Since 1904 bedwetting alarms have been developed and scientifically described for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis, also known as bedwetting. Currently, several bedwetting alarms of various designs are available on the overseas market. These can be imported to South Africa at great cost. As affordable alarms were not readily available in South Africa, there was a need to develop and evaluate a new unit. In order to improve the efficacy of this new device, it was accompanied by detailed user guidelines and instructions. The use of this alarm was tested and the observations of thirteen bedwetting children recorded. Additionally, a programme was developed to counsel enuretic children with accompanying problems, and to assist the parents in dealing with their child's bedwetting problem. The observations and findings will be useful in practice and future research. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Educational Psychology - Specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)

Este estudo trata do tema ventilação mecânica, especificamente das condutas de enfermagem diante do acionamento dos alarmes ventilatórios. O problema de pesquisa foi: Quais são as condutas de enfermagem observadas diante do acionamento dos alarmes ventilatórios, durante a realização dos cuidados de enfermagem, em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva? Propôs dois objetivos: a) Identificar o tipo e a freqüência de cada alarme acionado durante os cuidados de enfermagem com pacientes em terapia intensiva; b) Apresentar as condutas dos enfermeiros praticadas frente ao acionamento dos alarmes ventilatórios. Este trabalho justificou-se pela preocupação com a segurança do paciente crítico dependente da ventilação mecânica e da vigilância do sistema de alarmes oferecida pela equipe de enfermagem. No rastreamento sobre produções com enfoque nos alarmes ventilatórios constatou-se uma importante lacuna na literatura nacional e internacional referentes à atuação dos enfermeiros. A revisão teórica abordou conceitos sobre ventilação mecânica, que esclarecem a relevância do controle correto dos alarmes num ventilador para a prevenção de eventos adversos como barotrauma, volutrauma e hipóxia. Tratou dos alarmes ventilatórios, com sua descrição, repercussões para o paciente e condutas na correção de suas causas. A pesquisa foi do tipo descritivo, observacional. Desenvolvida nas unidades de terapia intensiva e de pós-operatório de um hospital privado do Rio de janeiro. A coleta de dados alcançou 120 horas de observação direta. Aplicou-se um roteiro de observação na modalidade check-list, que descreveu os tipos de alarmes acionados, os cuidados de enfermagem realizados e as condutas de enfermagem adotadas. A população foi composta por 33 enfermeiros, sendo 91% do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 32.4anos ( 5.69). Obteve-se média de 8.15 anos ( 5.08) referente à experiência em terapia intensiva. Resultados: observou-se que 48% dos enfermeiros cursaram especialização em terapia intensiva. Os alarmes ocorreram com 35 pacientes, sendo 54% do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 82 anos ( 10.92). Obteve-se média de 23 dias ( 26.12) referente aos dias de ventilação mecânica. Encontrou-se 60% dos pacientes em sedação profunda, 20% em sedação leve ou moderada e, 20% sem sedação. Os enfermeiros atenderam 45 acionamentos de alarmes. Predominou o alarme de pressão alta (42.2%) seguido dos alarmes: pressão/volume corrente baixos (31.1%), freqüência respiratória alta (15.5%) e volume corrente alto (11.1%). Os alarmes foram deflagrados com maior freqüência nos cuidados: aspiração de vias aéreas (46.6%), mudança de decúbito (22.2%) e banho no leito (17.7%). Observou-se 45 condutas. Prevaleceram as condutas: desarmar (44.4%), ignorar (22.2%) e aspirar TOT/TQT (11.1%). Considerações finais: A ocorrência de alarmes foi considerada esperada durante a realização dos cuidados pelos riscos em 77.7% dos casos. As condutas prevalentes predominaram diante do alarme de pressão alta (34.4%). Em 66.4% dos casos as condutas não foram consideradas seguras para o paciente. Pretende-se incentivar programas de treinamento para os enfermeiros, com foco na monitorização e controle dos alarmes ventilatórios como importante elemento de vigilância em terapia intensiva visando qualificar a assistência ventilatória desempenhada pela enfermagem. / This study is about mechanical ventilation, specifically the nursing procedures ahead of the ventilatory alarms actions. The research issue was: what are the nursing procedures observed ahead of the ventilatory alarms actions during the nursing care in patient undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation? Two objective was suggested: a) to identify the type and the frequency of each alarm event during the nursing care with patient in intensive care; b) to present the nursing procedures executed face to the ventilatory alarms action. This work explained itself by concerning the safety of the critical patient undergoing mechanical