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O Complexo Billings é o maior reservatório de água da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Devido a sua importância estratégica e à degradação da qualidade de suas águas e sedimentos, a represa foi e continua sendo alvo de muitas pesquisas. No entanto, os valores-guia da qualidade de sedimentos (VGQS) adotados pelas normas nacionais vigentes, usualmente aplicados nestes estudos, baseiam-se na abordagem canadense Threshold Effect Level/Probable Effect Level (TEL/PEL), e sua interpretação quanto aos efeitos tóxicos podem divergir dos países que as originaram. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial tóxico de contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos na água e nos sedimentos do reservatório Billings por meio da utilização de diferentes VGQS empíricos e teóricos e ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Uma abordagem multi-tarefas foi conduzida através de avaliações em campo e em laboratório envolvendo extensas caracterizações químicas, físicas e toxicológicas ao longo de dez pontos do reservatório. Em cada local, os parâmetros de qualidade da água superficial foram monitorados in situ. Amostras de sedimento integral, água intersticial e superficial foram coletadas para a avaliação das propriedades físicas e químicas nestes locais, como granulometria e carbono orgânico total (COT). Os teores de sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação (SVA) e os metais extraídos simultaneamente (MES) foram obtidos nas amostras de sedimento integral, assim como as concentrações totais de metais (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn) e contaminantes orgânicos (pesticidas organoclorados e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos polinucleares). Os contaminantes foram então comparados a diferentes linhas de evidências (LDE), dentre elas VGQS empíricos (TEL/PEL, LEL/SEL e VRR), VGQS baseados na teoria do Equilíbrio de Partição (EqP) e ensaios ecotoxicológicos com as espécies Daphnia magna e Hyalella azteca em água superficial e sedimento integral, respectivamente. As concentrações de metais nas águas superficial e intersticial do reservatório foram relativamente baixas e ausentes de efeitos crônicos ou agudos pelos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Os teores de SVA foram superiores aos de MES quando normatizados pela fração COT. Embora a LDE baseada em EqP tenha sugerido a ausência de toxicidade nos sedimentos do reservatório Billings, a mesma ocorreu nos pontos Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira. Os resultados dos ensaios ecotoxicológicos demonstraram efeitos agudos para Hyalella azteca, com sobrevivência dos organismos de 32,5 ± 6,57% e 45 ± 5,77% nos pontos Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira, respectivamente. Efeitos crônicos também foram observados para a espécie H. azteca em ambos os pontos. Os valores de biomassa individuais dos anfípodas foram afetadas quando comparadas ao Controle (0,072 ± 0,01 mg), com valores de 0,032 ± 0,01 mg e 0,031 ± 0,01 mg no Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira, respectivamente. A utilização dos VGQS empíricos TEL/PEL e os Valores de Referência Regionais demonstraram ser eficazes para predição de efeitos tóxicos, visto que as concentrações dos metais Cu, Cr, Ni, e Zn presentes nos sedimentos superaram o limiar PEL em vários pontos do reservatório, indicando uma alta probabilidade de efeitos adversos à biota, comprovada pelos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. As concentrações dos pesticidas organoclorados mirex e DDT encontram-se acima de TEL, enquanto o DDE, mais persistente, demonstrou uma alta probabilidade de ocorrência de efeitos tóxicos (acima de PEL). Embora o EqP não tenha sido eficaz na predição dos efeitos tóxicos, foi imprescindível para compreender a dinâmica dos metais no reservatório, visto que os elevados teores de sulfetos e COT demonstram ser os responsáveis pelo equilíbrio dos metais neste ambiente. Dessa forma, a combinação de VGQS empíricos e teóricos pode - de maneira não regulatória - ser considerada uma solução efetiva e de baixo-custo para a tomada de decisão sobre locais passivos de contaminação. / The Billings Complex is the largest water-storage facility in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Due to its strategic importance and the deterioration in its water quality over time, the Billings reservoir was and remains subject of many researches. However, the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) adopted in Brazil and usually applied in these studies are based on the Canadian Threshold Effect Level/Probable Effect Level (TEL/PEL) and may not suitably predict ecotoxicological effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds in the overlying water, pore water and bedded sediments of the Billings reservoir through several SQGs and toxicological tests. A laboratory and field assessment was conducted involving extensive physical, chemical, and toxicological characterizations within ten stations of the Billings reservoir. At each sampling station, water quality parameters (pH, redox, DO, conductivity, turbidity, and temperature) were measured in depth (intervals of 1 meter). Bedded surface sediment, sediment pore water, and overlying water were collected to assess the physical and