To handle uncertainties and variabilities in production demands, many manufacturing companies have adopted different strategies, such as varying quoted lead time, rejecting orders, increasing stock or inventory levels, and implementing volume flexibility. Make-to-stock (MTS) systems are designed to offer zero lead time by providing an inventory buffer for the organizations, but they are costly and involve risks such as obsolescence and wasted expenditures. The main concern of make-to-order (MTO) systems is eliminating inventories and reducing the non-value-added processes and wastes; however, these systems are based on the assumption that the manufacturing environments and customers' demand are deterministic. Research shows that in MTO systems variability and uncertainty in the demand levels causes instability in the production flow, resulting in congestion in the production flow, long lead times, and low throughput. Neither strategy is wholly satisfactory. A new alternative approach, multi-channel manufacturing (MCM) systems are designed to manage uncertainties and variabilities in demands by first focusing on customers' response time. The products are divided into different product families, each with its own manufacturing stream or sub-factory. MCM also allocates the production capacity needed in each sub-factory to produce each product family. In this research, the performance of an MCM system is studied by implementing MCM in a real case scenario from textile industry modeled via discrete event simulation. MTS and MTO systems are implemented for the same case scenario and the results are studied and compared. The variables of interest for this research are the throughput of products, the level of on-time deliveries, and the inventory level. The results conducted from the simulation experiments favor the simulated MCM system for all mentioned criteria. Further research activities, such as applying MCM to different manufacturing contexts, is highly recommended.

Samhällskunskapsämnet har sedan dess uppkomst präglats av stoffträngsel till följd av dess breda och tvärvetenskapliga karaktär. Transformeringen av ämnet från styrdokument till undervisning är komplex och påverkas av flera faktorer, inklusive styrdokumentens utformning. Lärarna arbetar inom ett friutrymme som möjliggörs av styrdokumentens generella formuleringar, vilket är nödvändigt för att anpassa undervisningen efter olika omständigheter och elevernas behov. För att säkerställa likvärdighet måste styrdokumenten vara tillräckligt detaljerade för att undvika alltför varierande tolkningar, men inte så detaljerade att de inskränker på lärarnas professionalitet. De senaste styrdokumenten, Gy 11, är mer detaljerade och innehållsrika än sina föregångare och har enligt tidigare forskning upplevts som mer krävande av lärare.  Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga och analysera lärares planering av innehåll i samhällskunskapsundervisningen i relation till ämnets styrdokument. Studien, som är en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av grovplaneringar för kursen Samhällskunskap 1b, syftar till att bidra till en diskussion om likvärdighet i samhällskunskapsämnets innehåll. Resultaten visar att lärarna huvudsakligen prioriterar undervisning om statsvetenskap och ekonomi. Även om en innehållslig kärna kan identifieras, förekommer också variationer i hur mycket undervisningstid som ägnas åt olika innehållsområden samt i vilka områden som inkluderas i grovplaneringarna. Dessa resultat pekar på en diskrepans mellan styrdokument och lärares praxis, vilket kan bero på de nuvarande styrdokumentens detaljerade karaktär. Detta kan i sin tur innebära en risk för likvärdigheten i samhällskunskapsämnets innehåll i de fall variationerna mellan olika lärares val och prioriteringar av innehåll blir alltför stora. / Since its inception, the school subject of civics has been characterized by content congestion due to its broad and interdisciplinary nature. The transformation of the subject from steering documents to classroom teaching is complex and is affected by several factors, including the steering documents’ design. Teachers have an autonomy enabled by the general formulations of the curriculum, which is necessary for them to adapt their teaching to various circumstances and the needs of the students, thereby ensuring equity. The steering documents must be sufficiently detailed to avoid overly varying interpretations but not so detailed that they infringe on the teachers' professionalism. The latest curriculum documents, Gy 11, are more detailed and content-rich than their predecessors and have been perceived by teachers as more demanding according to previous research.  The purpose of this study is to map and analyze teachers' planning of content in civics education in relation to the subject's steering documents. The study, which is a quantitative content analysis of teachers’ outlines for the course Samhällskunskap 1b, aims to contribute to a discussion about equity in the subject of civics. The results show that teachers mainly prioritize teaching about political science and economics. Although a core content can be identified, variations occur in how much teaching time is devoted to different content areas and in which areas are included in the course outlines. These results point to a discrepancy between steering documents and teachers' practice, which may be due to the detailed nature of the current curriculum documents. This, in turn, may pose a risk to equity regarding the content of the subject of civics when teachers choose and prioritize content in vastly different ways.

