O nó sinoatrial (NSA) é responsável pela geração dos impulsos nervosos determinantes da contração cardíaca, sendo seu suprimento sangüíneo feito pela artéria do nó sinoatrial - ANSA. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar a vascularização arterial da região do NSA, em corações humanos normais, por meio de técnicas macroscópicas, procurando enfocar a terminação da ANSA, sua origem e trajeto, atentando para a presença ou não da chamada "rede arterial perisinusal". Vinte e cinco (25) corações, de indivíduos adultos, de ambos os sexos, sem doenças cardíacas, obtidos no "Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital (SVOC) da Universidade de São Paulo", tiveram os óstios coronários canulados para injeção de resina vinílica corada. As peças foram fixadas em solução aquosa de formol 10% (48 horas), seguindo-se a dissecação da circulação atrial. As metades direita e esquerda dos átrios apresentaram número equivalente de artérias (62 e 63, respectivamente), o que não ocorreu para as metades anterior e posterior (77 e 48, respectivamente). A ANSA originou-se da artéria coronária direita, em 15 casos (60%): em onze (11) da artéria atrial direita anterior medial (AADAM), dois (2) da direita intermédia (AADAI) e dois (2) da direita lateral (AADAL). Em oito casos (32%), originava-se da artéria coronária esquerda: três (3) da artéria atrial esquerda posterior lateral (AASPL), dois (2) da esquerda anterior intermédia (AASAI) e três (3) da anterior medial (AASAM). Em 8% dos casos (2) a distribuição era peculiar - em um AASAM e artéria atrial esquerda anterior lateral (AASAL) estavam em continuidade, até alcançarem e penetrarem a região do nó, e, no segundo caso, a AASAM unia-se com a artéria atrial direita posterior lateral (AADPL), com trajeto em forma "U", circundando a base da veia cava superior. Em oito corações, identificou-se intensa ramificação na região perinodal, indicativo da ocorrência da "rede arterial perisinusal". A diversidade do trajeto da ANSA ora observada e a indicada pela literatura reitera a necessidade de maiores estudos sobre este trajeto, de modo a contribuir para a higidez do NSA nas cirurgias envolvendo manipulação atrial. / The sinoatrial node (NSA) is responsible for the production of the nervous impulses, which determine the cardiac contraction and its blood supply is provided by the sinoatrial node artery - ANSA. In this research we aimed to study the arterial vascularization of the NSA area in normal human hearts, with macroscopic techniques intending to identify the origin of the sinoatrial node artery, its termination, attempting to the presence or not of the so called "arterial perisinusal network". Twenty five (25) hearts, without diseases, obtained from the "Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital (SVOC) da Universidade de São Paulo" were canulated by the coronary ostium following injected with colored resin. They were fixed in 10% watery formaldehyde solution (48 hours) an afterwards the atrial circulation was dissected. The left and right atrial halves demonstrating equivalence of arteries (62 and 63 respectively), which was not observed in the anterior and posterior halves of the heart (77 and 48 arteries respectively). The ANSA was originated from de right coronary artery in fifteen cases (60%): eleven by the right anterior medial atrial artery (AADAM), two by the right anterior intermedial atrial artery (AADAI) and two by the right anterior lateral atrial artery (AADAL). In eight cases (32%) was originated from the left coronary artery: three by the left posterior lateral atrial artery (AASPL), two by the left anterior intermedial atrial artery (AASAI) and three by left anterior medial atrial artery (AASAM). In 8% of the cases, the vascular distribution was peculiar - in one of them, the AASAM and left anterior lateral atrial artery (AASAL) were in continuous, reaching and penetrating the node area. In the second case, the AASAM artery joined to the right posterior lateral atrial artery (AADPL) forming a continuous "U" shape surrounding the base of the VCS. In eight hearts, the arterial distribution showed intense ramification in the perinodal area, which could indicate the occurrence of the "perisinusal arterial network". The diversity of the ANSA´s traject, indicated by the literature, shows the necessarily others studies about it to contribute to the integrity of the NSA in surgical procedures that involves the atrial walls.

