Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate some uses of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a pedagogical aid for supporting students with difficulties in reaching the curricular goals in the school subject English. Special focus is on students with reading and writing difficulties and on students with a foreign background in the ninth grade of the compulsory school and in upper secondary school. The method of investigation consisted of two parts: (a) interviews with eleven regular English teachers and with four remedial teachers about their experiences of using ICT as a pedagogical aid, and (b) an action study in which ICT-based activities were tested in a group of six students with difficulties in English. The results of the interviews showed that in the remedial classes ICT-based support was rather limited. The exceptions were students with severe reading and writing difficulties and other grave learning disabilities. These students were offered greater access to various technical aids and systematic support. For dyslexic students various ICT tools often proved to be an effective and indispensable support in their learning. In non-remedial English lessons, the use of ICT was somewhat greater. Here teachers used ICT as a pedagogical aid for the benefit of all students. The computer was considered to be a good support for project writing as it provided the students with a huge database, with online dictionaries and with a spell checker. The results of the action research showed that students were positive about communicating in English via ICT and they showed great interest in other activities facilitated by technology, such as training grammar, vocabulary, and reading. In conclusion, these surveys generated results similar to those of other studies, showing that although ICT can be an effective pedagogical aid in supporting students with difficulties learning English, it is not presently being used to its full potential.

Computer based simulation models have often been used to study the multimodal freight transportation system. But these studies have not been able to dynamically couple the various modes into one model; therefore, they are limited in their ability to inform on dynamic system level interactions. This research thesis is motivated by the need to dynamically couple the multimodal freight transportation system to operate at multiple spatial and temporal scales. It is part of a larger research program to develop a systems modeling framework applicable to freight transportation. This larger research program attempts to dynamically couple railroad, seaport, and highway freight transportation models. The focus of this thesis is the development of the coupled railroad and seaport models. A separate volume (Wall 2010) on the development of the highway model has been completed. The model railroad and seaport was developed using Arena® simulation software and it comprises of the Ports of Savannah, GA, Charleston, NC, Jacksonville, FL, their adjacent CSX rail terminal, and connecting CSX railroads in the southeastern U.S. However, only the simulation outputs for the Port of Savannah are discussed in this paper. It should be mentioned that the modeled port layout is only conceptual; therefore, any inferences drawn from the model's outputs do not represent actual port performance. The model was run for 26 continuous simulation days, generating 141 containership calls, 147 highway truck deliveries of containers, 900 trains, and a throughput of 28,738 containers at the Port of Savannah, GA. An analysis of each train's trajectory from origin to destination shows that trains spend between 24 - 67 percent of their travel time idle on the tracks waiting for permission to move. Train parking demand analysis on the adjacent shunting area at the multimodal terminal seems to indicate that there aren't enough containers coming from the port because the demand is due to only trains waiting to load. The simulation also shows that on average it takes containerships calling at the Port of Savannah about 3.2 days to find an available dock to berth and unload containers. The observed mean turnaround time for containerships was 4.5 days. This experiment also shows that container residence time within the port and adjacent multimodal rail terminal varies widely. Residence times within the port range from about 0.2 hours to 9 hours with a mean of 1 hour. The average residence time inside the rail terminal is about 20 minutes but observations varied from as little as 2 minutes to a high of 2.5 hours. In addition, about 85 percent of container residence time in the port is spent idle. This research thesis demonstrates that it is possible to dynamically couple the different sub-models of the multimodal freight transportation system. However, there are challenges that need to be addressed by future research. The principal challenge is the development of a more efficient train movement algorithm that can incorporate the actual Direct Traffic Control (DTC) and / or Automatic Block Signal (ABS) track segmentation. Such an algorithm would likely improve the capacity estimates of the railroad network. In addition, future research should seek to reduce the high computational cost imposed by a discrete process modeling methodology and the adoption of single container resolution level for terminal operations. A methodology combining both discrete and continuous process modeling as proposed in this study could lessen computational costs and lower computer system requirements at a cost of some of the feedback capabilities of the model This tradeoff must be carefully examined.

