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[ES] Este proyecto busca conocer los orígenes y el desarrollo del Goddess Art, un tipo de arte basado en el arquetipo de la Gran Madre, estudiado por autores como Carl Gustav Jung o Erich Neumann, y que floreció de mano de diferentes artistas ligadas al movimiento feminista de segunda ola durante las décadas de los sesenta y setenta, principalmente en los Estados Unidos de América. Sus características de ser un arte principalmente desarrollado por mujeres, estar asociado al movimiento feminista-esencialista, y su cercanía con el movimiento de espiritualidad feminista le valió un gran descrédito, tanto por parte de un mundo del arte de marcado carácter androcéntrico, como por la rama política del movimiento feminista. A través de un análisis del contexto histórico trazamos paralelismos con diferentes sucesos y movimientos, que fueron clave para su surgimiento, como el interés del feminismo de rescatar a la mujer en la historia (Herstory), un incremento de la violencia en las calles, una mayor libertad sexual, un revival espiritual, el movimiento antiguerra, un creciente interés proteccionista hacia la naturaleza, o la conformación de la contracultura, entre otros. Este análisis sirve como base para un estudio posterior en el que observamos cómo el Goddess Art recogió los principales intereses de algunas de las artistas vinculadas al movimiento feminista-esencialista, que encontraron en el arquetipo de la Diosa la inspiración para manifestar sus inquietudes, y para desarrollar imágenes de poder en las que otras mujeres pudiesen verse reflejadas. A lo largo de los diferentes apartados se explora la obra de varias artistas, algunas de ellas de gran reconocimiento internacional, y otras menos conocidas, con el objetivo de dar visibilidad a las múltiples aportaciones que se dieron en esta época. A través de nuestra investigación hemos tratado de recuperar y unificar muchas de las obras realizadas en estos años, así como de mostrar su impacto posterior, exponiendo cómo hoy en día este tema se encuentra de gran actualidad, ya que varias de las artistas que lo abordaron en un primer momento han recuperado sus obras, confiriéndoles una gran relevancia dentro de sus exhibiciones retrospectivas realizadas en los últimos años, así como también es un tema que algunos artistas emergentes han recuperado, lo que muestra su gran actualidad. De este modo, este proyecto busca difundir el Goddess Art, y promover su conocimiento en nuestro país, contribuyendo a abordar facetas más desconocidas de artistas de gran prestigio, así como ayudar a revelar la obra de quienes no han gozado de tanto reconocimiento. / [CA] Este projecte busca conéixer els orígens i el desenvolupament del Goddess Art, un tipus d'art basat en l'arquetip de la Gran Mare, estudiat per autors com Carl Gustav Jung o Erich Neumann, i que va florir de mà de diferents artistes lligades al moviment feminista de segona ona durant les dècades dels seixanta i setanta, principalment als Estats Units d'Amèrica. Les seues característiques de ser un art principalment desenvolupat per dones, estar associat al moviment feminista-essencialista, i la seua proximitat amb el moviment d'espiritualitat feminista li va valdre un gran descrèdit, tant per part d'un món de l'art de marcat caràcter androcèntric, com per la branca política del moviment feminista. A través d'una anàlisi del context històric tracem paral·lelismes amb diferents successos i moviments, que van ser clau per al seu sorgiment, com l'interés del feminisme de rescatar a la dona en la història (Herstory), un increment de la violència als carrers, una major llibertat sexual, un revival espiritual, el moviment antiguerra, un creixent interés proteccionista cap a la naturalesa, o la conformació de la contracultura, entre altres. Esta anàlisi serveix com a base per a un estudi posterior en el qual observem com el Goddess Art va recollir els principals interessos d'algunes de les artistes vinculades al moviment feminista-essencialista, que van trobar en l'arquetip de la Deessa la inspiració per a manifestar les seues inquietuds, i per a desenvolupar imatges de poder en les quals altres dones pogueren veure's reflectides. Al llarg dels diferents apartats s'explora l'obra de diverses artistes, algunes d'elles de gran reconeixement internacional, i altres menys conegudes, amb l'objectiu de donar visibilitat a les múltiples aportacions que es van donar en esta época. A través de la nostra investigació hem tractat de recuperar i unificar moltes de les obres realitzades en estos anys, així com de mostrar el seu impacte posterior, exposant com hui dia este tema es troba de gran actualitat, ja que diverses de les artistes que el van abordar en un primer moment han recuperat les seues obres, conferint-los una gran rellevància dins de les seues exhibicions retrospectives realitzades en els últims anys, així com també és un tema que alguns artistes emergents han recuperat, la qual cosa mostra la seua gran actualitat. D'aquesta manera, este projecte busca difondre el Goddess Art, i promoure el seu coneixement al nostre país, contribuint a abordar facetes més desconegudes d'artistes de gran prestigi, així com ajudar a revelar l'obra dels qui no han gaudit de tant de reconeixement. / [EN] This project seeks to know the origins and development of Goddess Art, a type of art based on the archetype of the Great Mother, studied by authors such as Carl Gustav Jung or Erich Neumann, and which flourished at the hands of different artists linked to the second wave of the feminist movement during the sixties and seventies, mainly in the United States of America. Its characteristics of being an art mainly developed by women, being associated with the feminist-essentialist movement, and its proximity with the feminist spirituality movement caused it a great discredit, both by an art world with a strong male-centered orientation, as well as by the political branch of the feminist movement. Through an analysis of the historical context, we draw parallelisms with different events and movements that were key to its emergence, such as feminism's interest in rescuing women from history (Herstory), an increase of violence in the streets, a greater sexual freedom, a spiritual revival, the anti-war movement, a growing interest in protecting nature, or the formation of the counterculture, among others. This analysis serves as the basis for a subsequent study in which we observe how Goddess Art gathered the main interests of some of the women artists linked to the feminist-essentialist movement, who found in the archetype of the Goddess the inspiration to express their concerns, and to develop images of power in which other women could see themselves reflected. Throughout the different sections we explore the work of several women artists, some of them highly recognized internationally, but also others who are less known, in order to give visibility to the multiple contributions that occurred in this era. Through our research we have tried to recover and unify many of the works made in these years, as well as to show its subsequent impact, exposing that nowadays the Goddess archetype in art is of great relevance, as several of the artists who first addressed it have brought back their works in recent years, giving them a great emphasis in their retrospective exhibitions, as well as it is a theme that some emerging artists have recovered, which shows its significance in the present time. Therefore, this project seeks to promote Goddess Art, and to enhance its diffusion in our country, exploring an aspect that is not so widely studied in the work of prestigious artists, as well as helping to reveal the contributions of those who have not enjoyed so much recognition. / Menéndez Requeno, E. (2024). La representación de la Diosa en el arte feminista de los años sesenta y setenta en U.S.A.: Goddess Art [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203268