O climatério, período da vida da mulher situado entre os 35 e 65 anos, constitui uma transição entre a fase reprodutiva e a não reprodutiva. Diversas mudanças fazem parte desse período, como a menopausa, alteração da estética física, nos aspectos psicológicos e sociais. No climatério há perda da proteção do estrogênio, ocorrendo aumento significativo na incidência de doenças cardiovasculares, que, após algumas décadas, alcança aquela observada homens. A cardiopatia pode promover um comprometimento global do indivíduo afetando-o, também, nos segmentos afetivo-emocional e social. A sobreposição de duas situações que envolvem importantes aspectos psicossociais - o fim do período reprodutivo e a presença da doença cardiovascular - pode interferir negativamente na qualidade de vida dessas mulheres. O presente estudo avaliou a qualidade de vida em mulheres com doença isquêmica do coração no climatério após a menopausa. O estudo incluiu 100 mulheres após a menopausa, sendo 50 portadoras de doença arterial coronária (DAC) em seguimento no Instituto do Coração (InCor) HC-FMUSP e 50 que não apresentavam doenças associadas (grupo controle) atendidas no Centro de Saúde Escola Geraldo de Paula Souza da FSP - USP. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada mediante a utilização de dois instrumentos: uma entrevista estruturada e a aplicação do questionário genérico de avaliação de qualidade de vida ( SF - 36 ). Os grupos eram homogêneos em relação à idade da última menstruação: 49 ±3,9 anos na DAC e 49,2±3 anos no grupo controle. Os grupos também eram similares quanto à escolaridade: 84% possuíam primeiro grau (completo ou incompleto); estado civil: casadas 64% das DAC e 45% do grupo controle e viúvas 18% da DAC e 24% das controle. A atividade profissional fora do lar foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo controle (52%) e 14% nas DAC (p=0,0001). Ambos os grupos demonstraram percepções semelhantes no que se refere a sexualidade. A avaliação da qualidade de vida pelo SF - 36 mostrou melhores resultados no grupo controle em relação a: capacidade física (84 vs 50,5 na DAC); aspectos físicos (84 vs 45,5); estado geral de saúde (87,2 vs 59,1); vitalidade (69,7 vs 51,4) e escore total dos componentes mentais (70,4 vs 58,6). Tais resultados nos levaram à conclusão que a coronariopatia interfere na qualidade de vida das mulheres após a menopausa, limitando a capacidade física e o desempenho das atividades da vida diária, além de intensificar as dificuldades emocionais desse período. / Climaterium, the life period of women ranging from 35 to 65 years old, includes the transitional phase between the reproductive to the non-reproductive life period. It is a great challenging period in a woman's life: everything is changing, the menses stop, sexual hormone levels decline, physical strength and activity decrease, and important psychological and social role changes occur. The declining levels of estrogen are associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease incidence that, after some decades, reaches similar rates as men in climacteric women. All chronic diseases, particularly coronary artery disease, compromise the patient as a whole, including physical, affective-emotional and social aspects. Therefore, the overlap of two different stressful situations; the end of the reproductive life and the presence of coronary artery disease, may negatively influence the quality of life in women. The aim of this study was to analyse the quality of life of post menopausal women with coronary artery disease. The population consisted of 100 women, 50 (58±4.2 years old) with stable angiography provess coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing treatment at The Heart Institute (InCor) - University of São Paulo medical school, Brazil (CAD group). This group was compared with 50 women (55.1±5.4 years old) without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease (control group) from a primary health care center, Centro de Saúde Escola Geraldo de Paula Souza, São Paulo - FSP- USP. The quality of life was assessed by a structured interview and by Medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) validated to the Brazilian population. They were homogenous regarding age of the last menstruation period: 49±3.9 years old in CAD and 49.2±3 years old in controls. The groups were also similar in education level, marital status (64% of CAD and 45% of controls were married; and 18% of CAD and 24% of controls were widowhood). The active working satatus was more frequent in controls than in CAD (52% vs. 14%; p= 0.0001). Both groups showed similar perceptions in their sexual experience. The evaluation of quality of life by SF-36 showed better scores for the control group in: physical functioning (84 vs. 50.5), role physical (84 vs. 45,5) , general health (87.2 vs. 59.1), vitality (69.7 vs. 51,4), p<0.0001; and total score of mental components (70.4 vs. 58.6), p = 0.028. Coronary artery disease alters the quality of life of climacteric women by limiting the physical capacity to perform ordinary daily activities and by intensifying emotional conflicts usually present in this phase of life.

