In this thesis, I analyze some of the most important contributions concerning the inclusion of animals in the moral and political sphere. Moving from these positions, I suggest that a meaningful consideration of animals' sentience demands a profound, radical political theory which considers animals as moral patients endowed with specific capabilities whose actualization needs to be allowed and/or promoted. Such theory would take human-animal different types of relationships into account to decide what kind of ethical and political responsibilities humans have towards animals. It would be also based on the assumption that animals' sentience is the necessary and sufficient feature for assigning moral status. I start from the consideration that in the history of political philosophy, most theorists have excluded animals from the realm of justice. I then propose an examination of utilitarianism, capabilities approach, and relational-based theories of animal rights (in particular the works by Kymlicka and Donaldson, and Clare Palmer) and borrow essential elements from each of these approaches to build my theory. I claim that a political theory which attaches high importance to individual capabilities, as well as to the various types of relationships we have with animals, is the most appropriate to tackle the puzzle of human responsibilities to animals.

I denna uppsats för jag en diskussion om huruvida Peter Singers preferensutilitarism är en hållbar moralteori för djuretik. Detta utförs genom en undersökning av kritik som riktats mot Singers teori för att sedan granska om argumenten står på en legitim grund. Det finns två argument i fokus som presenteras av Josephine Donovan och som vi kommer att se indikerar de att Singers teori faktiskt har några besvärliga element som behöver modifieras. Jag hävdar att de besvärliga delarna kan lösas av utilitarismens komplexitet. I den sista delen av uppsatsen presenterar jag en möjlig hybridteori som inkluderar delar från både Donovans teori och aspekter från den indirekta utilitarismen. / In this essay I present a discussion regarding if Peter Singer's preference utilitarianism is a tenable moral theory for animal ethics. This is done through an examination of criticism directed at Singer's theory and then examining whether the arguments stand on a legitimate basis. There are two arguments in focus presented by Josephine Donovan and as we will see they will indicate that Singer's theory does in fact have some troublesome elements that needs modification. I argue that the troublesome elements may be solved by the complexity of utilitarianism. In the final part of the essay I present a possible hybrid theory that includes parts from both Donovan's theory and aspects from the indirect utilitarianism.

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Rosa Bonheur, artiste animalière du 19e siècle se révèle, par ses représentations humaines/ équines, être pionnière dans l’avènement d’une éthique animale. Bien qu’ayant joui d’une popularité enviable de son vivant, les études posthumes faites à son sujet sont majoritairement biographiques et principalement intéressées à examiner son célèbre Marché aux chevaux (1853-1855), sous la loupe de sa sexualité. Cette approche limitée, en plus de ne pas rendre justice à la position artistique adoptée par Bonheur, asservit les sujets équins de ses œuvres. Ce mémoire propose un angle alternatif de lecture de ses tableaux, qui se veut plus en adéquation avec son éthique animale. Inspiré par les recherches récentes des animal studies, particulièrement celles influencées par la déconstruction, il sera démontré que les représentations des relations inter-espèces de Bonheur soulèvent d’importants questionnements éthiques. Dans ce contexte, Rocky Bear and Chief Red Shirt (1889), une œuvre indûment négligée par les études en histoire de l’art, s’avère essentielle, lorsque considérée aux côtés du Marché aux chevaux, comme moyen de saisir l’éthique équine de l’artiste. Par l’analyse de ses oeuvres, ce mémoire invite à une réévaluation de l’art de Bonheur comme étant l’expression de son engagement pour l’avènement d’une manière plus éthique d’être avec le cheval. De plus, il cherche à contribuer, de façon significative, à la compréhension des rôles que les pratiques de représentation, en général et spécifiquement dans l’art, peuvent jouer dans la transformation de nos perceptions de l’animal non-humain. / Through her depictions of the human/horse relationship, the animal painter Rosa Bonheur has shown herself to be a pioneer in the advent of animal ethics. In life she enjoyed an enviable popularity and posthumously her work has continued to attract attention with most studies focussing on her biography, reading her famous The Horse Fair (1853-1855) through the prism of her sexuality. Such approaches are too limited and fail to do justice to Bonheur’s artistic philosophy, overwriting the importance of the horse, a key subject in many of her works. This dissertation takes an alternative approach, one more in keeping with the artist’s animal ethics. Inspired by recent research in animal studies, particularly research informed by deconstruction, the thesis demonstrates how Bonheur’s representation of interspecies relations raises key ethical questions. In this context, Rocky Bear and Chief Red Shirt (1889), a painting which has been unduly neglected in existing art historical scholarship, forms a vital work, one which is considered alongside the celebrated The Horse Fair as a means to understand Bonheur’s equine ethics. Through an analysis of these paintings in particular, the thesis invites a reassessment of Bonheur’s art as an expression of her commitment to the ethical treatment of horses and also seeks to make a significant contribution to understanding the role practices of representation more generally, including art, can play in the transformation of our perception of non-human animals.