La animación de tóner, procesos y principios Éste trabajo parte de la unión de dos intereses personales, por un lado el referido a la animación y por otro el copy-art. Fruto de ésta combinación y siguiendo una metodología principalmente empírica se ha alumbrado lo que podemos llamar "la animación de tóner", una posible nueva técnica de animación experimental de naturaleza analógica. La realización de un estudio pormenorizado de los posibles antecedentes en el campo de la animación de autor y de la electrografía nos permitió empezar a valorar la originalidad y potencialidad de la animación de tóner. Tomando en cuenta las características y limitaciones de dichos precedentes, se profundizó en la parte técnica de las máquinas electrográficas de impresión buscando la posibilidad de generar imágenes de tóner en estado latente (base de ésta tesis). Con todo éste bagaje, y a base de pequeñas experimentaciones, se ha llegado a desarrollar un modelo para el que se han establecido los requerimientos mínimos y los procedimientos necesarios para su óptima funcionalidad. Proceso que bien puede funcionar de manera autónoma o bien en simbiosis con su técnica hermana, la animación de arena. Finalmente, para estudiar y describir su particular forma y las aportaciones expresivas de ésta al ámbito de la animación de autor, se realizó una pequeña pieza demostrativa que reuniera todas las cualidades referidas a lo largo de la tesis y que validara la técnica en cuestión. / González Monaj, R. (2008). La animación de tóner. Procesos y principios [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6241

O objetivo central desta tese é estudar o percurso artístico e intelectual de Leon Hirszman a partir dos filmes Que país é este? (1976-77), ABC da greve (1979- 90) e Eles não usam black-tie (1981). Discutindo as relações entre cinema e História, a pesquisa se concentra nas práticas culturais, estéticas e ideológicas do realizador, procurando analisar as interpretações que ele mobilizou em torno do Brasil durante a vigência do regime militar. A despeito de Hirszman ter consolidado a sua trajetória como integrante do Cinema Novo, questão que percorre as páginas deste doutorado, propõe-se também uma aproximação entre a sua obra e o projeto dramatúrgico construído por autores oriundos do Teatro de Arena. Na década de 1970, face à crise que se instalou no campo cultural da esquerda, em especial o colapso da crença revolucionária anterior a 1964 e o refluxo da leitura do povo como vanguarda heroica para uma transformação do mundo, o cineasta se aproximaria do revisionismo artístico proposto, principalmente, por Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, Paulo Pontes e Vianinha. Mantendo em seus filmes uma abordagem politizada da classe popular, sem abdicar da figura do intelectual como mediador de denúncias contra a ditadura, o diretor se voltaria para uma produção em sintonia com o viés comunista de engajamento, em diálogo com a tradição do realismo crítico e disposta a elaborar narrativas e registros documentais em confronto ao autoritarismo dos militares. Nesse sentido, mesmo sem partilhar do ideário do novo sindicalismo surgido sobretudo entre os metalúrgicos da cidade paulista de São Bernardo do Campo, Hirszman deslocaria a figura do operário para o centro do processo criativo de ABC da greve e de Black-tie, representando-o em uma chave próxima à resistência articulada pelo Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB), na qual o trabalhador seria visto como parte de uma ampla frente organizada para superar a ditadura e atuar em prol da redemocratização. Uma obra realizada com o intuito de responder aos dilemas sociais de seu contexto histórico, a propor uma abordagem particular sobre a classe popular e a militância antiautoritária, a partir de leituras e experiências estéticas construídas em meio aos impasses que percorreram a esquerda política e cultural na segunda metade dos anos 1970. / The main goal of this thesis is to study Leon Hirszman\'s artistic and intellectual trajectory through the films Que país é este? (1976-77), ABC da greve (1979-90) and They don\'t wear black-tie (1981). Discussing the relation between film and History, the research concentrates itself on the cultural, aesthetic and ideological practices of the director, aiming to analyze his interpretations about Brazil during its military dictatorship. Despite Hirszman\'s consolidated career as a member of the Cinema Novo movement, issue that is described during this doctoral thesis, it also proposes an approach of his work with the dramaturgical project originated by authors from the Teatro de Arena. On the 1970\'s, in virtue of the crisis installed in the left wing\'s cultural sphere, specially the collapse of the revolutionary belief preceding 1964 and the retrocession of the interpretation placing the people as the heroic vanguard leading a structural transformation, the filmmaker would court the artistic revisionism proposed by Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, Paulo Pontes and Vianinha. Maintaining a politicized approach about the popular class on his films, without abdicating