Hung Hoi Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-160). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v / PUBLICATIONS BASED ON THE WORK IN THIS THESIS --- p.vi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Prostanoids and vasoconstriction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- EP3 receptors --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- EP1 receptors --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- FP receptors --- p.23 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- TP receptors --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2 --- Role of Ca2+ in vascular smooth muscle contraction --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Ca2+ as second messenger --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Ca2+ sensitization --- p.41 / Chapter 1.3 --- Aim of study --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- METHODS AND MATERIALS --- p.49 / Chapter 2.1 --- Experiments with rat femoral artery --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experiments with guinea-pig trachea --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5 --- Measurement of rat knee joint blood flow --- p.62 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1 --- Effects of EP3 agonists and other vasoactive agents on the rat femoral artery preparation --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Interactions between EP3 agonists and other vasoactive agents --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Interactions with phenylephrine --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Interactions with KCl --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of nifedipine --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Effects of Rho-kinase inhibitors --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5 --- Effect of EP1 receptor antagonist --- p.76 / Chapter 3.6 --- Other properties of the rat femoral artery --- p.77 / Chapter 3.8 --- Effect of sulprostone on blood flow of rat knee joint --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.118 / Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of PGE analogues on rat femoral artery --- p.118 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Prostanoid receptor (s) responsible for the contractile effects --- p.118 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Prostanoid Receptors involved in the synergism --- p.122 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Synergism models --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2 --- Mechanisms of synergistic contractions --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Role of Ca2+ influx --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Role of Ca2+ sensitization --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of sulprostone in vivo --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.136 / REFERENCES --- p.138

Lam Lop Chi. / Thesis submitted in: August 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-126). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.I / Abstract in English --- p.II-IV / Abstract in Chinese --- p.V-VI / List of Abbreviations --- p.VII-IX / List of Figures --- p.X / List of Tables --- p.XI-XII / Table of Contents --- p.XIII-XV / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Risk factors --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Overseas guidelines in CAD management --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Angioplasty in CAD intervention --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Prevention or Intervention? --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6 --- Economic impact on PCI --- p.24 / Chapter 1.7 --- Cost of illness --- p.28 / Chapter 1.8 --- Hypothesis --- p.30 / Chapter 1.9 --- Objectives --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Cost of AMI Study / Chapter 2.1 --- Background --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objective --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- Method --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.49 / Chapter 2.6 --- Study limitations --- p.58 / Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusions --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Angina study / Chapter 3.1 --- Background --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objective --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3 --- Hypothesis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4 --- Method --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results --- p.79 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 3.7 --- Study limitations --- p.101 / Chapter 3.8 --- Conclusions --- p.101 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Overall Discussion --- p.103 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.112 / References --- p.114 / Appendix --- p.127