ventilation and monitoring the alarms system offered by the nursing stuff. Investigating about ventilatory alarms there was a major gap in the national and international literature concerning of nursing procedures. The theoretical review analyzed the understanding about mechanical ventilation, which elucidate the significance of the correct alarm control in ventilators warning occurrence as barotrauma, volutrauma and hypoxia. One was about the ventilarory alarms, with its description, the influence for the patient and the procedures in the correction of its causes. The type of the research was descriptive, observational. It was developed in intensive care units and in a private post operative hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Assessing datas reached 120 hours of direct observation. It was an observatory study applied in a check list modality, which related the type of active alarms, the accomplished nursing care and the nursing procedures. The population was 33 nurses, which 91% were female. The mean age was 32.4 years old ( 5.69). There were an average of 8.15 years ( 5.08) relating to intensive care experience. Results: 48% of the nurses have attended an intensive care course. The alarms occurred in 35 patient, which 54% were female. The mean age was 82 years old ( 10.92). There were an average of 23 days ( 26.12) relating to the days that they were undergoing of mechanical ventilation. 60% were deep sedated patients, 20% were light or moderate sedated patients and 20% were non sedated patient. 45 alarms event were led to calls for nurses. The high arterial pressure (42.2%) alarm was assumed, followed by those alarms: low current pressure/volume (31.1%), high respiratory frequency (15.5%) and high current volume (11.1%). The alarms was inflamed in more frequency over those cares: respiratory functions (46.6%), change the decubitus position (22.2%) and shower over bed (17.7%). It was observed 45 procedures. It predominated the following procedures: to go off (44.4%), disregard (22.2%) e to aspirate TOT/TQT (11.1%). In conclusion the alarms event was considered normal during the nursing procedures by the risks in 77.7% of the cases. The prevalent procedures assumed ahead of the high pressure alarm (34.4%). In 66.4% of the cases the procedures were not considered safe to the patient. The objective is to encourage the training programs for nurses, focusing on ventilatory alarms monitoring and its control as an important element of monitoring in intensive care aiming to qualify the assistance ventilation performed by nursing.

Navigating the physical world may present only a small fraction of the challenges faced by social animals. Sociality brings with it numerous benefits, including access to important information that may have otherwise been harder to come by. However, almost every aspect of these apparent benefits may also entail additional cognitive challenges, including how to interpret signals from conspecifics, who to attend to, and how to incorporate knowledge about signallers when deciding how to respond. One approach to understanding the cognitive abilities associated with social function is to investigate social species that take part in potentially costly group behaviours, where individual decisions must be made in a social context. In this thesis I explore how jackdaws (Corvus monedula), a highly sociable corvid species, use acoustic information to coordinate collective anti-predator responses. In Chapter Two I showed using playback experiments that the magnitude of collective responses to anti-predator recruitment calls known as “scolding” calls depends on the identity of the caller, with larger responses to familiar colony members than unfamiliar individuals. In Chapter Three I then used habituation-dishabituation experiments to show that this vocal discrimination operates at the level of the individual, with jackdaws discriminating between the calls of different conspecifics, regardless of their level of familiarity. In Chapter Four, I examined whether aspects of call structure conveyed information about threat levels. Here, I found that high rates of scolding calls were associated with elevated threats, and playback experiments suggested that this information might result in larger group responses. The finding that jackdaws are capable of mediating their response to alarm calls based on the identity of the individual caller, and on structural variation in call production, raised the question of whether jackdaws employed similar forms discrimination between acoustic cues made by predators in their environment. I investigated this in Chapter Five, using playback experiments to show that jackdaws responded not only to the vocalisations of resident predators, but that this ability extended to novel predators, and that responsiveness was mediated by the phase of the breeding season in which predators were heard. Together, these findings provide insights in to how discrimination among acoustic cues can mediate group behaviour in species that respond collectively to threats.