the image of the intellectual as a mediator of denounces against the dictatorship, the director would proceed to a production in tune with the communist\'s active participation project, establishing a dialogue with the tradition of critical realism, willing to elaborate narratives and documental registers confronting with the authoritarian way of the military. In this sense, even without sharing the ideology originated from the newly born trade unionism, especially among the steelworkers from São Bernardo do Campo\'s city, Hirszman shifted the figure of the worker, making it the core of the creative process of ABC da greve and Black-tie. In these movies, it was represented as a key-piece close to the resistance articulated by the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), in which it was seen as part of a large front, organized to overcome the military regime and act in favor of the country\'s redemocratization. A work realized with the intention of responding to the social dilemmas of its time, proposing a singular approach about the popular class and the anti-authoritarian militancy, originating interpretations and aesthetic experiences constructed among conflicts that filled the left-wing politic and cultural manifestations on the second half of the seventies.

The basal ganglia (BG) are a group of brain nuclei situated deep in the cerebral hemispheres. While BG were primarily associated with motor functions, in recent years there has been an increasing evidence that BG are also significantly involved in a wide range of non-motor functions. This work focused on some of the non-motor symptoms associated with two typical basal ganglia disorders: Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). The first study concerned spatial navigation impairment in patients with HD. Their spatial navigation skills were tested using the Blue Velvet Arena, technique evaluating spatial navigation in real space, capable to selectively differentiate between two components of spatial navigation - allocentric (environment-oriented) and egocentric (self-oriented). Allocentric navigation is linked to hippocampal function, whereas egocentric navigation is usually associated with striatum, a structure predominantly affected in HD. We found that spatial navigation is not significantly affected in the early stages of HD and that in more advanced stages, when spatial navigation is already impaired, there is no significant difference between allocentric and egocentric navigation impairment. We speculate that the striatal involvement does not contribute to the impairment of the...

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-02T19:00:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Marina_Rohde2017.pdf: 1356351 bytes, checksum: 1eccb9f26cb13ab47fc9693165771c4e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-02T19:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Marina_Rohde2017.pdf: 1356351 bytes, checksum: 1eccb9f26cb13ab47fc9693165771c4e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Based on the studies of fictional narratives that re-read the historical past, the research in question analyzes different modalities of historical novels from the representation of Anita Garibaldi (1821–1849), in perspectives that may vary, from the corroboration of the official discourse to its refutation. Such images of this personality, therefore, extend from the perception that she was only a young woman in love and so as to live a great love she would face any obstacle, to the perception of an idealistic and questioning woman, who would take part in wars for political conviction regardless of his loving involvement with a revolutionary sailor. The corpus that provides us with the basis for the study comes from three different contexts: The United States, Brazil and Argentina. The selection of this material considered criteria such as: the belonging of one of the works to the traditional modality of the genre, whose discourse linked to Anita and Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) is apologetic; a deconstructive perspective of this character hitherto idealized, in a critical production that presents the protagonist who sees in his partner someone to share ideals and for this reason does not accept to be relegated to live in the shadow of that relationship; and also a modality of historical novel whose ideology is mediative in comparison with these two previous productions, aiming at a configuration of Anita that conjugates the representation of both facets commonly evidenced: the lover and the politics. In this sense, each author, through the specificity of his chosen language and modality, approaches the character of historical extraction by a singular prism - the uncritical, the critical and the mediative. To make this analysis possible, in an interamerican dimension, the works selected are: I Am My Beloved: The Life of Anita Garibaldi (1969), written by the American Lisa Sergio, A Guerrilheira (1979), by the Brazilian João Felício dos Santos and Anita cubierta de arena (2003), by the Argentinian Alicia Dujovne Ortiz. Therefore, we show that the