Den här uppsatsen är baserad på en enkätundersökning samt intervjuer med gymnasielever angående deras tankar kring djurförsök. Jag har intervjuat studenter från två olika naturbruksgymnasier. Båda har inriktningen djurvård men det är endast en av dem som ger en specialiseringskurs inom forskningsdjur. Min frågeställning är att undersöka om elever som läser kursen i försöksdjurskunskap har en annan inställning än de elever som endast läser djursjukvård. Som resultaten visar så är de eleverna som läser specialiseringskursen mer positiva till både djurförsök och att jobba med försöksdjur. De har också en mer korrekt bild och större vetskap om hur verkligheten ser ut för försöksdjuren. Detta beror till stor del på att de har lärare som är utbildade försöksdjurstekniker och har arbetat länge med försöksdjur inom forskningsvärlden. De elever på gymnasiet där specialiseringskursen inte finns är negativt inställda till djurförsök och anser att djuren torteras och lever under hemska förhållanden. Då de inte ges någon undervisning om forskningsdjur så har deras uppfattning formats genom media, vilket har framgått i enkäterna, till exempel tidningen Djurens rätt. Andra elever ”bara vet” hur verkligheten ser ut för försöksdjuren. De har heller inga kunskaper om regelverket kring forskning och den etiska nämndens uppgift. I uppsatsen ingår även en stor del historia om djurförsök förr i tiden. Det är viktigt att ha kunskap om historien eftersom det ger en bild av hur människans förhållningssätt till djuren har formats och förändrats över tid. / This essay is based on a survey and interviews with high school students regarding their thoughts about animal testing. I have interviewed students from two different high schools inSweden; both are agricultural high schools but only one have got laboratory animal science as a special orientation in the education. The issue on which this essay is based on is whether or not the students who are studying laboratory animal science have a different view on lab animals than students only reading animal healthcare have. As the results show, the students who are studying laboratory animal science are more positive towards both animal testing and also working with lab animals. They also have a more correct view and understanding of the reality of lab animals since they are given an up-to-date education from teachers who has been working in labs and with lab animals. Students not given this special orientation in the subject has a view of animal testing as a very negative thing where animals are tortured and held under cruel circumstances. There negative view of laboratory animal and animal testing is an understanding mostly caused by media, but some of the students “just know” how the reality is for the lab animals. Moreover, the students lack knowledge about the strict regulation that surrounds scientific studies on animals and they do not know about the ethic counsel and its purpose. A large part of history about animal testing in the early days is also included in this essay. I think it is important to have knowledge about our history in order to understand how our relationship towards animals have changed over time.