Este estudo trata do tema ventilação mecânica, especificamente das condutas de enfermagem diante do acionamento dos alarmes ventilatórios. O problema de pesquisa foi: Quais são as condutas de enfermagem observadas diante do acionamento dos alarmes ventilatórios, durante a realização dos cuidados de enfermagem, em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva? Propôs dois objetivos: a) Identificar o tipo e a freqüência de cada alarme acionado durante os cuidados de enfermagem com pacientes em terapia intensiva; b) Apresentar as condutas dos enfermeiros praticadas frente ao acionamento dos alarmes ventilatórios. Este trabalho justificou-se pela preocupação com a segurança do paciente crítico dependente da ventilação mecânica e da vigilância do sistema de alarmes oferecida pela equipe de enfermagem. No rastreamento sobre produções com enfoque nos alarmes ventilatórios constatou-se uma importante lacuna na literatura nacional e internacional referentes à atuação dos enfermeiros. A revisão teórica abordou conceitos sobre ventilação mecânica, que esclarecem a relevância do controle correto dos alarmes num ventilador para a prevenção de eventos adversos como barotrauma, volutrauma e hipóxia. Tratou dos alarmes ventilatórios, com sua descrição, repercussões para o paciente e condutas na correção de suas causas. A pesquisa foi do tipo descritivo, observacional. Desenvolvida nas unidades de terapia intensiva e de pós-operatório de um hospital privado do Rio de janeiro. A coleta de dados alcançou 120 horas de observação direta. Aplicou-se um roteiro de observação na modalidade check-list, que descreveu os tipos de alarmes acionados, os cuidados de enfermagem realizados e as condutas de enfermagem adotadas. A população foi composta por 33 enfermeiros, sendo 91% do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 32.4anos ( 5.69). Obteve-se média de 8.15 anos ( 5.08) referente à experiência em terapia intensiva. Resultados: observou-se que 48% dos enfermeiros cursaram especialização em terapia intensiva. Os alarmes ocorreram com 35 pacientes, sendo 54% do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 82 anos ( 10.92). Obteve-se média de 23 dias ( 26.12) referente aos dias de ventilação mecânica. Encontrou-se 60% dos pacientes em sedação profunda, 20% em sedação leve ou moderada e, 20% sem sedação. Os enfermeiros atenderam 45 acionamentos de alarmes. Predominou o alarme de pressão alta (42.2%) seguido dos alarmes: pressão/volume corrente baixos (31.1%), freqüência respiratória alta (15.5%) e volume corrente alto (11.1%). Os alarmes foram deflagrados com maior freqüência nos cuidados: aspiração de vias aéreas (46.6%), mudança de decúbito (22.2%) e banho no leito (17.7%). Observou-se 45 condutas. Prevaleceram as condutas: desarmar (44.4%), ignorar (22.2%) e aspirar TOT/TQT (11.1%). Considerações finais: A ocorrência de alarmes foi considerada esperada durante a realização dos cuidados pelos riscos em 77.7% dos casos. As condutas prevalentes predominaram diante do alarme de pressão alta (34.4%). Em 66.4% dos casos as condutas não foram consideradas seguras para o paciente. Pretende-se incentivar programas de treinamento para os enfermeiros, com foco na monitorização e controle dos alarmes ventilatórios como importante elemento de vigilância em terapia intensiva visando qualificar a assistência ventilatória desempenhada pela enfermagem. / This study is about mechanical ventilation, specifically the nursing procedures ahead of the ventilatory alarms actions. The research issue was: what are the nursing procedures observed ahead of the ventilatory alarms actions during the nursing care in patient undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation? Two objective was suggested: a) to identify the type and the frequency of each alarm event during the nursing care with patient in intensive care; b) to present the nursing procedures executed face to the ventilatory alarms action. This work explained itself by concerning the safety of the critical patient undergoing mechanical ventilation and monitoring the alarms system offered by the nursing stuff. Investigating about ventilatory alarms there was a major gap in the national and international literature concerning of nursing procedures. The theoretical review analyzed the understanding about mechanical ventilation, which elucidate the significance of the correct alarm control in ventilators warning occurrence as barotrauma, volutrauma and hypoxia. One was about the ventilarory alarms, with its description, the influence for the patient and the procedures in the correction of its causes. The type of the research was descriptive, observational. It was developed in intensive care units and in a private post operative hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Assessing datas reached 120 hours of direct observation. It was an observatory study applied in a check list modality, which related the type of active alarms, the accomplished nursing care and the nursing procedures. The population was 33 nurses, which 91% were female. The mean age was 32.4 years old ( 5.69). There were an average of 8.15 years ( 5.08) relating to intensive care experience. Results: 48% of the nurses have attended an intensive care course. The alarms occurred in 35 patient, which 54% were female. The mean age was 82 years old ( 10.92). There were an average of 23 days ( 26.12) relating to the days that they were undergoing of mechanical ventilation. 