<p>The purpose of this study is to outline students’ attitudes towards ICT in the learning of English. The research was carried out as action research at a vocational high school in Sweden. The study aims at giving answers to the questions what the students’ attitudes towards ICT are, to what extent they think that ICT affects their learning and if ICT use changes their attitudes towards English. The students had little or no previous experience of ICT. For a period of two months, they used ICT in their English studies. This work was organized according to Svensson’s (2008) definitions <em>ICT as a tutor</em>,<em> ICT as a tool </em>and<em> ICT as an arena</em>, which are connected to behavioristic, cognitive/constructive and social constructivist/socio-cultural learning perspectives, respectively. For example, the students read and listened to texts online, wrote their own dialogues for a movie and maintained their own blogs. After each module, they evaluated the method and at the end of the project they were interviewed. The study shows that most of the students were positive towards ICT in learning English. They were most positive towards ICT as a tutor, which was interesting given that behavioristic ways of learning are often criticized by today’s scholars. Furthermore, the students claimed that ICT gives them new opportunities to learn. Not surprisingly, to learn in a way that suits the individual learner was seen as positive. They stated that it was difficult to comment on the impact that ICT might have had on their performance after such a limited period of time, but they indicated that they thought that they had improved at least a little. During the interviews, a few students claimed to have changed their attitudes towards English a little, in a positive way, but it was difficult to confirm this after such short time.</p>

<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>The aim of this study is to investigate some uses of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a pedagogical aid for supporting students with difficulties in reaching the curricular goals in the school subject English. Special focus is on students with reading and writing difficulties and on students with a foreign background in the ninth grade of the compulsory school and in upper secondary school. The method of investigation consisted of two parts: (a) interviews with eleven regular English teachers and with four remedial teachers about their experiences of using ICT as a pedagogical aid, and (b) an action study in which ICT-based activities were tested in a group of six students with difficulties in English. The results of the interviews showed that in the remedial classes ICT-based support was rather limited. The exceptions were students with severe reading and writing difficulties and other grave learning disabilities. These students were offered greater access to various technical aids and systematic support. For dyslexic students various ICT tools often proved to be an effective and indispensable support in their learning. In non-remedial English lessons, the use of ICT was somewhat greater. Here teachers used ICT as a pedagogical aid for the benefit of all students. The computer was considered to be a good support for project writing as it provided the students with a huge database, with online dictionaries and with a spell checker. The results of the action research showed that students were positive about communicating in English via ICT and they showed great interest in other activities facilitated by technology, such as training grammar, vocabulary, and reading. In conclusion, these surveys generated results similar to those of other studies, showing that although ICT can be an effective pedagogical aid in supporting students with difficulties learning English, it is not presently being used to its full potential.</p>

En av de viktigaste frågorna i världen idag är naturresurshantering. Med en väx-ande befolkning och hoten från klimatförändringar kommer förvaltningen av jordens naturresurser bli än viktigare, såväl för dagens generation som kommande generationer. En viktig aspekt när det gäller naturresurshantering är hur människor uppfattar och värderar naturen. För att komma närmare dessa miljövärden har ett flertal olika vetenskapliga tillvägagångssätt föreslagits. Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur det är möjligt att närma sig miljövärden under olika omständighe-ter och utifrån olika behov. Detta görs genom att undersöka hur olika teorier har använts, och kan användas, avseende olika våtmarker i Kenya. I utvecklingslän-der har naturresurser, teoretiskt sett, ett högre värde eftersom fattiga människor till en högre grad är direkt beroende av naturresurser och ekosystemtjänster. Ut-gångspunkten i denna avhandling är sex våtmarksområden i Kenya under olika förvaltning och med ett flertal, både aktuella och potentiella, användare. I av-handlingen undersöks hur lokalsamhället, myndigheter, industrier och turister uppfattar och värderar våtmarkerna. Genom att applicera ett arenaperspektiv, som betonar vikten av tvärvetenskap, diskuteras i avhandlingen det ekonomiska värdet av miljön för att sedan applicera andra metoder såsom emergy analys, stakeholder analys, kulturteori och riskanalys för att bredda och berika värderingen av miljön. / One of the most important issues in the world, both for present and future genera-tions, concerns natural resource management. With a growing global population and the threat of climate change, issues relating to natural resource management will grow in importance with time. One fundamental aspect of natural resource management is how people perceive and value the environment. The value that is ascribed to natural resources will be one of the determinants in the choices that people face in regards to their management. A wide range of approaches have been suggested to approach environmental values. This thesis focuses on analys-ing the assessment of environmental values under different circumstances and needs. This is done by exploring the ways various theories have and can be used to approach natural resource valuation in different wetland management situations in Kenya. In the developing world the value of natural resources can, theoreti-cally, be seen as even higher than in the developed world, due to poor peoples’ direct dependency on their natural resources and the ecosystem services and goods that they provide. The point of departure in this thesis is six wetland areas with different management strategies and with multiple users. It examines how local communities, governmental authorities, industries and tourists perceive the value of the wetlands. By applying an arena perspective, that emphasises the need of interdisciplinarity, this thesis discusses the economic value of the environment and applies other methods such as, emergy analysis, stakeholder analysis, cultural theory and risk analysis, to enrich the valuation of environment.