fictional images of Anita Garibaldi also trace a historical and sequential trajectory of the hybrid genre of history and fiction. Hence, the theoretical support of this approach, both to the character and to the different modalities of historical romance, finds support in the studies of Aínsa (1991), Menton (1993), Rodríguez (1996), Esteves (2010), Fleck (2011; 2017), Fernández Prieto (2003), to name but a few. / Com base nos estudos das narrativas ficcionais que releem o passado histórico, a pesquisa em questão analisa distintas modalidades de romances históricos a partir da representação de Anita Garibaldi (1821–1849), em perspectivas que buscam ora corroborar o discurso oficial, ora desconstruí-lo. Tais imagens dessa personalidade se estendem, portanto, da percepção de que ela era apenas uma jovem apaixonada e que, para viver um grande amor, enfrentaria qualquer obstáculo, até a percepção de uma mulher idealista e questionadora, que participaria de guerras por convicção política independentemente de seu envolvimento amoroso com um marinheiro revolucionário. O corpus que serve de base para o estudo parte de três contextos diferentes: Os Estados Unidos, o Brasil e a Argentina. A seleção desse material considerou critérios como: o pertencimento de uma das obras à modalidade tradicional do gênero, cujo discurso vinculado à Anita e Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) é apologético; uma perspectiva desconstrucionista dessa personagem até então idealizada, em uma produção crítica que apresenta a protagonista que vê em seu companheiro alguém para partilhar ideais e que não se deixa viver à sombra desse relacionamento; e, ainda, uma modalidade de romance histórico cuja ideologia é mediativa em comparação com essas duas produções anteriores, atentando para uma configuração de Anita que conjuga a representação de ambas as facetas comumente evidenciadas: a amante e a política. Nesse sentido, cada autor, por meio da especificidade de sua linguagem e modalidade escolhida, aborda a personagem de extração histórica por um prisma singular – o acrítico, o crítico e o mediativo. Para tornar essa análise possível, em uma dimensão interamericana, as obras selecionadas são: I Am My Beloved: The Life of Anita Garibaldi (1969), escrita pela estadunidense Lisa Sergio, A Guerrilheira (1979), do brasileiro João Felício dos Santos e Anita cubierta de arena (2003), da argentina Alicia Dujovne Ortiz. Desse modo, evidenciamos que as imagens ficcionais de Anita Garibaldi traçam, também, uma trajetória histórica e sequencial do gênero híbrido de história e ficção. A sustentação teórica dessa abordagem, tanto à personagem como às diferentes modalidades de romance histórico, encontra respaldo nos estudos de Aínsa (1991), Menton (1993), Márquez Rodríguez (1996), Fernández Prieto (2003), Esteves (2010), Fleck (2011; 2017), entre outros.

O objetivo central desta tese é estudar o percurso artístico e intelectual de Leon Hirszman a partir dos filmes Que país é este? (1976-77), ABC da greve (1979- 90) e Eles não usam black-tie (1981). Discutindo as relações entre cinema e História, a pesquisa se concentra nas práticas culturais, estéticas e ideológicas do realizador, procurando analisar as interpretações que ele mobilizou em torno do Brasil durante a vigência do regime militar. A despeito de Hirszman ter consolidado a sua trajetória como integrante do Cinema Novo, questão que percorre as páginas deste doutorado, propõe-se também uma aproximação entre a sua obra e o projeto dramatúrgico construído por autores oriundos do Teatro de Arena. Na década de 1970, face à crise que se instalou no campo cultural da esquerda, em especial o colapso da crença revolucionária anterior a 1964 e o refluxo da leitura do povo como vanguarda heroica para uma transformação do mundo, o cineasta se aproximaria do revisionismo artístico proposto, principalmente, por Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, Paulo Pontes e Vianinha. Mantendo em seus filmes uma abordagem politizada da classe popular, sem abdicar da figura do intelectual como mediador de denúncias contra a ditadura, o diretor se voltaria para uma produção em sintonia com o viés comunista de engajamento, em diálogo com a tradição do realismo crítico e disposta a elaborar narrativas e registros documentais em confronto ao autoritarismo dos militares. Nesse sentido, mesmo sem partilhar do ideário do novo sindicalismo surgido sobretudo entre os metalúrgicos da cidade paulista de São Bernardo do Campo, Hirszman deslocaria a figura do operário para o centro do processo criativo de ABC da greve e de Black-tie, representando-o em uma chave próxima à resistência articulada pelo Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB), na qual o trabalhador seria visto como parte de uma ampla frente organizada para superar a ditadura e atuar em prol da redemocratização. Uma obra realizada com o intuito de responder aos dilemas sociais de seu contexto histórico, a propor uma abordagem particular sobre a classe popular e a militância antiautoritária, a partir de leituras e experiências estéticas construídas em meio aos impasses que percorreram a esquerda