chemical properties at these sites, such as particle size and total organic carbon (TOC). Sediment samples were analyzed for acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extractable metals (SEM), total metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and organic contaminants (organochlorine pesticides and semivolatile organic compounds). Empirical (TEL/PEL, RRV, and LEL/SEL) and mechanistic (AVS/SEM) SQGs approaches were applied and compared with 10-d toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca for overlying water and bedded sediment, respectively. Metals in the overlying and pore water were at a relatively low concentrations and absent of chronic or acute effects. AVS concentrations was greater then SEM in every station of the reservoir, therefore suggesting the absence of toxicity. However, Hyalella azteca post-exposure survival was affected in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations (32,5 ± 6,57% and 45 ± 5,77%, respectively). Relative growth rates were also affected in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations (0,032 ± 0,01 mg and 0,031 ± 0,01 mg) when compared to Control (0,072 ± 0,01 mg). Empirical (TEL/PEL, RRV, and LEL/SEL) guidelines were more suitable for toxicity prediction. Several stations exhibit metal concentrations for Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn higher than the Canadian PEL adopted in Brazil. Organic compounds such as mirex and DDT were above TEL. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p\'-DDE were above PEL in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations. Although EqP was not suitable for toxicity prediction, it was important for understanding the role of sulfides and TOC for metal contamination in the reservoir. Therefore, the adoption of both empirically and mechanistic SQGs for sediment quality assessments can provide a more accurate and low cost alternative for sediment management decisions.

Le champ du traitement des images et des vidéos attire l'attention depuis les deux dernières décennies. Ce champ couvre maintenant un spectre énorme d'applications comme la TV 3D, la télé-surveillance, la vision par ordinateur, l'imagerie médicale, la compression, la transmission, etc. En ce début de vingt et unième siècle nous sommes témoins d'une révolution importante. Les largeurs de bande des réseaux, les capacités de mémoire et les capacités de calcul ont été fortement augmentés durant cette période. Un client peut avoir un débit de plus de 100~mbps tandis qu'un autre peut utiliser une ligne à 56~kbps. Simultanément, un client peut avoir un poste de travail puissant, tandis que d'autres peuvent avoir juste un téléphone mobile. Au milieu de ces extrêmes, il y a des milliers de clients avec des capacités et des besoins très variables. De plus, les préférences d'un client doivent s'adapter à sa capacité, par exemple un client handicapé par sa largeur de bande peut être plus intéressé par une visualisation en temps réel sans interruption que d'avoir une haute résolution. Pour y faire face, des architectures hiérarchiques de codeurs vidéo ont été intoduites afin de comprimer une seule fois, et de décomprimer de différentes manières. Comme la DCT n'a pas la fonctionnalité de multi-résolution, une architecture vidéo hiérarchique est conçue pour faire face aux défis des largeurs de bande et des puissances de traitement hétérogènes. Avec l'inondation des contenus numériques, qui peuvent être facilement copiés et modifiés, le besoin de la protection des contenus vidéo a pris plus d'importance. La protection de vidéos peut être réalisée avec l'aide de trois technologies : le tatouage de méta-données et l'insertion de droits d'auteur, le cryptage pour limiter l'accès aux personnes autorisées et la prise des empreintes digitales active pour le traçage de traître. L'idée principale dans notre travail est de développer des technologies de protection transparentes à l'utilisateur. Cela doit aboutir ainsi à un codeur vidéo modifié qui sera capable de coder et d'avoir un flux de données protégé. Puisque le contenu multimédia hiérarchique a déjà commencé à voir le jour, algorithmes pour la protection indépendante de couches d'amélioration sont également proposées.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4248.pdf: 3654263 bytes, checksum: b6ca09bad78da4e11f90710ff570c7d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Frequent use of urban waters for public supply has been increased, due to reduction of water resources suitable for human consumption. These waters are exposed to point and non-point sources of pollution, such as, atmospheric deposition, vehicle emissions and different types of waste thrown into streets and sidewalks. With storm water events, various toxics compounds are carried by surface run-off, reaching finally, into water bodies within the city. The goal of this research was to evaluate the presence of total mercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals potentially toxic and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the hydrographic basin of Stream Barnabé. Searching environmental impact indicators on an aquatic system located at urban area of Indaiatuba, this water is captured to supply about 40.000 persons. Three points of stream were monitored, close to source, to water intake and to outfall. Water samples were collected monthly and