60% were deep sedated patients, 20% were light or moderate sedated patients and 20% were non sedated patient. 45 alarms event were led to calls for nurses. The high arterial pressure (42.2%) alarm was assumed, followed by those alarms: low current pressure/volume (31.1%), high respiratory frequency (15.5%) and high current volume (11.1%). The alarms was inflamed in more frequency over those cares: respiratory functions (46.6%), change the decubitus position (22.2%) and shower over bed (17.7%). It was observed 45 procedures. It predominated the following procedures: to go off (44.4%), disregard (22.2%) e to aspirate TOT/TQT (11.1%). In conclusion the alarms event was considered normal during the nursing procedures by the risks in 77.7% of the cases. The prevalent procedures assumed ahead of the high pressure alarm (34.4%). In 66.4% of the cases the procedures were not considered safe to the patient. The objective is to encourage the training programs for nurses, focusing on ventilatory alarms monitoring and its control as an important element of monitoring in intensive care aiming to qualify the assistance ventilation performed by nursing.

A enurese é uma condição caracterizada pela perda de urina durante o sono, em crianças com mais de cinco anos sem outra condição clínica que explique os episódios. A enurese pode ser primária, no caso das crianças que nunca obtiveram controle prévio, ou secundária, em que a enurese cessou por pelo menos seis meses. Também é classificada como monossintomática, na ausência de sintomas diurnos do trato urinário inferior ou não-monossintomática, quando está associada a tais sintomas, como a urgência miccional. A enurese, cujas causas apresentam componentes hereditários ainda pouco claros, tem sua etiologia baseada na combinação de três fatores: a poliúria noturna ou a hiperatividade detrusora ligada á incapacidade de despertar em resposta aos sinais da bexiga cheia. Há tratamentos medicamentosos e psicológicos, sendo que a desmopressina, análogo sintético da vasopressina, que atua na poliúria noturna e o alarme, que atua na incapacidade de despertar, apresentam os níveis mais altos de recomendação e evidência. Embora tais tratamentos estejam consolidados, ainda não há total clareza sobre seus mecanismos de funcionamento e o porquê de não alcançarem todos os casos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se um conjunto de variáveis atuaria como moderador do resultado do tratamento com alarme, ou seja, em que medida influenciava, positiva ou negativamente, o desempenho dos participantes atendidos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: tipo de acompanhamento (presencial e à distância), frequência inicial de episódios, nível de problemas de comportamento, escolaridade dos pais, sexo e idade. Foram incluídos na amostra 61 crianças e adolescentes de 6 a 17 anos que receberam tratamento com alarme, sendo que 34 foram acompanhados à distância e 27 presencialmente. No total, 37 participantes obtiveram sucesso, caracterizado por 14 noites consecutivas sem episódios, num período de 28 semanas. Doze participantes não obtiveram sucesso e outros 12 desistiram. Caracterizaram-se como moderadoras do resultado do tratamento as seguintes variáveis: tipo de acompanhamento (grupo acompanhado à distância obteve mais sucessos), frequência inicial de episódios (participantes que obtiveram sucesso tinham menos episódios, em média, no início do tratamento) e nível de problemas de comportamento (participantes que não obtiveram sucesso tinham escores maiores de problemas de comportamento externalizantes). Os resultados indicam a efetividade do alarme e apontam para os aspectos que devem receber atenção do clínico ao administrar esse tipo de tratamento / Enuresis is a condition in which children of at least five years of age lose urine during sleep, without another clinical condition that could explain the wetting episodes. Enuresis may be primary, when the child has not obtained previous bladder control, or secondary, when such control was achieved for at least six months. It is also classified as monosymptomatic, when it is not associated with other lower urinary tract symptoms or non monosymptomatic, when these symptoms, such as urgency, are present. Enuresis etiology has unclear hereditary aspects. Its physiology is based on a combination of at least two of three malfunctioning systems: incapacity to wake in response to the full bladder signals plus nocturnal polyuria or detrusor hyperactivity. There are evidence based pharmacological and psychological treatments. Desmopressin, a synthetic version of hormone vasopressin that reduces nocturnal polyuria is the first line pharmacological treatment, whereas the alarm, which acts in the incapacity to wake is