A criação de Áreas Naturais Protegidas é considerada uma das mais importantes ações desenvolvidas por governos e entidades ambientalistas para a conservação do meio ambiente e de seus recursos naturais. Entretanto, tais áreas, quando estabelecidas em ambientes antropizados, como no bioma Mata Atlântica no Brasil, propiciam o surgimento de conflitos e disputas entre gestores públicos e comunidades residentes no interior ou no entorno das mesmas. Este trabalho aborda a gestão e utilização de recursos naturais por comunidades rurais e, a partir daí, os conflitos socioambientais resultantes da proposta de criação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, localizada na região do Baixo Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Nesse contexto, a natureza emerge como centro de disputas, de negociações, onde o caráter mais preservacionista da legislação ambiental se defronta com as complexas interações, historicamente estabelecidas, entre os agricultores e o ambiente onde se inserem. O conflito, assim, não se estabelece tendo como base questões objetivas; é, antes de tudo, uma criação social (HANNIGAN, 1995), de grupos em disputa por legitimação de suas propostas em um ambiente de arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). As propostas, portanto, refletem diversos interesses – econômico, político, social, técnico/científico - por parte das entidades que as propõe. O conflito socioambiental estudado é recente; assim, seu cenário está sendo configurado, as entidades e as comunidades se posicionando em relação a negociar uma natureza que, até então, era concebida apenas como fonte de recursos naturais e de onde se estabeleciam suas relações sociais e, que agora, “deve ser protegida” através da implantação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, uma das categorias mais restritiva de Unidades de Conservação. / The creation of Protected Natural Areas is considered to be one of the most important actions developed by governments and environmentalist organizations for the conservation of the environment and natural resources. However, those areas when established in areas that are habitated by human populations, as is the biomass of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, can lead to a surge in conflicts and disputes between public administrators and resident communities within or around these areas. This work examines the administration and utilization of natural resources for rural communities and, from there, the socioenvironmental consequences of the creation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, located in the region of Baixo Jequitinhonha, in the state of Minas Gerais. In this context, nature emerges as the center of disputes, of negotiations, where the more preservationist character of the environmental legislation meets with the complex interactions, historically established, between agriculturalists and the environment. The conflict, in this way, does not establish itself based on objective questions; it is, above all, a social creation (HANNIGAN, 1995), of groups struggling to legitimize their proposals in a space of arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). These proposals reflect diverse interests – economic, political, social, technical/scientific – on the part of the entities that propose them. The socioenvironmental conflict studied here is recent; as such, the scene is being configured at present, the entities and communities are positioning themselves in order to negotiate a nature that, until now, was conceived as little more than a source of natural resources and where social relations were established and that now “should be protected” through the implantation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, one of the most restrictive categories of Conservation Units.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Adminsitração (bibadm@ufba.br) on 2017-07-18T10:39:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 YANA MOURA DE SOUSA.pdf: 2190245 bytes, checksum: 2f6016fbfa194094cd029765a7c9653e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Angela Dortas (dortas@ufba.br) on 2017-07-25T13:36:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 YANA MOURA DE SOUSA.pdf: 2190245 bytes, checksum: 2f6016fbfa194094cd029765a7c9653e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T13:36:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YANA MOURA DE SOUSA.pdf: 2190245 bytes, checksum: 2f6016fbfa194094cd029765a7c9653e (MD5) / A tese objetiva analisar a configuração da arena interorganizacional conformada na gestão da educação, por meio do Conselho Municipal de Educação – CME – em um território complexo. O contexto que permeia essa temática remete aos desafios dos modelos de gestão pública local, que ora se pauta na descentralização das ações públicas, ora na congregação de forças para soluções multifinalitárias. Nessa disputa ambivalente, compreende-se o conceito de arena interorganizacional, apresentando convergências e divergências