sediments samples quarterly, between april/2010 and junho/2011. The results showed that the highest concentrations of mercury in water were observed during periods when rain interrupted the drought, due to runoff of water containing the material deposited for non-point sources in urban areas during the dry. The point next to water intake presented the highest concentrations of total-HPAs and AVS. We found that the maximums concentrations of metals were reported in setembro/2010 and junho/2011 samples and also setembro/2011 samples it found high concentrations of low molecular weight PHAs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene and _etrogen) of source _etrogenico. These values were due to superficial water s flux with material deposited by nonpoint sources, accumulated during the dry season. Even though the results have shown normal impact indicators evaluated, it was denoted a vulnerability in this type of supply option, this requires an appropriate consideration in water management, such as interruption of supply, especially in times of heavy rainfall after periods of drought. / Frente ao crescente quadro de escassez hídrica, tem sido freqüente o uso de águas do meio urbano para fins de abastecimento público. Tais águas são sujeitas às fontes localizadas de contaminações, e também a diversas fontes difusas, como deposição atmosférica de longa distância, emissões veiculares e diferentes tipos de resíduos lançados em quintais, ruas e calçadas, que acabam por ser arrastados pelo escoamento superficial até os corpos hídricos urbanos. Neste trabalho foi conduzida uma investigação acerca da presença de mercúrio total, hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, metais potencialmente tóxicos e sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação na Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Barnabé, buscando indicadores de impactos em um corpo aquático localizado na zona urbana da cidade de Indaiatuba-SP, cujas águas são captadas para o abastecimento de cerca de 40.000 pessoas. Foram monitorados três pontos do córrego: início do contato com a zona urbana, região da captação de água e proximidades da foz. As amostras de água foram coletadas mensalmente, e as amostras de sedimento trimestralmente, no período compreendido entre Abril/2010 e Junho/2011. Os resultados mostram que as maiores concentrações de mercúrio na água foram observadas nos períodos em que as chuvas interromperam o período de estiagem, devido ao escoamento superficial das águas contendo o material depositado por fontes difusas no meio urbano durante o período seco. O ponto próximo à captação de água foi o que apresentou as maiores concentrações de SVA e HPAs total. As maiores concentrações de metais foram registradas nas amostras de setembro/10 e junho/11, também nas amostras de setembro/11 foram encontradas altas concentrações de HPAs de baixa massa molar (naftaleno, acenafteno, acenaftileno e fluoreno), de origem petrogênica. Tais valores são resultado do aporte do material trazido pelo escoamento superficial ocorrido no inicio do período chuvoso, que sucedeu a estação seca. Mesmo considerando que os resultados tenham mostrado, em geral, níveis normais nos indicadores de impacto avaliados, é denotada uma vulnerabilidade hídrica neste tipo de opção como abastecimento, sendo cabível uma consideração no gerenciamento hídrico, como a interrupção da captação principalmente em ocasiões de chuvas intensas após períodos de estiagem. xii

O Complexo Billings é o maior reservatório de água da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Devido a sua importância estratégica e à degradação da qualidade de suas águas e sedimentos, a represa foi e continua sendo alvo de muitas pesquisas. No entanto, os valores-guia da qualidade de sedimentos (VGQS) adotados pelas normas nacionais vigentes, usualmente aplicados nestes estudos, baseiam-se na abordagem canadense Threshold Effect Level/Probable Effect Level (TEL/PEL), e sua interpretação quanto aos efeitos tóxicos podem divergir dos países que as originaram. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial tóxico de contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos na água e nos sedimentos do reservatório Billings por meio da utilização de diferentes VGQS empíricos e teóricos e ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Uma abordagem multi-tarefas foi conduzida através de avaliações em campo e em laboratório envolvendo extensas caracterizações químicas, físicas e toxicológicas ao longo de dez pontos do reservatório. Em cada local, os parâmetros de qualidade da água superficial foram monitorados in situ. Amostras de sedimento integral, água intersticial e superficial foram coletadas para a avaliação das propriedades físicas e químicas nestes locais, como granulometria e carbono orgânico total (COT). Os teores de sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação (SVA) e os metais extraídos simultaneamente (MES) foram obtidos nas amostras de sedimento integral, assim como as concentrações totais de metais (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn) e contaminantes orgânicos (pesticidas organoclorados e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos polinucleares). Os contaminantes foram então comparados a diferentes linhas de evidências (LDE), dentre elas VGQS empíricos (TEL/PEL, LEL/SEL e VRR), VGQS baseados