the first line psychological treatment. Both have the higher levels of evidence and recommendation by the specialized literature. However, the mechanisms underlying these treatments results and the reasons they are not successful with every enuretic children are not entirely clear. The objective of this work was to verify to what stand a series of variables are moderators of alarm treatment outcome. These variables were: type of support (face-to-face versus long distance), initial bedwetting frequency, behavior problems scores, level of parents education, gender and age. Sixty-one children with ages from 6 to 17 were included. All received full spectrum home training. Thirty-four received long distance support during treatment and 27 received face-to-face support. Success was defined by 14 consecutive dry nights within a 28 weeks treatment period. Success was obtained by 37 children, while 12 did not succeed and other 12 dropped out. Three variables were observed as moderators of treatment outcome: type of support (long distance had better results), initial bedwetting frequency (participants who succeeded had fewer initial wet nights) and behavior problem scores (participants who did not succeed had higher externalizing problems scores). Results indicate alarm effectiveness and aspects that should be focuses of attention when this kind of treatment is administered

Não há consenso entre os estudos quanto à associação entre a presença de problemas de comportamento e resultados piores no tratamento com alarme para enurese. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de associações entre a presença de problemas de comportamento e os resultados do tratamento com alarme para enurese primária com acompanhamento semanal de um terapeuta. Os participantes foram 20 crianças com enurese primária, 13 do sexo masculino e 7, do sexo feminino, com idades entre seis e dez anos. Metade das crianças apresentava escores clínicos indicativos de problemas de comportamento segundo o Child Behavior Checklist. As oito crianças sem problemas de comportamento que concluíram o tratamento alcançaram o critério de sucesso inicial (14 noites secas consecutivas) e apenas duas desistiram. Das dez crianças com problemas de comportamento, somente metade atingiu o sucesso inicial, quatro desistiram e uma completou o período de tratamento e não obteve sucesso. Essas diferenças nos resultados finais não foram significativas em termos estatísticos. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas taxas de recaídas entre as crianças com e sem problemas de comportamento. Quatro das oito crianças sem problemas de comportamento que haviam alcançado o critério de sucesso inicial apresentaram recaídas e quatro conseguiram manter o controle noturno adquirido. Das cinco crianças com problemas de comportamento que alcançaram o sucesso inicial, três, apresentaram recaídas e duas, enquadraram-se no critério de sucesso continuado. A única diferença estatística encontrada entre os dois grupos de crianças foi no tempo de tratamento necessário para alcance do critério de sucesso inicial. Em 12 semanas de tratamento, a probabilidade de atingir o sucesso inicial foi de 86,11% para as crianças sem problemas de comportamento e de 10% para as crianças com problemas de comportamento; em 20 semanas, a probabilidade foi de 100% para as crianças sem problemas de comportamento e de 40% para as crianças com problemas de comportamento. Pode-se dizer, portanto, que, na amostra de crianças atendidas, os problemas de comportamento parecem ter ocasionado dificuldades para que progressos fossem alcançados no tratamento da enurese com alarme. Na maioria dos casos, entretanto, essas dificuldades não foram suficientes para que as crianças com problemas de comportamento apresentassem ao final do tratamento resultados significativamente diferentes das crianças sem problemas de comportamento. Esses resultados sugerem que as crianças com problemas de comportamento podem beneficiar-se do tratamento com alarme para enurese tanto quanto as crianças sem problemas de comportamento. Considerando o tempo necessário para o alcance do sucesso inicial, os resultados indicam que, provavelmente, as crianças com problemas de comportamento precisam mais de acompanhamento intensivo durante o tratamento com alarme para enurese do que as crianças sem problemas de comportamento. / There is no consensus among the studies regarding the association between behavior problems and worse outcomes in alarm treatment for enuresis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between behavior problems and outcome in alarm treatment for primary enuresis with weekly sessions with a therapist. The participants were 20 children with primary enuresis, 13 boys and 7 girls, between the ages of six and ten. Half of these children presented clinical scores on the Child Behavior Checklist. Eight out of the 10 children without behavior problems who finished the treatment have achieved the criteria for initial success (14 consecutive dry nights) and two of them dropped out. Only half of the children with behavior problems attained