política e cultural na segunda metade dos anos 1970. / The main goal of this thesis is to study Leon Hirszman\'s artistic and intellectual trajectory through the films Que país é este? (1976-77), ABC da greve (1979-90) and They don\'t wear black-tie (1981). Discussing the relation between film and History, the research concentrates itself on the cultural, aesthetic and ideological practices of the director, aiming to analyze his interpretations about Brazil during its military dictatorship. Despite Hirszman\'s consolidated career as a member of the Cinema Novo movement, issue that is described during this doctoral thesis, it also proposes an approach of his work with the dramaturgical project originated by authors from the Teatro de Arena. On the 1970\'s, in virtue of the crisis installed in the left wing\'s cultural sphere, specially the collapse of the revolutionary belief preceding 1964 and the retrocession of the interpretation placing the people as the heroic vanguard leading a structural transformation, the filmmaker would court the artistic revisionism proposed by Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, Paulo Pontes and Vianinha. Maintaining a politicized approach about the popular class on his films, without abdicating the image of the intellectual as a mediator of denounces against the dictatorship, the director would proceed to a production in tune with the communist\'s active participation project, establishing a dialogue with the tradition of critical realism, willing to elaborate narratives and documental registers confronting with the authoritarian way of the military. In this sense, even without sharing the ideology originated from the newly born trade unionism, especially among the steelworkers from São Bernardo do Campo\'s city, Hirszman shifted the figure of the worker, making it the core of the creative process of ABC da greve and Black-tie. In these movies, it was represented as a key-piece close to the resistance articulated by the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), in which it was seen as part of a large front, organized to overcome the military regime and act in favor of the country\'s redemocratization. A work realized with the intention of responding to the social dilemmas of its time, proposing a singular approach about the popular class and the anti-authoritarian militancy, originating interpretations and aesthetic experiences constructed among conflicts that filled the left-wing politic and cultural manifestations on the second half of the seventies.

The forest industry is a fundamental cornerstone of the Swedish economy employing over 70 000 workers on a national scale. In recent years, the industry has seen increased efforts to digitalize operations and management of forestry to reap economical rewards, improve efficiency and gain competitive advantages. Due to living nature of trees, forest-management is a critical activity within the industry; trees and forests maintained properly will reward the owner with not only greater quality and greater quantity of wood, but also a shorter realization of cash flow. Fully realized, data from UPM Skog suggests that proper forest management has the potential to increase forest returns with up to 50 percent. This thesis studies forest management in the context of digitalization with the aim of making forest monitoring more digital and intelligent. In particular, it studies unsupervised monitoring in detail, a subset of remote sensing. Applications and effects of unsupervised monitoring include but are not limited to; enable real-time management of forest inventory, improved planning, time logging to market-fluctuations and enhanced biodiversity. There are a multitude of technologies that could be utilized and applied to achieve unsupervised monitoring and the startingpoint for discussion are the technologies Internet of Things and Enterprise Blockchain. The research is carried out as a case-study utilizing qualitative semi-structured interviews as primary data collection tool combined with a rigorous literature study in the relevant technological areas. The findings of this thesis portray a trade-off between infrastructure, maintainability, precision and latency on the choice of communication technology. Further, it discusses various ways to work around the different drawbacks of specific technology choices and in what contexts they be more or less suitable. Blockchain technology can act as an enabler for multiple novel industrial applications due to is properties of immutability, transparency and trust; however, not critical for unsupervised monitoring applications in the short run. This research serves as a first step in exploring the area of Internet of Things and Blockchain applied to unsupervised monitoring of forestry. In doing so, the thesis addresses infrastructural considerations, economic feasibility as well as key implications in terms of change management. / Skogsindustrin är en hörnsten för svensk ekonomi och sysselsätter fler än 70 000 arbetare på en nationell skala. De senaste åren har industrin sett ökade satsningar mot att digitalisera förvaltning