entre setores, governos e escalas. O cenário educacional brasileiro é marcado por uma construção histórica de disputa pela hegemonia na determinação da gestão educacional e sua culminância no sistema local, em que ocorre o impacto de todos os outros sistemas (global, nacional, estadual e regional). Acentua-se mais esse contexto com a aprovação da lei nº 13.005/2014 que estabelece o novo Plano Nacional da Educação de 2014 a 2024. Neste sentido, a tese realiza um esforço de superar a visualização macro, permeando e aprofundando o olhar sobre um caso emblemático da questão territorial: o município de Abaetetuba, no estado do Pará, na Amazônia. Território pouco explorado e de grande potencialidade para compreensão do cenário desafiador de arena interorganizacional, haja vista sua difusão territorial entre espaço imbricado de características rurais, urbanas, de ilhas e estradas. Bem como as disputas de poderes nas escalas globais, nacionais, regionais e locais que conforma o objeto de pesquisa. Para a realização da pesquisa, a metodologia adotada recai em três estratégias principais: 1) A reconstituição socioterritorial no campo educacional, que se ampara na análise de discurso e documental da arena educacional brasileira e específica do local, com objetivo de captar as trajetórias individuais e coletivas organizacionais para compreender o atual estágio dos conselhos; 2) O Caráter interorganizacional dos conselhos municipais, que se ampara em observações participantes em fóruns de discussões nos conselhos, entre conselhos e demais atores envolvidos, particularmente na discussão do Plano Municipal de Educação - PME; e 3) Por fim, a aderência das categorias teóricas e empíricas, que visa à ancoragem dos dados coletados do ponto de vista de conselheiros e interorganizações envolvidas. As técnicas de tratamento de dados baseiam-se nessas estratégias utilizando dois softwares de organização de dados qualitativos, o HIMC C-Map Tools e Atlas Ti. Espera-se com os resultados compreender se a gestão educacional em nível municipal identifica lacunas e define estratégias entre a teoria de arena interorganizacional e a prática de conselhos municipais, respondendo a pergunta: como se configura uma arena interorganizacional no Conselho Municipal de Educação para a formulação da gestão educacional de um território complexo? / The thesis aims to analyze the configuration of arena formed by the Municipal Council of Education in a complex territory. The context that permeates this theme refers to the challenges of local governance models, which sometimes is guided in decentralization of public actions, the assembly of forces to multiple solutions, in that ambivalent dispute, it is understood the concept of inter-organizational arena, with convergences and divergences among sectors, governments and scales. The Brazilian educational overview is marked by a historic for hegemony in determining the educational management and its culmination in the local system, which is the impact of all other systems (global, national, state and regional). is accentuated more this context with the approval of Law No. 13,005 / 2014 establishing the new National Education Plan 2014 to 2024. In this sense, the thesis conducts an effort to overcome the macro view, permeating and deepening the look on a case emblematic of the territorial issue: the town of Abaetetuba, state of Para in the Amazon. Territory underexplored and great potential for understanding the challenging scenario of inter-organizational arena, given its territorial spread between imbricated space of rural characteristics, urban, islands and roads. As well as disputes powers in global scales, national, regional and local conforms the research object. For the research, the methodology used rests on three main strategies: 1) The socio-territorial reconstitution in the educational field, which is supported by the discourse analysis and documentation of Brazil and specific education of the local arena, in order to capture the trajectories individual and collective organization to understand the current state of the councils; 2) The inter character of the municipal councils, which seek refuge in participating observations in forums of discussions on the boards, between boards and other stakeholders, particularly in the discussion of the Municipal Education Plan - SMEs; and 3) Finally, the adherence of the theoretical and empirical categories, which aims to anchor the data collected from the standpoint of directors and inter-organizations involved. Data analysing techniques are based on these strategies using two qualitative data organization software, hIMC C-Map Tools and Atlas Ti. It is expected with the results to understand whether the educational management at the municipal level identifies gaps and define strategies between the theory of inter-organizational arena and the practice of municipal councils, answering how to set up an arena in the city Board of Education for the formulation of educational management of a complex territory?