initial success, four of them dropped out and one finished without success. These differences on the outcome were not statistically significant. There were also not found significant statistical differences in the occurrence of relapses rates between children with and without behavior problems. Four of the eight children without behavior problems who attained initial success have relapsed, and four have maintained the acquired nocturnal control. Three of the five children with behavior problems who achieved the initial success have relapsed and two of them satisfied the criteria for continued success. The only statistical difference found between the children groups was the time required to achieve initial success. In 12 weeks of treatment, the probability of attaining initial success was 86.11% for children without behavior problems and 10% for children with behavior problems; in 20 weeks, the probability was 100% for children without behavior problems, and 40% for the children with behavior problems. Therefore, it is possible to say that in that sample of children the behavior problems seemed to provide difficulties in achieving progresses in the alarm treatment for enuresis. On most of the cases, those difficulties were not enough to make the outcomes at the end of the treatment of children with behavior problems being statistically different from the children without behavior problems. These results suggest that children with behavior problems may benefit from alarm treatment as well as children without behavior problems. Considering the time required for achieving success, the results indicate that they probably need more intensive support during enuresis treatment with alarm than children without other problems.

Orientadores: Leonardo de Souza Mendes, Mario Lemes Proença Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:04:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amaral_AlexandredeAguiar_M.pdf: 2806398 bytes, checksum: 8a624028da0fcad69cc19e194d5e788c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Estratégias voltadas para a detecção de anomalias em redes de computadores emitem alarmes como forma de notificação ao administrador de rede. Esses alarmes são essenciais para a gerencia de rede, pois são evidencias de uma anormalidade. Entretanto, uma única anomalia pode gerar um numero excessivo de alarmes, tornando a inspeção manual inviável. Nesta dissertação, e apresentado um sistema de correlação de alarmes automatizado, divido em três camadas, que obtém os alarmes primitivos e apresenta ao administrador de rede uma visão global do cenário afetado pela anomalia. A camada de pré-processamento faz a compressão dos alarmes utilizando seus atributos espaciais e temporais, os quais são reduzidos a um único alarme denominado DLA (Alarme em Nível de Equipamento). A camada de correlação busca, através dos DLAs e de informações sobre a topologia da rede, inferir o caminho de propagação da anomalia, sua origem e destino. A camada de apresentação prove a visualização do caminho e elementos de redes afetados pela propagação da anomalia. O sistema apresentado nesta dissertação foi aplicado em diversos cenários que apresentavam anomalias reais detectadas na rede da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foi demonstrada sua capacidade de identificar, de forma automatizada, o caminho de propagação do trafego anômalo, proporcionando informações úteis e corretas ao administrador de rede para o diagnostico do problema / Abstract: Anomaly detection systems for computer networks send alarms in order to notify the network administrator. These alarms are essential for network management because they are evidences of an abnormality. However, a single anomaly may generate an excessive volume of alarms, making the manual inspection unfeasible. In this work, it is presented an automated alarm correlation system divided into three layers, which obtains raw alarms and presents to network administrator a global view of the scenario affected by the anomaly. In the preprocessing layer, it is performed the alarm compression using their spatial and temporal attributes, which are reduced to a unique alarm named DLA (Device Level Alarm). The correlation layer aims to infer the anomaly propagation path and its origin and destination using DLAs and network topology information. The presentation layer provides the visualization of the path and network elements affected by the anomaly propagation through the network. The presented system was applied in various scenarios that had real anomalies detected on the State University of Londrina network. It demonstrated its ability to identify in an automated manner the anomalous traffic propagation path, providing useful and accurate information to the network administrator to diagnose the problem / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Commissioned by the government, SOS Alarm has undertaken the assignment to be responsible for the emergency calls within Sweden. They are also performing commissions for the county councils in dispatching ambulances. SOS Alarms business concept is to