to elucidate factors responsible for changes in ECC investment. While I did not find this problematic in my work with UVR and Cd, others have failed to find effects in manipulative experiments. Consequently, my fourth study examined between and within variation in ECC investment across multiple sites in Saskatchewan and tried to investigate if holding fish under controlled laboratory conditions for up to 28 days would help reduce variation in ECC investment between and within populations. I found some evidence that I could reduce within population variation in ECC investment through time, but could not reduce among-population variation in mean ECC investment.

Alarm substances, released by injured prey, and odours from predators, such as northern pike, are chemical cues associated with increased predation risk in aquatic ecosystems. In laboratory studies, individual prey can respond to the presence of such cues by reducing conspicuous behaviours, such as foraging and by seeking shelter. These responses may reduce growth and reproduction, which could have effects at the population-level. The objective of my study was to determine if alarm substances or pike odour have population-level effects on fathead minnow. In the cattle trough experiment, alarm substances and pike odour had no effect on breeding behaviour and recruitment of young; however, spawning occurred earlier with exposure to alarm substances relative to water controls. In a larger-scale pond experiment, alarm substances had no effect on reproduction or recruitment. Despite individual-level effects in the laboratory, exposure to alarm substances and pike odour had no impact at the population scale. / Ecology

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2818845 bytes, checksum: be3f419fcc4c9f0b3cb6050f150daf3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aimed to estimate the probabilities of false and true alarms caused by the Cumulative Sum control chart over the i rational subgroups, according to various combinations of size n of subgroup rational, standardized decision interval h* and the tolerance value k*. To study them, were simulated data from a random variable Y, under normal distribution with mean μ0 = 0 and standard deviation 1 s 0 = for a process under statistical control over 50 rational subgroups, for n between 1-16. To this end, 1000 simulations were performed by rational subgroup. Then four out of control processes have been set for the statistical average at all rational subgroup ( μ1 = μ0 +ds 0 ) in which d refers to the displacement of the average in numbers of standard deviations of the process. The probability of false alarm a decreases with the increase, increase and decrease of k*, h* and i respectively, while the probability of true alarm Pd has direct relation to n and i, and inverse relation to h* for the same pre-defined minimum difference between the means μ0 and μ1 considering the choice of k* as being half of that difference in number of standard deviations. Both probabilities of true and false alarms were obtained by the normal and lognormal 3P probability distributions adjusted to the random variable Z(i) + S (i −1)* H . In order to give a power greater than 0.90 and a equal or less than 0.05 or 0.01 were recommended to different combinations of k*, h*, i and n. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estimar as probabilidades dos alarmes falsos e verdadeiros provocados pelo gráfico de controle CUSUM tabular ao longo dos i subgrupos racionais, em função de diferentes combinações entre o tamanho n do subgrupo racional, o interval o de decisão padronizado h* e o valor de tolerância k*. Para estudá-los foram simulados dados de uma variável aleatória Y, sob distribuição normal com média μ0 = 0 e desvio-padrão 1 s 0 = para um processo sob controle estatístico para até 50 subgrupos racionais com até 16 repetições. Para tanto, foram realizadas 1000 simulações por subgrupo racional. Em seguida foram estabelecidos outros quatro processos fora de controle estatístico para a média em todos os subgrupos racionais ( μ1 = μ0 +ds 0 ), em que d se refere ao deslocamento da média em número de desvios-padrão do processo. A robabilidade do alarme falso (a ) diminui com os respectivos aumento, aumento e diminuição de k*, h* e i, enquanto a probabilidade do alarme verdadeiro (Pd) possui relação direta com n e i, e inversa com h* para uma mesma diferença mínima pré-definida entre as médias μ1 e μ0 e considerando-se a escolha de k* como sendo a metade desta em número de desvios-padrão. Ambas probabilidades dos alarmes falso e verdadeiro foram obtidas por meio das distribuições de probabilidade normal e lognormal 3P ajustadas à variável aleatória Z(i) + S (i −1) * H . Para conferir um Pd igual ou superior a 0,90 e a igual ou inferior a 0,05 ou 0,01 recomendou-se diferentes combinações de k*, h*, i e n.

Allt fler blir äldre och trots dessa goda nyheter innebär det stora utmaningar för samhället framöver. I samband med att det kommer bli ett ökat behov inom äldreomsorgen och att personalbristen kommer bli allt mer påtaglig framöver, ställer det höga krav på kostnadseffektiviteten. En lösning är att nyttja de tekniska lösningarna som finns idag, att strategiskt använda dem för att frigöra mer tid till personalen samtidigt som brukarna får en tryggare tillvaro. På uppdrag av Phoniro ämnar detta arbete att se över möjligheterna att kombinera tjänsterna larm och tillsyn via kamera. Arbetet utgår från hemtjänstpersonalens perspektiv och deras behov som en sådan lösning bör tillgodose. Med en kvalitativ ansats har insamlad data via observation och intervjuer med totalt tio informanter sammanställts, för att slutligen landa i ett förslag på hur ett användargränssnitt kan se ut. Resultatet visar på hur gränssnittet kan ta hänsyn till upptäckta behov samtidigt som det öppnar upp för vidare diskussion. / People are getting older which will lead to major challenges for the society in the future. The combination of the increased need for elderly care and the predicted lack of personnel, puts high demands on cost-effectiveness. One solution is to utilize technological solutions, strategically using them to free up more time for the personnel while providing a safer environment for older adults in assisted living facilities. On behalf of Phoniro, this work aims to review the possibilities of combining two services; alarms and surveillance via camera. The work is based on the perspective of home care personnel and their requirements for such a service. With a qualitative approach, data has been through observation and interviews from a total of ten informants. Based on this, a prototype of a new interface was presented. The result shows how the interface can take into account identified needs while opening up for further discussion.