O avanço das técnicas de melhoramento de solos vem permitindo o aproveitamento de locais nos quais, até pouco tempo atrás, era considerada a construção de muitas estruturas como inviáveis, seja técnica, financeira ou ambientalmente. Uma das técnicas que tem conseguido demostrar bons resultados é o reforço com fibras de diferentes origens, com ou sem presença de algum agente cimentante. A maioria dos estudos conduzidos sobre este tipo de materiais se têm centrado na caracterização dos materiais sob cargas estáticas, e outros estudos se limitam a avaliar o comportamento sob cargas cíclicas destes materiais para densidades relativas baixas, nas quais o fenômeno de liquefação governa o mecanismo de ruptura. O presente estudo tenta aprofundar no conhecimento sobre materiais compactos quando submetidos a carregamentos cíclicos, de maneira a fornecer insumos para o estudo deste campo. O estudo, de caráter experimental, foi feito através da caracterização de corpos de prova de areia e areia com 0,5% de fibras, além da consideração de dois índices de vazios: o primeiro de 0,63 (correspondente a uma densidade relativa de 90%), e o segundo com um índice de vazios igual a 0,75 (correspondente a uma densidade relativa de 50%) Foram executados 29 ensaios triaxiais, além da adoção dos valores de outros 15 feitos por outro autor, totalizando 44 ensaios. A totalidade dos ensaios divide-se assim: 12 ensaios monotônicos CID, 12 ensaios monotônicos CIU, e 20 ensaios cíclicos CIU sob tensão controlada. Nos ensaios monotônicos obtiveram-se incrementos no ângulo de atrito do material composto, sendo mais evidente para as amostras compactas. Em relação aos ensaios cíclicos, obteve-se incrementos nas resistência do material até atingir sua condição de ruptura, seja por liquefação em amostras pouco compactas (Dr= 50%), ou por mobilidade cíclica no caso de amostras compactas (Dr= 90%). A normalização dos resultados permitiu observar que, embora as fibras melhorem o desempenho das misturas quando submetidas a carregamentos cíclicos, não alteraram a estrutura do material em sua resposta em termos de módulo de elasticidade, pelo menos no que respeita a níveis de deformações medianos a grandes. Para pequenas deformações, evidenciou-se uma diminuição na rigidez das amostras, ocasionando assim maiores acréscimos de poropressão nos estágios iniciais dos ensaios, mais nas em areias com fibras do que sem elas. / The development of ground improvement techniques has allowed the use of certain places, which was in the past considered as non-viable for the construction of many types of structures. Fiber reinforced soils have shown good results, with or without presence of any cementitious agent. The focus of most studies performed on this type of materials, is the characterization under static loading, and other studies are limited to evaluating its behavior on cyclic loading at low level of relative density, in which cases the liquefaction phenomenon governs the mechanism of rupture. This study aims to improve the knowledge of cyclic loading effects in dense materials. Was carried out an experimental program by characterizing specimens of sand with 0% and 0.5% of randomly distributed fiber, considering two void ratios: 0.63 (dense sand, Dr = 90%) and 0.75 (moderately loose sand, Dr = 50%). In total, were performed 29 triaxial tests, in addition of another 15 executed by another author, totaling 44 The test were divided as follows: 12 monotonic CIU test, 12 monotonic CID test, and 20 CIU loading controlled cyclic test. In monotonic conditions, fibers addition increases the friction angle, mostly on dense samples (Dr = 90%) than on loose specimens (Dr = 50%). For cyclic tests, in both materials, fiber additions causes improvement on cyclic behavior, but with different failure mechanism, liquefaction for loose, and cyclic mobility for dense sands, regardless of the presence of fibers. The transformation of the number of cycles axis, or normalization of another cyclic results allowed observing that, despite the fiber addition can cause improvement of materials subjected to cyclic loading, the structure of the material did not change in elasticity modulus response, at least for medium to large strains levels. For small strains, occur a decrease in the stiffness of samples, causing greater increases of pore pressure in the initial stages of tests, more in reinforced sand than for none reinforced condition. / El avance de las técnicas para mejoramiento de suelos ha permitido el aprovechamiento de sitios en los cuales, hasta hace poco tiempo, se consideraba como no viable la construcción de muchas estructuras, sea por cuestiones técnicas, financieras o ambientales. Una técnica que ha demostrado