develop, offer and perform services to create safety in emergency situations and to create a safer society. To develop the ambulance services in Sweden, SOS Alarm started a project in the beginning of 2003. The project is called OPAL, Optimized Ambulance Logistics, and it is being conducted in cooperation with Linköpings Universitet. Ambulance Logistics is the planning, implementation and control of resources and information used to facilitate an efficient way of serving a person in need of out-of-hospital medical care, including possible transportation. Among other things, the OPAL-project has resulted in a preparedness calculator. The calculator calculates the preparedness for certain areas in Sweden (so far Dalarna and the county of Stockholm) and visualizes the preparedness on a digital map to support the persons who dispatch the ambulances. If an area has “bad preparedness”, in simple terms it means that there are not enough ambulances in the surrounding area to cover the probable needs. The inputs for the preparedness calculator include forecasts of where and when ambulance calls are probable to occur in Sweden. The purpose with this thesis is to create a method to produce these forecasts. A method to update the forecasts when new input data is available also has to be created. The data analysis and production of forecasts in this thesis are based on data from Dalarna. However, the method has to be generalized and eventually applicable to produce forecasts for the rest of Sweden. An analysis of historical data shows that the demand is constant, with no obvious trend. It is obvious that number of ambulance calls is differentiated over the days of the week and also over the hours of the day. Therefore, the week is categorized into 168 different indexes, one for each hour of the week. The next step is to examine two reasonable forecasting methods, moving average and exponential smoothing, and compare their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Based on these comparisons, the moving average method is recommended. With the forecasts, the preparedness in selected areas can be calculated and SOS Alarm receives excellent assistance in dispatching ambulances in a more efficient way. The preparedness calculator will assist in preventing bad preparedness and it makes sure that the best possible preparedness is being upheld. Therefore, good forecasting can contribute to a safer society and to saving human lives. / SOS Alarm har, med staten som uppdragsgivare, åtagit sig att svara för nödnumret 112 inom Sverige. De utför även uppdrag för landstingens räkning, inom ambulansalarmering och inom ambulansdirigering. SOS Alarms affärsidé är att utveckla, erbjuda och utföra tjänster för att skapa trygghet i nödsituationer och bidra till ett tryggare samhälle. I början av år 2003 inledde SOS Alarm projektet OPAL med målet att utveckla ambulansverksamheten i Sverige. OPAL står för Optimerad Ambulanslogistik och drivs i samarbete med Linköpings universitet. Ambulanslogistik är den planering, implementering och kontroll av resurser och information som utförs för att åstadkomma ett effektivt sätt att betjäna en person i behov av vård utanför sjukhuset, inklusive eventuell transport. OPAL-projektet har bland annat resulterat i en beredskapskalkylator. Denna kalkylator beräknar beredskapen för vissa områden i Sverige (för närvarande i Dalarna och Stockholms län) och visualiserar dessa beredskaper på en digital karta som stöd för de personer som styr ambulanserna och tilldelar dem uppdrag. ”Dålig beredskap” i ett område innebär förenklat att det inte finns tillräckligt många ambulanser i närheten för att uppfylla det förväntade behovet. En ingående parameter som behövs till beredskapskalkylatorn är prognoser för när det är troligt att uppdrag kommer att uppstå i olika områden. Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa en metod för att prognostisera detta förväntade antal uppdrag för ambulanserna i Sverige. En metod ska även skapas för att prognoserna ska kunna uppdateras i takt med att ny data samlas in. Analysen av data och framtagning av prognoserna utförs i examensarbetet för Dalarna som exempel, men metoden ska kunna användas även för att ta fram prognoser för övriga Sverige. En analys av historiska data för Dalarna visar en bakomliggande konstant efterfrågemodell utan tydlig trend. Det visar sig tydligt att antal uppdrag beror på vilken veckodag samt vilken timme på dygnet som råder. Valet blir därför att tilldela veckan 168 olika index, ett för varje timme under veckan. Sedan undersöks två rimliga prognosmetoder, glidande medelvärde och exponentiell utjämning, som jämförs kvalitativt och kvantitativt. Med dessa analyser som grund rekommenderas metoden glidande medelvärde. Med prognosvärden kan beredskapen i utvalda områden beräknas och SOS Alarm får god hjälp att dirigera ambulanser på ett mer effektivt sätt. Beredskapskalkylatorn är ett verktyg som hjälper till att förebygga dålig beredskap och att se till att bästa möjliga beredskap hålls. Goda prognoser kan alltså bidra till ett tryggare samhälle och att rädda människoliv.