Text in Afrikaans / In die verhandeling word die vergestalting van die sprokiemotief in die tekste, Griet skryf 'n sprokie deur Marita van der Vyver (1992) en Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie deur Eleanor Baker (1984) nagegaan. Die doel is om vas te stel op watter wyse hierdie "kindgerigte" genre op die literere vlak van die volwasse leser omvorm word. Om hierdie doel te bereik word eerstens 'n begripsverkenning van die sprokie as epiese genre gedoen. In die verkenning van die genre val die soeklig nie net op die Westerse sprokie nie, maar daar word ook gefokus op die inheemse SuidAfrikaanse sprokie. Tweedens word aan die hand van hierdie teoretiese raamwerk 'n noukeurige analise gemaak van die vergestalting van die sprokiemotief binne die twee primere tekste. Die sprokieselemente in Griet skryf 'n sprokie en Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie word uitgelig en die hantering daarvan vergelykend ondersoek / In the dissertation the manifestation of the fairytale motif in the texts, Griet skryf 'n sprokie by Marita van der Vyver (1992), and Weerkaatsings 'n sprokie by Eleanor Baker (1984) is investigated. The purpose is to ascertain the manner in which this "child-centred" genre is transformed on the literary level of the adult reader. To achieve this goal, a conceptualization of the fairytale as an epic genre is firstly undertaken. In the exploration of the genre, the search light does not only focus on the Western but also on the indigenous South African fairytale. Secondly, by means of this theoretical framework, a detailed analysis is made of the manifestation of the fairytale motif in the two primary texts. The elements of the fairytale in Griet skryf 'n sprokie and Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie are highlighted and the handling thereof comparatively investigated / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

This thesis applies a sociological framework to the North American celebrity career of Canadian pianist and broadcaster Glenn Gould (1932-1982) to account for Gould's iconic status as an artist in modern musical culture. Despite the persistent cultural fascination with Gould, as evidenced in the seemingly endless supply of biographies, films, novels, and fan texts which narrate and celebrate his life and work, modern Gould scholarship has consistently neglected issues relating to his artistic reception. This thesis proposes that the modern Gould phenomenon is productively analysed in terms of the contexts of its historical production in North America, where it first originated. Focusing on the circumstances of Gould's career during his lifetime, it identifies three areas of overlapping conceptual interest that provide the basis for an explanatory account of his modern mythology: i) Gould's relationship to the culture of his time, particularly in Canada; ii) Gould's relationship to the mass media; iii) Gould's relationship to his own artistic identity. This approach is refined through the application of Stuart Hall's 'Circuit of Culture' model, which yields an understanding of Gould's celebrity in terms of the processes of its representation, production, regulation, and consumption. Against this theoretical backdrop, and consistent with the premise of my thesis, I ask some key questions: what was Gould's relationship to Canadian cultural nationalism and, specifically, a nationalist discourse of public broadcasting? How did media institutions brand his image, and for what commercial purposes? How did Gould mobilise understandings of his genius and Canadian identity through his artistic discourse and experimental media self-representations as a 'Northerner' and a technologist? Based on this analysis, the thesis concludes that Gould continues to fascinate because of the unique ideological work performed by his cultural identities, and because of the highly mediated nature of his celebrity. The ubiquity of his image on video-sharing websites and social media platforms is a vindication of his radical belief in the validity of a musical career pursued primarily through the electronic media.