Computed tomography imaging has revolutionised modern medicine and we can now study the body in greater detail than ever before. Cardiac computed tomography has the potential to provide information not just on coronary anatomy, but also on myocardial function, perfusion and viability. This thesis addresses the optimisation and validation of computed tomography imaging of the heart using a wide volume 320-multidetector scanner. Computed tomography coronary angiography now has diagnostic accuracy comparable to invasive coronary angiography. However, radiation dose remains an important concern. It is therefore important to minimise computed tomography radiation dose while maintaining image quality. I was able to demonstrate that iterative reconstruction and patient tailored imaging techniques led to a 39% reduction in radiation dose in computed tomography coronary angiography, while maintaining subjective and objective assessments of image quality. In addition, I demonstrated that diagnostic images can be obtained in 99% of unselected patients presenting with suspected coronary artery disease when using single heart-beat 320- multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography. Computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging can provide additional and complementary information as compared to computed tomography coronary angiography that can aid diagnosis and management. I established both quantitative and qualitative assessment of computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging and validated it against both a clinical “gold-standard”, fractional flow reserve during invasive coronary angiography, and a physiological “gold-standard”, positron emission tomography with oxygen-15 labelled water. Finally, I was able to show that techniques to reduce radiation dose can also be applied to computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging, leading to a 60% reduction in radiation dose, while maintaining image quality. In my thesis, I have established that comprehensive cardiac angiographic and perfusion imaging can be performed with wide volume computed tomography in a broad generalizable population of patients with relatively low radiation exposure. These techniques provide both structural and functional assessments from a single imaging modality that are valid and readily applicable to the clinic in the assessment and management of patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

TÍTULO: Associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono, Estresse Oxidativo e Doença Arterial Coronariana. INTRODUÇÃO: Evidências sugerem associação entre a doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS), porém o mecanismo que explica essa associação é incerto. Episódios repetitivos de hipóxia e reoxigenação vivenciados pelos indivíduos com DRS levam ao aumento de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). ERO no interior dos eritrócitos podem ser detoxificadas pelas enzimas antioxidantes glutationa peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD). Ainda no citoplasma as ERO podem ser detoxificadas pela vitamina C ou ácido úrico. O estresse oxidativo é caracterizado por um desequilíbrio entre os níveis de ERO e antioxidantes. Este desequilíbrio promove lesão oxidativa em biomoléculas, mecanismo este associado à fisiopatologia da DAC. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a relação entre o índice de apnéia hipopnéia (IAH) e a presença de DAC. Verificar a associação entre IAH, DAC e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: SOD, CAT, GPx e antioxidantes não enzimáticos, ácido úrico e vitamina C. Avaliar a relação entre IAH, DAC e os produtos de danos oxidativos em lipídios, proteínas. Entre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo identificar preditores para DAC. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. Entre junho de 2007 e maio de 2008 na Hemodinâmica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, triamos consecutivamente 519 indivíduos encaminhados para angiografia diagnóstica ou terapêutica. Incluímos 14 pacientes com DAC (≥ 50% diminuição do lúmen da coronária) e 30 controles com < 50% de obstrução. O IAH foi mensurado por meio de polissonografia portátil. Verificamos presença de DAC através da angiografia coronariana. A quantificação dos grupos carbonil no hemolisado e no plasma e as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes SOD, CAT e GPx foram verificadas por método espectrofotométrico. Mensuramos malondialdeído (MDA) e vitamina C por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. RESULTADOS: Este é o primeiro trabalho que evidencia correlação entre IAH e o aumento de carbonilação de proteínas eritrocitárias. Além disso, os resultados obtidos mostram que os indivíduos portadores de DAC apresentam níveis maiores de grupos carbonil no hemolisado quando comparados aos indivíduos controles. Em um modelo de regressão multivariado ajustado para idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal, buscando verificar preditores para DAC, verificamos que o aumento de uma unidade de carbonil aumenta 1,7% o risco para desenvolvimento de DAC, já uma unidade do IAH aumenta em 3,9% o risco de desenvolvimento de DAC. Não foi encontrada correlação entre IAH e os marcadores MDA, carbonil no plasma e os antioxidantes: SOD, CAT, GPx vitamina C e ácido úrico. Não verificamos correlação entre DAC e os marcadores MDA, carbonil no plasma e entre os antioxidantes SOD, CAT , GPx e ácido úrico. Pacientes com CAD significativa apresentaram níveis