na teoria do Equilíbrio de Partição (EqP) e ensaios ecotoxicológicos com as espécies Daphnia magna e Hyalella azteca em água superficial e sedimento integral, respectivamente. As concentrações de metais nas águas superficial e intersticial do reservatório foram relativamente baixas e ausentes de efeitos crônicos ou agudos pelos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Os teores de SVA foram superiores aos de MES quando normatizados pela fração COT. Embora a LDE baseada em EqP tenha sugerido a ausência de toxicidade nos sedimentos do reservatório Billings, a mesma ocorreu nos pontos Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira. Os resultados dos ensaios ecotoxicológicos demonstraram efeitos agudos para Hyalella azteca, com sobrevivência dos organismos de 32,5 ± 6,57% e 45 ± 5,77% nos pontos Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira, respectivamente. Efeitos crônicos também foram observados para a espécie H. azteca em ambos os pontos. Os valores de biomassa individuais dos anfípodas foram afetadas quando comparadas ao Controle (0,072 ± 0,01 mg), com valores de 0,032 ± 0,01 mg e 0,031 ± 0,01 mg no Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira, respectivamente. A utilização dos VGQS empíricos TEL/PEL e os Valores de Referência Regionais demonstraram ser eficazes para predição de efeitos tóxicos, visto que as concentrações dos metais Cu, Cr, Ni, e Zn presentes nos sedimentos superaram o limiar PEL em vários pontos do reservatório, indicando uma alta probabilidade de efeitos adversos à biota, comprovada pelos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. As concentrações dos pesticidas organoclorados mirex e DDT encontram-se acima de TEL, enquanto o DDE, mais persistente, demonstrou uma alta probabilidade de ocorrência de efeitos tóxicos (acima de PEL). Embora o EqP não tenha sido eficaz na predição dos efeitos tóxicos, foi imprescindível para compreender a dinâmica dos metais no reservatório, visto que os elevados teores de sulfetos e COT demonstram ser os responsáveis pelo equilíbrio dos metais neste ambiente. Dessa forma, a combinação de VGQS empíricos e teóricos pode - de maneira não regulatória - ser considerada uma solução efetiva e de baixo-custo para a tomada de decisão sobre locais passivos de contaminação. / The Billings Complex is the largest water-storage facility in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Due to its strategic importance and the deterioration in its water quality over time, the Billings reservoir was and remains subject of many researches. However, the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) adopted in Brazil and usually applied in these studies are based on the Canadian Threshold Effect Level/Probable Effect Level (TEL/PEL) and may not suitably predict ecotoxicological effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds in the overlying water, pore water and bedded sediments of the Billings reservoir through several SQGs and toxicological tests. A laboratory and field assessment was conducted involving extensive physical, chemical, and toxicological characterizations within ten stations of the Billings reservoir. At each sampling station, water quality parameters (pH, redox, DO, conductivity, turbidity, and temperature) were measured in depth (intervals of 1 meter). Bedded surface sediment, sediment pore water, and overlying water were collected to assess the physical and chemical properties at these sites, such as particle size and total organic carbon (TOC). Sediment samples were analyzed for acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extractable metals (SEM), total metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and organic contaminants (organochlorine pesticides and semivolatile organic compounds). Empirical (TEL/PEL, RRV, and LEL/SEL) and mechanistic (AVS/SEM) SQGs approaches were applied and compared with 10-d toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca for overlying water and bedded sediment, respectively. Metals in the overlying and pore water were at a relatively low concentrations and absent of chronic or acute effects. AVS concentrations was greater then SEM in every station of the reservoir, therefore suggesting the absence of toxicity. However, Hyalella azteca post-exposure survival was affected in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations (32,5 ± 6,57% and 45 ± 5,77%, respectively). Relative growth rates were also affected in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations (0,032 ± 0,01 mg and 0,031 ± 0,01 mg) when compared to Control (0,072 ± 0,01 mg). Empirical (TEL/PEL, RRV, and LEL/SEL) guidelines were more suitable for toxicity prediction. Several stations exhibit metal concentrations for Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn higher than the Canadian PEL adopted in Brazil. Organic compounds such as mirex and DDT were above TEL. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p\'-DDE were above PEL in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations. Although EqP was not suitable for toxicity prediction, it was important for understanding the role of sulfides and TOC for metal contamination in the reservoir. Therefore, the adoption of both empirically and mechanistic SQGs for sediment quality assessments can provide a more accurate and low cost alternative for sediment management decisions.