buenos resultados es la incorporación de refuerzos con fibras de diferente origen, considerando o no la presencia de algún agente cementante. La mayoría de los estudios realizados a este tipo de materiales se han centrado en la caracterización bajo la acción de cargas estáticas, e otros se han limitado a evaluar el comportamiento bajo la acción de cargas cíclicas considerando únicamente densidades relativas bajas, para las cuales la ruptura está controlada por el fenómeno de licuación. El presente estudio busca ahondar en el conocimiento sobre el comportamiento bajo acción de cargas cíclicas de materiales compactos, buscando con ello ampliar la base experimental sobre este campo. El estudio, de carácter experimental, fue realizado a partir de la caracterización de especímenes de arena sin fibras y con 0,5% de fibras, además de la consideración de dos relaciones de vacíos: 0.63 (correspondiente a una densidad relativa de 90%), y 0,75 (correspondiente a una densidad relativa de 50%) Fueron realizados 29 ensayos triaxiales, además de haber adoptado los resultados de otros 15 realizados por otro autor, totalizando 44 ensayos. Los ensayos fueron divididos así: 12 ensayos monotónicos CID, 12 ensayos monotónicos CIU, y 20 ensayos triaxiales cíclicos CID con control de esfuerzos. En los ensayos monotónicos fueron obtenidos incrementos en el ángulo de fricción del material compuesto, siendo esta situación más evidente en muestras compactas. Con relación a los ensayos cíclicos, se obtuvo incremento en la resistencia de las muestras hasta alcanzar su condición de ruptura, bien sea por licuación (materiales relativamente sueltos, Dr = 50%), o por movilidad cíclica (materiales compactos, Dr = 90%). La normalización de los resultados permitió observar que, aunque las fibras mejoran el desempeño bajo cargas cíclicas de los materiales, no alteraron la estructura del material en términos de módulo de elasticidad, por lo menos para niveles medios y altos de deformación. Para pequeñas deformaciones, se evidenció una disminución en la rigidez de las muestras, lo que produjo mayores incrementos en las presiones de poros durante las fases iniciales de los ensayos, con mayor visibilidad en las arenas con fibras que cuando no hubo adición.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_fa_dr_assis.pdf: 702283 bytes, checksum: c9fa7bf27f9e5a74af41024fc94e51fd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com base na teoria do romance histórico contemporâneo na América Latina e da crítica literária feminista, o presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar a construção da personagem feminina Anita Garibaldi em romances latino-americanos, a partir do modelo histórico construído por Giuseppe Garibaldi em suas Memórias (1860). Idealizando sua companheira, nessa narrativa, o herói italiano constrói a imagem de uma mulher guerreira, que se move no espaço público. Mesmo seguindo o texto de Garibaldi, os historiadores posteriores complementaram a biografia da heroína brasileira, destacando a experiência dela no espaço privado, cumprindo o papel que a sociedade outorgava às mulheres no século XIX. Assim, o modelo que a história apresenta é de uma mulher ambígua, que transita entre o espaço público, aberto e o espaço privado, fechado. O trabalho que aqui se apresenta mostra como cada romancista recria a imagem de Anita, distanciando-se ou se aproximando do protótipo histórico criado por Garibaldi. Com esse intuito, escolheu-se como corpus literário os romances A guerrilheira (1979), do brasileiro João Felício dos Santos; Anita (1999), do também brasileiro Flávio Aguiar; Anita Garibaldi (2003), do argentino Julio A. Sierra; e Anita cubierta de arena (2003), da argentina Alicia Dujovne Ortiz. Em todos eles, verifica-se o intuito de reaver uma personagem da história aclamada como heroína, cuja imagem foi elaborada discursivamente por um homem que lhe concedeu características masculinas. Constata-se, desta forma, como a literatura cumpre o papel de leitora privilegiada da históri / According to the theory of the Contemporary Historical Novel in Latin America and on the Feminist Literary Criticism, this study aims to investigate the construction of the female character Anita Garibaldi in Latin American novels, from the historical model built by Giuseppe Garibaldi in his Memórias (1860). By idealizing his female companion, in this narrative, the Italian hero builds the image of a warrior woman who moves herself in the public space. Even according to Garibaldi‟s text, later historians complemented the biography of the Brazilian heroine by highlighting her experience in the private space where she accomplished the role that the society granted the women of the