The thesis is an evaluation of a utilitarian argument for the permissibility of purchasing meat. The argument, which I call the replaceability argument, rests on four premises: 1. Meat purchases cause animals to be brought into existence. 2. The animals brought into existence by meat purchases live lives of positive final value. 3. If the first two premises are true, then meat purchases cause at least as good consequences as any alternative act. 4. If meat purchases cause at least as good consequences as any alternative act, then meat purchases are permissible. The first three premises are examined while the fourth one, representing consequentialism, is assumed to be true. The evaluation results in the conclusion that the argument is unsound because all of the premises evaluated turn out to be either doubtful or false.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-26T14:31:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Izabel Melgaço.pdf: 9094762 bytes, checksum: 9e8bd8e86bbc9fddda87a17e84242464 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-26T14:31:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Izabel Melgaço.pdf: 9094762 bytes, checksum: 9e8bd8e86bbc9fddda87a17e84242464 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-26T14:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Izabel Melgaço.pdf: 9094762 bytes, checksum: 9e8bd8e86bbc9fddda87a17e84242464 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Centro de Estudos Gerais. Instituto de Biologia. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular / Ao longo do tempo, o ensino de ciências e biologia vem absorvendo as mais variadas demandas tanto do campo científico como do campo moral. Ao nos depararmos com uma crise ambiental sem precedentes e fruto de uma perspectiva ética antropocêntrica que enxerga a natureza apenas como fonte inesgotável de recursos, torna-se necessário que o sistema de crenças e valores que guiou nosso desenvolvimento até então seja confrontado. Nesse cenário, surge a Bioética, que se ocupa das discussões éticas sobre as atitudes humanas que afetam a vida no planeta e, no campo educacional brasileiro, surge a Educação Ambiental que objetiva assumir um compromisso com mudanças de valores e comportamentos que possibilitem a gestão da crise ambiental com a instituição do respeito à diversidade biológica. Entendendo que a mudança de valores é imprescindível para que o quadro crítico seja contornado, o presente estudo buscou abordar os aspectos envolvidos na (re)construção de valores que sustentam as relações que os seres humanos estabeleceram com os animais ao longo dos séculos através da apresentação da perspectiva ética senciocêntrica e da análise de conteúdo sobre essa relação em livros didáticos de ciências e biologia indicados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático. Os resultados mostram que, embora o cenário social demande e a legislação oriente para uma mudança de valores e tratamento em relação ao ambiente e aos animais, os livros didáticos ainda apresentam seus conteúdos com forte abordagem antropocêntrica e que a representação dos animais ainda reflete uma relação hierárquica de domínio humano sobre esses seres / Over time, the teaching of science and biology has been absorbing the most varied demands both from the scientific field and from the moral field. When faced with an unprecedented environmental crisis because of an anthropocentric ethical perspective that sees nature only as an endless source of resources, the system of beliefs and values that guided our development so far needs to be confronted. In this scenario, the Bioethics emerges with ethical discussions about human attitudes that affect life on the planet and, in the Brazilian educational field, the Environmental Education also emerges aiming to make a commitment to change values and behaviors that will lead to the management of the environmental crisis by establishing respect for biological diversity. Understanding that change of values is essential to avoid this critical situation, this study aimed to address the issues involved in the (re)construction of values that underpin the relationship that humans have established with animals over the centuries. For this purpose we presented sentiocentric ethical perspective and analyzed content about this relationship in textbooks of science and biology appointed by the Brazilian National Textbook Program. The results show that although the ethical scene and legislation demand for a change of values and treatment to the environment and animals, textbooks still present their content with strong anthropocentric approach and that the representation of animals still reflects a human dominion over these beings

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2018-01-11T14:38:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) JULIANA CLEMENTE MACHADO.pdf: 8318045 bytes, checksum: 1739cdd1c45f4a2f80ab212c7000ecdf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2018-01-11T14:38:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) JULIANA CLEMENTE MACHADO.pdf: 8318045 bytes, checksum: 1739cdd1c45f4a2f80ab212c7000ecdf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-11T14:38:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) JULIANA CLEMENTE MACHADO.pdf: 8318045 bytes, checksum: 1739cdd1c45f4a2f80ab212c7000ecdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Acessa.com / Desde muito cedo na história da comunicação, os animais não humanos são usados como símbolos para representar características da sociedade humana. No presente, é comum encontrá-los em filmes, livros, propagandas e desenhos animados trazendo valores e ideologias que sinalizam o modo como entendemos o mundo. Existe uma linha de pesquisa, com contribuição da antropologia, pedagogia, sociologia e comunicação, que visa investigar como são estas representações, por que elas ocorrem e quais as consequências disto para a relação das pessoas com os demais animais na vida real. Haveria relação entre o modo como a sociedade representa os animais na mídia e o modo como ela compreende estes seres na realidade? Esta foi a pergunta principal que norteou toda a condução do presente estudo. Considerando que os desenhos animados são talvez