My thesis draws connections among Herbert Read’s aesthetics, his anarchism, and Carl Jung’s aesthetic theory. I discuss Jung’s concept of individuation and its importance in his theory of the creative process of life. He distinguished between personalistic and archetypal art, and argued that the latter embodies primordial symbols that are inherently meaningful. Archetypal art, he believed, symbolizes unconscious knowledge, which can promote self-awareness and impact on society, if an individual is able to discern its relevance and integrate this into an ethical lifestyle. Jung emphasized the importance of rational discernment and ethical choices along with free creativity. I show how Read used these Jungian concepts to explain aspects of his aesthetic and political emphasis on freedom. According to Read, art creates reality and as such it is both personally transformative and socially activist: he believed that aesthetics are a mechanism of the natural world, and that art is a unique type of cognition that manifests new forms. Art communicates new versions of reality because perception is holistic, allowing people to perceive both the essence inherent in forms and the relationships among them. Further, I consider Read’s belief that cognition and society are both organic, and should be allowed to evolve naturally. Therefore, according to Read, society must be anarchist so that creative freedom and aesthetic consciousness can be adequately supported. Finally, I conclude by highlighting the pivotal role of creative freedom in Jung’s and Read’s theories of personal and social change. I illustrate that Jung and Read concurred that the unique individual is the site of transformation, living out the organically creative nature of life.

本論文將用榮格的原型觀念(archetypes)探討瑪格麗特˙愛德伍小說《盲眼刺客》中的人物性格。 本論文由五章組成。第一章將大略介紹《盲眼刺客》的內容以及其評論。第二章將會介紹榮格對集體無意識(the collective unconscious)的概念以及其和原型概念的關連；接著，將會根據兩位新榮格學派的學者，瑪莉恩˙伍德曼(Marion Woodman)和卡蘿˙皮爾森(Carol S. Pearson)對原型理論的闡述，針對兩個原型加以探討──鬥士原型和殉道者原型。在父權社會的影響下，這兩個原型時常會被過度簡化成對兩性的刻板印象，而在這簡化過程裡，原本屬於這兩個原型的能量和複雜性都被忽視或壓抑了。 第三章始於對愛德伍小說人物的辯護，說明其人物並不是一般所說的刻版人物，而是充滿衝突與能量的原型人物。而後，我會把小說中的人物和象徵和神話及童話中的人物作連結。在一方面，我將會對於小說中的現實人物，如艾麗絲和蘿拉(Iris and Laura)，和小說中的象徵角色，盲眼刺客和獻祭少女，做連結且並討論；另一方面，我將會將這兩個象徵角色延伸出去，探討與之相關的神話或童話人物，或是，更上一層的原型人物。在第四章，我則會依據小說人物和其原型的關係加以剖析，檢視他們和其原型的認同狀況，及他們膨脹(Inflation)的程度。 在最後的第五章，將以原型的概念來詮釋小說中各個人物的悲劇做為總結。《盲眼刺客》中的每個人物都傾向於過份認同某個原型，而忽略了讓自我有平衡發展的重要性。 / This thesis is to discover the psychological depths of the characters in Margaret Atwood’s The Blind Assassin and to analyze them according to the Jungian conception of archetypes and the influence of archetypes upon the human psyche. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One is an introduction, including the overview of the novel and its critical backgrounds. And Chapter Two introduces C.G. Jung’s conception of the collective unconscious and its relation with archetypes and follow with specific discussion of certain archetypes—the Warrior and the Martyr—mainly according to the theories of two neo-Jungian scholars, Marion Woodman and Carol S. Pearson. Since these two archetypes are often over-simplified to fit in gender stereotypes under the influence of patriarchal society, the energies and complexity of these archetypes are always neglected or repressed. Chapter Three begins with an argument that Atwood’s characters are not stereotypical but rather archetypal, for they possess the contradictory energies within them that are correspondent with that of archetypes. On the one hand, I discuss how the characters in the memoir are symbolized in the science-fiction allegory, being reflected as the blind assassin and the sacrificial maiden; on the other hand, I make a connection between the symbols of the novel—the blind assassin and sacrificial maiden—and the mythological and fairy-tale allusions, and further, the archetypes behind them. In Chapter Four, I examine the psychic problems of the characters according to their relations with the archetypes—to examine how much they identify unconsciously with the archetypes and the extent of their inflation. Finally, Chapter Five concludes with the archetypal explanation of the tragic life of the characters in the novel. Each of them is trapped in an overwhelming power of a certain archetype instead of having the ego balanced between these multiple archetypes, they turn themselves into mythical figures that are too rigid for humanity.