nineteenth century. So, the model that History presents is one of an ambiguous woman who passes between the public space, open and the private space, close. The work presented here shows how each novelist recreates Anita‟s image, moving away from the historical prototype created by Garibaldi or approaching it. With this purpose, we chose as literary corpus the novels A guerrilheira (1979) by the Brazilian writer João Felício dos Santos; Anita (1999), by another Brazilian writer, Flávio Aguiar; Anita Garibaldi (2003) by the Argentine writer Julio A. Sierra; and Anita cubierta de arena (2003) by the also Argentine writer Alicia Dujovne Ortiz. In all of them, one verifies the intention of redeeming a character of the History acclaimed as heroine whose image was discursively elaborated by a man who granted her male characteristics. One notes, for that reason, how literature fulfills its role of privileged reader of History

A criação de Áreas Naturais Protegidas é considerada uma das mais importantes ações desenvolvidas por governos e entidades ambientalistas para a conservação do meio ambiente e de seus recursos naturais. Entretanto, tais áreas, quando estabelecidas em ambientes antropizados, como no bioma Mata Atlântica no Brasil, propiciam o surgimento de conflitos e disputas entre gestores públicos e comunidades residentes no interior ou no entorno das mesmas. Este trabalho aborda a gestão e utilização de recursos naturais por comunidades rurais e, a partir daí, os conflitos socioambientais resultantes da proposta de criação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, localizada na região do Baixo Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Nesse contexto, a natureza emerge como centro de disputas, de negociações, onde o caráter mais preservacionista da legislação ambiental se defronta com as complexas interações, historicamente estabelecidas, entre os agricultores e o ambiente onde se inserem. O conflito, assim, não se estabelece tendo como base questões objetivas; é, antes de tudo, uma criação social (HANNIGAN, 1995), de grupos em disputa por legitimação de suas propostas em um ambiente de arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). As propostas, portanto, refletem diversos interesses – econômico, político, social, técnico/científico - por parte das entidades que as propõe. O conflito socioambiental estudado é recente; assim, seu cenário está sendo configurado, as entidades e as comunidades se posicionando em relação a negociar uma natureza que, até então, era concebida apenas como fonte de recursos naturais e de onde se estabeleciam suas relações sociais e, que agora, “deve ser protegida” através da implantação da Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura, uma das categorias mais restritiva de Unidades de Conservação. / The creation of Protected Natural Areas is considered to be one of the most important actions developed by governments and environmentalist organizations for the conservation of the environment and natural resources. However, those areas when established in areas that are habitated by human populations, as is the biomass of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, can lead to a surge in conflicts and disputes between public administrators and resident communities within or around these areas. This work examines the administration and utilization of natural resources for rural communities and, from there, the socioenvironmental consequences of the creation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, located in the region of Baixo Jequitinhonha, in the state of Minas Gerais. In this context, nature emerges as the center of disputes, of negotiations, where the more preservationist character of the environmental legislation meets with the complex interactions, historically established, between agriculturalists and the environment. The conflict, in this way, does not establish itself based on objective questions; it is, above all, a social creation (HANNIGAN, 1995), of groups struggling to legitimize their proposals in a space of arenas (FUKS, 1998, 2001). These proposals reflect diverse interests – economic, political, social, technical/scientific – on the part of the entities that propose them. The socioenvironmental conflict studied here is recent; as such, the scene is being configured at present, the entities and communities are positioning themselves in order to negotiate a nature that, until now, was conceived as little more than a source of natural resources and where social relations were established and that now “should be protected” through the implantation of the Biological Reserve of Mata Escura, one of the most restrictive categories of Conservation Units.