och operation av skog med syftet att nå ekonomisk avkastning, ökad effektivitet och förbättrad konkurrenskraft. Till följd av trädens levandenatur är skogsförvaltning en kritisk aktivitet inom industrin; trä och skog som underhålls på rätt sätt belönar ägaren med både höjd kvalitet på virke och högre kvantitet av virke samt snabbare realisering av kassaflöden. Data från UPM Skog uppskattar att god skogsförvaltning har potential att medföra upp till 50 procent högre avkastning från skogen. Denna uppsats studerar skogsförvaltning inom kontextet av digitalisering med syftet att göra förvaltningen mer digital och mer intelligent. Mer specifikt studeras tillsynslös övervakning (TÖ) i detalj, ett område som kan tolkas som ett subområde till fjärranalys. Tillämpningar och effekter av TÖ inkluderar men är inte begränsat till: möjliggöra real-tids förvaltning av skogsinnehav, förbättrad planering, optimerad avverkning efter marknadens fluktuationer samt också ökad biodiversitet. Det finns flertalet teknologier som kan användas och appliceras för att åstadkomma TÖ och startpunkten i denna uppsats är teknologierna Internet of Things och Enterprise Blockchain. Forskningen är utförd som en fallstudie och nyttjar kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer som primärdata samt en rigorös litteraturanalys inom relevanta teknologiområden. Undersökningsresultaten av denna fallstudie påvisar en avvägning mellan infrastruktur, underhållbarhet, precision och latens på den valda kommunikationsteknologin. Vidare undersöks olika sätt att arbeta runt olika nackdelar med de specifika teknologivalen samt utreder i vilka kontext som teknologierna är mer eller mindre lämpliga. Blockchain kan möjliggöra flertal nya industriella applikationer med hjälp av sina egenskaper som oföränderlighet, transparens och tillförlitlighet; men kan inte bedömas vara kritisk för TÖ utifrån ett kort tidsperspektiv. Denna forskning är ett första steg i att utforska området Internet of Things och Blockchain applicerat mot TÖ i skog. I detta adresseras allt från infrastrukturella frågeställningar, ekonomisk genomförbarhet samt implikationer inom förändringsledning.

This thesis investigates the use of scaffolding techniques in video game design to increase player engagement and satisfy psychological needs as defined by self-determination theory (SDT). It focuses on how games use scaffolding mechanisms to improve player autonomy, competence, and relatedness—the three fundamental needs proposed by SDT as ways to promote intrinsic motivation. The study also examines self-scaffolding strategies employed by players, exploring how they independently leverage game features to meet their psychological needs. Through case studies on games including Hearthstone, Magic: the Gathering Arena, and Path of Exile, the research analyzes the application of scaffolding and self-scaffolding using formal analysis of game tutorials and systems, as well as discourse analysis of player and specialist discussions about these aspects. The findings indicate that Hearthstone's tutorial, which effectively uses scaffolding, is well received by players, while the scaffolding in Magic: the Gathering Arena is not as effective. Path of Exile's complex skill tree promotes self-scaffolding, highlighting the importance of self-directed learning in intricate game environments. The study concludes that effective scaffolding design is essential for onboarding players, but tutorials should be skippable to accommodate experienced players. At the same time, games should provide sufficient structure to guide player learning while allowing freedom for exploration, innovation, and self-directed learning.

In the beginning of the 1990s the responsibility for the compulsory schools shifted from the government to the local authorities, a freedom of choice was introduced, and several municipalities brought in a school voucher system. With these changes, the educational system in Sweden went from being one of the world’s most government dominated and unified, to one with a high level of freedom of choice. The overall aim for this study is to explore the interplay between the school choice policy in the compulsory school and the process of integration and segregation on a school level. The aim is also specifically to study to what degree the pupils’ choice of school reflect the schools’ composition, with regards to ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds between 1992 and 2004.The thesis is based on three different kinds of materials; registry data from SCB (Statistics Sweden), the municipality’s data surrounding the school applications, and interviews with civil servants, politicians, and head teachers. In conclusion, the study shows that a divide has emerged between different schools, the make-up of pupils is becoming more homogenous, and the school as a meeting place between different ethnic groups is affected in a negative way. The study also shows that the school choices have an influence on this segregation between the schools. However, there are a small number of exceptions. In certain schools, the ethnic mix of pupils is relatively fair.