menores de vitamina C. Correlação positiva foi observada entre os níveis de vitamina C e a concentração de proteínas carboniladas no plasma. CONCLUSÃO: Foi evidenciado que a carbonilação de proteínas eritrocitárias e o IAH tem importância na fisiopatologia da DAC. Da mesma forma a vitamina C parece ter importância na prevenção da DAC. / INTRODUCTION: Evidences suggest association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleeping Disordered Breathing (SDB), however the mechanism is uncertain. Repetitive episodes of hypoxia and reoxygenation experienced by individuals with SDB lead to an increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS inside the erythocytes may be scavenging by glutathione peroxidase antioxidants enzymes (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In the cytoplasm ROS may be inhibited by vitamin C, or uric acid. Oxidative stress is characterized by an unbalance between ROS and antioxidants. These unbalance promotes oxidative damage in biomolecules, this mechanism is associated to the CAD physiopathology . OBJECTIVE: Verify the relation between apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and CAD. Verify association between AHI, CAD and antioxidants enzymes activity: SOD, CAT, GPx and non enzymatic antioxidants, uric acid, and vitamin C. Evalute the relation between AHI, CAD and oxidative damage products in lipids and proteins. Among the oxidative stress markers identify the predictors for CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross sectional study. Between June and May 2008 in the hemodinamic ward of Clinicas Hospital of Porto Alegre, we consecutively screened 519 individuals sent for diagnostic or therapeutic angiography. We included 14 cases with CAD (≥ 50% narrowing of coronary lumen) and 30 controls with < 50% narrowing. The AHI was measured by portable polisomnography. We found the presence of CAD through coronary angiography. Carbonyl groups quantification in the hemolysed and plasma and antioxidants enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were verified by spectophotometric method. Malondyaldeyde (MDA) and vitamin C were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: This work is the first one that shows correlation between AHI and increased erythrocytes protein carbonylation. In the same way evidences that individuals with significant CAD compared to controls present higher levels of carbonyl groups in the hemolysates. In a multivaried regression model adjusted to age, gender and body mass index to verify predictors for CAD, we verified that the carbonyl unit increased 1.7% the risk for development of CAD, while one unit of IAH increased in 3.9% the risk to develop CAD. We did not find correlation between AHI and the markers MDA, plasma carbonyl and the antioxidants: SOD, CAT, GPx vitamin C and uric acid. We didn’t verify correlation between CAD and the markers MDA, plasma carbonyl and the others antioxidants SOD, CAT , GPx and uric acid. Patients with significant CAD had lower levels of vitamin C. Positive correlation was observed between vitamin C and erythrocyte carbonyl concentration. CONCLUSION: We evidenced that erythrocytes protein carbonylation and AHI are important in the physiopathology of CAD. In the same way vitamin C appears important factor in CAD prevention.

Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2016-06-21T17:35:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 vanessaoliveirasilva_dissert.pdf: 429106 bytes, checksum: 44bf78bbec8e150eef1119e341151324 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T17:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vanessaoliveirasilva_dissert.pdf: 429106 bytes, checksum: 44bf78bbec8e150eef1119e341151324 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 / Introduction: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a gluten-free pseudocereal with high biological value protein, low glycemic carbohydrates, phytosterols and omega 3 and 6 fatty acids. It originates from the Andes, where it has been consumed for thousands of years.The aim of this study was to determine the rates of outpatient serum lipids in coronary patients after ingestion of processed grain quinoa.This is a prospective study of twenty-seven outpatients 48-70 years of age (64.0 ± 8.4 years) who were treated for an average of 120– 200 days.Blood samples were collected before and after consumption of the cereal to determine the dyslipidemic profile of the group and the exams were attended.The results showed a positive effect of the use of quinoa once it has been observed a significant reduction in total cholesterol levels (P = 0.0008), triglycerides (P = 0.001) and LDL-c (p = 0.008). We conclude that the use of quinoa in the diet can be considered beneficial in the prevention and treatment of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases that are among the leading causes of death in the globalized world. / Introdução: A quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) é um pseudocereal isento de glúten, com proteína de alto valor biológico, carboidratos de baixo índice glicêmico, fitosteróis e ácidos graxos ômega 3 e 6. É originária dos Andes, onde vem sendo consumida há milhares de anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as taxas de lipídeos séricos em pacientes coronariopatas ambulatoriais após a ingestão de grãos processados de quinoa. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo com vinte e sete pacientes com 48 a 70 anos de idade (64,0 ± 8,4 anos), que foram tratados por 120 a 200 dias. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e após o consumo do cereal para determinar o perfil lipidêmico do grupo e os exames foram acompanhados. Os resultados mostraram efeitos positivos do uso da quinoa já que se observou redução significante nos valores de colesterol total (P=0,0008), triglicérides (P=0,001) e LDL-c (P=0,008). Conclui-se que o uso da quinoa na alimentação pode ser considerado benéfico na prevenção e controle de fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares (DC) que estão entre as principais causas de morte no mundo globalizado.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 venancio_ls_dr_botfm.pdf: 1176932 bytes, checksum: cb3091aa4e4bde7e6ddd7327173e8782 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Estudos epidemiológicos mostraram que a prevalência de doença arterial periférica (DAP) é alta e tem como fator etiológico principal a aterosclerose. Os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose são bastante conhecidos, e nos últimos anos, foi identificado, além destes, a homocisteína. Embora ainda não haja consenso sobre a dose exata e a forma de utilização, principalmente do folato na forma de suplementos, adequação alimentar, fortificação de cereais, para o tratamento da hiper-homocisteinemia, diversos estudos realizados em pacientes com doença vascular coronariana, cerebral e periférica, mostraram que o folato, isoladamente ou em combinação com a vitamina B6 e B12 pode reduzir as concentrações sanguíneas homocisteína e também diminuir a concentração de alguns marcadores de biológicos do processo de aterosclerose. No entanto, estudos recentes não comprovaram este benefício sobre o processo inflamatório associado à hiper-homocisteinemia. Portanto, a suplementação ou, a fortificação, ou a adequação dietética isolada do folato é uma terapêutica custoefetiva na prevenção e no controle da homocisteinemia, mas ainda persiste inconclusiva quanto ao impacto sobre a evolução das doenças vasculares. / Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is high and has atherosclorosis as its etiological factor. Risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis are widely known, and, for the past years, homocysteine has been identified as one of them. Although there is still no consensus as to the exact dose and manner of use, mainly of folate in the form of supplements, eating adjustment, cereal strengthening, for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia, several studies done in coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease patients have shown that folate, isolatedly or in combination with vitamins B6 and B12, may reduce blood concentrations of homocysteine as well as the concentration of some biological markers in the process of atherosclerosis. However, recent studies have not corroborated this benefit for the inflammatory process associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Consequently, supplementation, strengthening and diet adjustment devoid of folate are not cost-effective therapies in the prevention and control of homocysteine, but it is still inconclusive regarding the impact on the evolution of vascular diseases.

Esta pesquisa analisa experimentalmente as diferenças de comportamento entre a versão clássica e a modificada da craniotomia subtemporal quanto à retração do lobo temporal. A retração é medida pelo ângulo de visão, através do microscópio, obtido ao mirar-se estruturas previamente estabelecidas. Estudou-se a correlação estatística entre a retração cerebral e os diâmetros transversos do crânio, a profundidade da fossa temporal e a altura da bifurcação medida em relação à tenda do cerebelo e à clinóide posterior. É considerada a relação entre estes achados e os aspectos pertinentes à opção entre as craniotomias pterional e subtemporal para o tratamento cirúrgico dos aneurismas da porção superior da artéria basilar. / This paper is an experimental analysis between the classic and the modified subtemporal procedures, regarding the cerebral retraction required to approach the interpeduncular cistern and the basilar artery bifurcation. The retraction is assumed to be proportional to the angle of sight, through the microscope, required to observe the basilar bifurcation and other structures. The statistical correlations between the degree of brain retraction and the transverse diameters of the skull, the vertical length of the temporal fossa and the position of the basilar bifurcation in relation to the posterior clinoid and the tentorium are analysed. Considerations are made regarding these findings and the many aspects involved in the options between the pterional and the subtemporal approaches in the surgical treatment of the basilar bifurcation aneurysms