My thesis draws connections among Herbert Read’s aesthetics, his anarchism, and Carl Jung’s aesthetic theory. I discuss Jung’s concept of individuation and its importance in his theory of the creative process of life. He distinguished between personalistic and archetypal art, and argued that the latter embodies primordial symbols that are inherently meaningful. Archetypal art, he believed, symbolizes unconscious knowledge, which can promote self-awareness and impact on society, if an individual is able to discern its relevance and integrate this into an ethical lifestyle. Jung emphasized the importance of rational discernment and ethical choices along with free creativity. I show how Read used these Jungian concepts to explain aspects of his aesthetic and political emphasis on freedom. According to Read, art creates reality and as such it is both personally transformative and socially activist: he believed that aesthetics are a mechanism of the natural world, and that art is a unique type of cognition that manifests new forms. Art communicates new versions of reality because perception is holistic, allowing people to perceive both the essence inherent in forms and the relationships among them. Further, I consider Read’s belief that cognition and society are both organic, and should be allowed to evolve naturally. Therefore, according to Read, society must be anarchist so that creative freedom and aesthetic consciousness can be adequately supported. Finally, I conclude by highlighting the pivotal role of creative freedom in Jung’s and Read’s theories of personal and social change. I illustrate that Jung and Read concurred that the unique individual is the site of transformation, living out the organically creative nature of life.

The dissertation thesis Last Paintings deals with the issue of the last works of the authors at the end of the work. This question represents a complexly unexplored topic in the field of Czech art history. Last paintings are often so different from the previous work. So they may in specific cases give rise to a discussion: Have we include them or better give them to brackets in the artist's work as an excess and not too much deal with? Rather the second alternative is happening. In a wide range of possible focus, the work focuses on last works of modern and contemporary art history. Because such a group or category of art within the Czech art history has not yet been considered, it focus on Czech authorship. The selected iconic world's last works are presented for comparison at the end in a quick overview. Given the topic of the departure of a man from this world, tis work outlines the cultural anthropological bases, their symbolism, it reflects the iconography of last paintings. It offers options for categories, which appear to be diversified, permeating, and beeing rather as auxiliary matter. The main weight of the work is based on selected case studies of individual authors. On the basis of case studies with the implied support of analytical psychology, the last paintings appear as a guide to...

Text in Afrikaans / In die verhandeling word die vergestalting van die sprokiemotief in die tekste, Griet skryf 'n sprokie deur Marita van der Vyver (1992) en Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie deur Eleanor Baker (1984) nagegaan. Die doel is om vas te stel op watter wyse hierdie "kindgerigte" genre op die literere vlak van die volwasse leser omvorm word. Om hierdie doel te bereik word eerstens 'n begripsverkenning van die sprokie as epiese genre gedoen. In die verkenning van die genre val die soeklig nie net op die Westerse sprokie nie, maar daar word ook gefokus op die inheemse SuidAfrikaanse sprokie. Tweedens word aan die hand van hierdie teoretiese raamwerk 'n noukeurige analise gemaak van die vergestalting van die sprokiemotief binne die twee primere tekste. Die sprokieselemente in Griet skryf 'n sprokie en Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie word uitgelig en die hantering daarvan vergelykend ondersoek / In the dissertation the manifestation of the fairytale motif in the texts, Griet skryf 'n sprokie by Marita van der Vyver (1992), and Weerkaatsings 'n sprokie by Eleanor Baker (1984) is investigated. The purpose is to ascertain the manner in which this "child-centred" genre is transformed on the literary level of the adult reader. To achieve this goal, a conceptualization of the fairytale as an epic genre is firstly undertaken. In the exploration of the genre, the search light does not only focus on the Western but also on the indigenous South African fairytale. Secondly, by means of this theoretical framework, a detailed analysis is made of the manifestation of the fairytale motif in the two primary texts. The elements of the fairytale in Griet skryf 'n sprokie and Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie are highlighted and the handling thereof comparatively investigated / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

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