a primeira forma de contato com animais na ficção, este trabalho dedicou-se a investigar este meio de comunicação. Entre os animais, o gato doméstico foi escolhido por se tratar de uma espécie cuja relação com a sociedade é cercada de simbolismos, misticismos, compreensões equivocadas e percepções preconceituosas. Há registros significativos, inclusive, de maus-tratos, abandono e não adoção destes animais. Assim, este trabalho objetivou investigar como ocorre a representação do gato doméstico nos desenhos animados: como é apresentado o seu comportamento, se é antropomorfizado, em que grau e em quais aspectos. Se antropomorfizado, como seria sua representação moral. Foi possível confirmar a ausência de representação fidedigna da grande maioria dos comportamentos. Também verificou-se que é um animal antropomorfizado, especialmente em sua biologia e comportamentos e em segundo lugar, por meio da linguagem. Finalmente concluiu-se que nos desenhos sua representação moral é ambígua, ora com características positivas, ora com traços negativos, reforçando a ambiguidade e incerteza presentes em outros contextos da sociedade. A discussão girou em torno das possíveis consequências deste panorama na percepção das pessoas em relação ao gato doméstico. Defende-se aqui a necessidade de uma reflexão sobre o dever moral que a mídia, pais e educadores têm em direcionar a olhar crítico das pessoas em formação sobre estes modos de representar. Esta preocupação vai ao encontro das reflexões que a ética animal vem levantando no presente. Espera-se que com este debate, possamos melhorar a forma como compreendemos e nos relacionamos com os animais não humanos em diferentes setores da nossa sociedade / Since very early in the history of communication, nonhuman animals are used as symbols to represent features of human society. At present, it is common to find them in films, books, advertisements and animated cartoons with values and ideologies that signal the way we understand the world. There is a research line, with contribution of anthropology, pedagogy, sociology and communication which aims to investigate how these representations are, why they occur and what the consequences of this for the relationship between people and other animals in real life. Is there a relationship between the way society represents animals in the media and the way we understand them? This was the main question that guided the conduction of this study. Considering that cartoons are perhaps the first form of contact with animals in fiction, this work was dedicated to investigate this media. Among animals, the domestic cat was chosen because it is a specie whose relationship with society is surrounded by symbolism, mysticism, wrong understandings and prejudiced perceptions. There are significant records of maltreatment, abandonment and non adoption of these animals. This work aimed to investigate how the representation of domestic cat in the cartoons is, how their behaviour is presented, whether it is anthropomorphized, to what degree and in what aspects. If cat is anthropomorphized, how his moral representation is. It was possible to confirm the absence of faithful representation of most behaviours. It was also found that cat is an anthropomorphic animal, especially in their biology and behaviours and secondly, by language. Finally it was concluded that in animated cartoons his moral representation is ambiguous, sometimes with positive characteristics, sometimes with negative traits, strengthening the ambiguity and uncertainty present in other society contexts. The discussion was around the possible consequences of this view in people perception towards the domestic cat. It is argued the need for a reflection on the moral duty of the media, parents and educators in directing the critical perception of people on these ways of representing. This concern agrees with animal ethics reflections in the present. It is hoped that with this debate, we can improve the way we understand and relate to non-human animals in different sectors of our society

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:55:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ARNALDO DE SOUZA MENEZES FILHO.pdf: 502816 bytes, checksum: 1426af6b79863bb7864f03cd8bfac567 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Analysis of the construction of public policies for animals in Brazil, from the discussion of animal rights as an ethical issue, legal, social and political. It identifies the historical aspects of animal use that mark the relations between men and these. Analyzes the ethical discussions about the existence of moral rights for animals since ancient times, who founded the contemporary discussion of the acceptance of animals as subjects of rights. Analyzes the construction of animal rights in the Brazilian legal system, in infra laws and constitutions. Identifies the transformation of the issue of animal rights in a public issue, by inserting the Brazilian political agenda and demanding animal protection actions of the government through public policy formulation and implementation. Thus, we consider the relevance and responsibility of the Brazilian government in the promotion of public policies of animal protection. / Análise da construção de políticas públicas para animais no Brasil, a partir da discussão dos direitos dos animais como questão ética, jurídica, social e política. Identificam-se os aspectos históricos de uso dos animais que marcam as relações entre os homens e estes. Analisam-se as discussões éticas acerca da existência de direitos morais para os animais desde a Antiguidade, que fundaram a discussão contemporânea da admissão dos animais como sujeitos de direitos. Analisa-se a construção dos direitos dos animais no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em legislações infraconstitucionais e nas constituições. Identifica-se a transformação da questão dos direitos dos animais em questão pública, inserindo-se na agenda política brasileira e demandando ações de proteção animal do Poder Público através da formulação e implementação de política públicas. Com isso, considera-se a pertinência e responsabilidade do Poder Público brasileiro na promoção de políticas públicas de proteção animal.