FINALIDADE: Defeitos na depuração plasmática de quilomícrons e seus remanescentes (QM) predispõem à doença arterial coronária (DAC). QM ligam-se a seus receptores hepáticos específicos (RLP) e aos receptores de LDL (LDL-r). As estatinas reduzem o LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e melhoram a depuração plasmática de QM, aumentando a expressão hepática do LDL-r. A ezetimiba (EZE), um bloqueador da absorção do colesterol, também aumenta a expressão de LDL-r nos seres humanos. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos isolados da EZE na depuração plasmatica de QM artificial em pacientes DAC. Também foram testados os efeitos da associação da sinvastatina em dose baixa com EZE em comparação com a máxima dose de sinvastatina sobre depuração plasmática de QM. MÉTODOS: 25 pacientes com DAC estável (idade 61 ± 5 anos), após um período de seis semanas de washout de estatinas, foram randomizados para um ou outro tratamento com 10 mg EZE (grupo 1, n = 13) ou sinvastatina 20 mg (grupo 2, n = 12). Os pacientes evoluíram para 10mg + 20mg de sinvastatina com EZE ou sinvastatina 80 mg, respectivamente. Os estudos cinéticos foram realizados no início e após 6 e 12 semanas de cada braço do tratamento. A emulsão lipídica de QM marcada com 14C-CE (que mede a remoção QM e remanescente) e 3H-TG (que mede a lipólise de QM) foi injetada e amostras de sangue foram coletadas durante 60 minutos para determinar taxas de remoção fracionária de radioisótopos (TFR) por análise compartimental. As comparações foram feitas por analise de medidas repetidas (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças nas características clínicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos. As TFR de 14C-CE (1/min) no grupo 1 foram 0,005 ± 0,004, 0,011 ± 0,007 e 0,018 ± 0,004 e no grupo 2 foram 0,004 ± 0,002, 0,011 ± 0,008 e 0,019 ± 0,007, respectivamente, à admissão, 6 e 12 semanas ( p <0,05 e ns, respectivamente, para comparações de tempo e grupo). As TFR de 3H-TG (1/min) no grupo 1 foram de 0,017 ± 0,01, 0,024 ± 0,011 e 0,042 ± 0,013 e no grupo 2 foi de 0,01 ± 0,016, 0,022 ± 0,009 e 0,037 ± 0,011, respectivamente, no início do estudo, 6 e 12 semanas ( p <0,05 e ns, respectivamente, para comparações de tempo e grupo). Mudanças semelhantes também foram encontradas para o LDL-C (mg/dL): 142 ± 22,113 ± 19, 74 ± 17 para grupo1 e 119 ± 22, 92 ± 15 e 72 ± 15 para o grupo 2, respectivamente, na admissão, 6 e 12 semanas (p <0,05 para o tempo e ns para o grupo). CONCLUSÃO: EZE isolada aumentou a remoção do plasma de QM e remanescentes e a associação com a sinvastatina aumentou os seus efeitos. A sinvastatina em dose baixa associada à EZE apresentou efeitos favoráveis semelhantes tanto na depuração plasmática de QM quanto na redução de LDL-C em comparação com 80mg de sinvastatina / PURPOSE: Defects on plasma clearance of chylomicrons and their remnants (CM) predispose to coronary heart disease (CHD). CM bind both to their specific liver receptors (LRP) and to the LDL receptors (LDL-r). Statins reduce LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and improve the plasma clearance of CM by increasing the expression of hepatic LDL-r. Ezetimibe (EZE), a cholesterol absorption blocker, also increases LDL-r expression in humans. This study evaluated the isolated effects of EZE on the plasma clearance of artificial CM in CHD subjects. We also tested the effects of the association of low dose simvastatin with EZE in comparison with maximal simvastatin dose upon CM plasma clearance. METHODS: 25 stable CHD patients (age 61 ± 5 years, 98%men) after a 6 week statin washout period were randomized for either treatment with EZE 10 mg (group 1, n= 13) or simvastatin 20 mg (group 2 n=12). Patients were progressed to 10mg EZE+ simvastatin 20mg or simvastatin 80 mg, respectively. Kinetic studies were done at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of each treatment arm. The CM emulsion labelled with 14C-CE (that measures CM and remnant removal) and 3H-TG (that measures CM lipolysis) was injected and blood samples were collected during 60 minutes to determine radioisotopes fractional catabolic rates (FCR) by compartmental analysis. Comparisons were made repeated measurements ANOVA. RESULTS: There were no differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics between the groups. The 14C-CE FCR (1/min) in group 1 were 0.005±0.004, 0.011±0.007 and 0.018±0.004 and in group 2 were 0.004±0.002, 0.011±0.008 and 0.019±0.007 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05 and n.s respectively for time and group comparisons). The 3H-TG FCR (1/min) in group 1 were 0.017±0.01, 0.024±0.011 and 0.042±0.013 and in group 2 were 0.01± 0.016, 0.022±0.009 and 0.037±0.011 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p <0.05 and n.s respectively for time and group comparisons). Similar changes were also found for LDL-C (mg/dL):142 ± 22,113 ± 19, 74 ± 17 for group1 and 119 ± 22, 92 ± 15, and 72 ± 15 for group 2 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05 for time and n.s. for group). CONCLUSION: EZE alone increased the removal from plasma of CM and remnants, the association with simvastatin increased its effects. The low dose simvastatin associated with EZE showed similar favourable effects in both CM plasma clearance and LDL-C in comparison with 80 mg simvastatin