This paper presents a method for recognition of flame types coming from different kinds of fuel through analysis of flame images. Accurate detection of fire alarm and achievement of early warning is positive development for cities fire safety. Image-based fire flame detection technology is a new effective way to achieve early warning through the early fire flame detection. Different fuel combustion in air it the basic of basis to recognize the type of flame. The application built up by using generic color model and the techniques of image analysis.

Introduction: It is of great importance that there is a functioning priority system at SOS Alarm that complies with the ambulance care for equivalent priorities, which may have a significant role for the severely ill patient. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe the ambulance nurse's experiences of SOS Alarm's priorities and use of ambulance resources. Method: An empirical interview study with qualitative design and an inductive approach. 12 ambulance nurses were interviewed in two regions in Sweden. The material was analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's method. Results: The result is presented in two themes with eight categories. The two themes presented are: factors experienced affecting the priorities of SOS Alarm and experiences of available ambulance resources. Conclusion: An equivalent priority system is desirable by the ambulance nurses when the ambulance care and SOS Alarm work together on a daily basis. It is important that the systems that the organizations work under operate optimally to facilitate the respective device. It has been found that there is insufficient knowledge of each other's working methods. Ambulance nurses feel that cooperation must be developed by matching the priority systems to each other, which can contribute to increased patient safety. Ambulance nurses find that SOS Alarm often over prioritize and sends ambulances to patients without care needs. The goal of both organizations is ultimately to provide the patient with a safe and secure care. / Introduktion:Det är av stor betydelse att det finns ett fungerande prioriteringssystem hos SOS Alarm som överrensstämmer med ambulanssjukvården för likvärdiga prioriteringar, vilket kan ha en betydande roll för den svårt sjuka patienten. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskans upplevelser av SOS Alarms prioriteringar och bruk av ambulansresurser. Metod: En empirisk intervjustudie med kvalitativ design och en induktiv ansats. 12 ambulanssjuksköterskor intervjuades i två regioner i mellan- Sverige. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av Graneheim och Lundmans metod. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas i två teman med åtta kategorier. De två teman som presenteras är : faktorer som upplevs påverka prioriteringarna från SOS Alarm och upplevelser av tillgängliga ambulansresurser. Slutsats: Ett överrensstämmande prioriteringssystem är önskvärt av ambulanssjuksköterskorna då ambulanssjukvården och SOS Alarm arbetar tillsammans dagligen. Det är viktigt att systemen som organisationerna arbetar under fungerar optimalt för att underlätta för respektive enhet. Det har visat sig att det finns bristande kunskap om varandras arbetssätt. Ambulanssjuksköterskorna upplever att samarbetet måste utvecklas genom att prioriteringssystemen liknar varandras som kan bidra till ökad patientsäkerhet. Ambulanssjuksköterskorna upplever att SOS Alarm ofta överprioriterar och skickar ambulans till patienter utan vårdbehov. Målet för båda organisationerna är i slutändan att ge patienten en trygg och säker vård.