This thesis deals with questions of scanning electric activity of brain,¬ so-called electroencephalograph (undermentioned EEG), methods of audiovisual stimulation (undermentioned AVS) and a data-measurement processing. Theoretical part of the thesis is engaged in a theory of EEG signal creation, history and even in current methods of purchasing and processing of the EEG signal, theory of AVS and a theory of biofeedback. For measuring EEG signal with or without an application of AVS methods has been used EEG diagnostic device by Alien company. Its attributes are described in the thesis as well. For elaboration and analysis has been created a programme aplication EEG_xhroze00.fig which realizes frequency spectrum analysis using Fast Fourier Transform algorithm (FFT) and another programme aplication brain_mapping.fig for mapping activity of brain using designed algorithm.

As the desire for deploying automated (“driverless”) vehicles increases, there is a need to understand how they might communicate with other road users in a mixed traffic, urban, setting. In the absence of an active and responsible human controller in the driving seat, who might currently communicate with other road users in uncertain/conflicting situations, in the future, understanding a driverless car’s behaviour and intentions will need to be relayed via easily comprehensible, intuitive and universally intelligible means, perhaps presented externally via new vehicle interfaces. This paper reports on the results of a questionnaire-based study, delivered to 664 participants, recruited during live demonstrations of an Automated Road Transport Systems (ARTS; SAE Level 4), in three European cities. The questionnaire sought the views of pedestrians and cyclists, focussing on whether respondents felt safe interacting with ARTS in shared space, and also what externally presented travel behaviour information from the ARTS was important to them. Results showed that most pedestrians felt safer when the ARTS were travelling in designated lanes, rather than in shared space, and the majority believed they had priority over the ARTS, in the absence of such infrastructure. Regardless of lane demarcations, all respondents highlighted the importance of receiving some communication information about the behaviour of the ARTS, with acknowledgement of their detection by the vehicle being the most important message. There were no clear patterns across the respondents, regarding preference of modality for these external messages, with cultural and infrastructural differences thought to govern responses. Generally, however, conventional signals (lights and beeps) were preferred to text-based messages and spoken words. The results suggest that until these driverless vehicles are able to provide universally comprehensible externally presented information or messages during interaction with other road users, they are likely to contribute to confusing and conflicting interactions between these actors, especially in a shared space setting, which may, therefore, reduce efficient traffic flow.

Asset managers continue to prepare physical infrastructure investments needed to accommodate the emerging technologies, namely vehicle connectivity, electrification, and automation. The provision of new infrastructure and modification of existing infrastructure is expected to incur a significant amount of capital investment. Secondly, with increasing EV and CAV operations, the revenues typically earned from vehicle registrations and fuel tax are expected to change due to changing demand for vehicle ownership and amount of travel, respectively. This research estimated (i) the changes in highway expenditures in an era of ECAV operations, (ii) the net change in highway revenues that can be expected to arise from ECAV operations, and (iii) the changes in user equity across the highway user groups (vehicle classes). In assessing the changes in highway expenditures, the research developed a model to predict the cost of highway infrastructure stewardship based on current and/ or future system usage. <div><br></div><div>The results of the research reveal that CAVs are expected to significantly change the travel patterns, leading to increased system usage which in turn results in increased wear and tear on highway infrastructure. This, with the need for new infrastructure to support and accommodate the new technologies is expected to result in increased highway expenditure. At the same time, CAVs are expected to have significantly improved fuel economy as compared to their human driven counterparts, leading to a decrease in fuel consumption per vehicle, resulting in reduced fuel revenues. Furthermore, the prominence of EVs is expected to exacerbate this problem. This thesis proposed a revision to the current user fee structure to address these impacts. This revision contains two major parts designed to address the system efficiency and equity in the near and long term. For the near term, this thesis recommended a variable tax scheme under which each vehicle class pays a different fuel tax rate. This ensures that both equity and system efficiency are improved during the transition to ECAV. In the long term, this thesis recommended supplementing the fuel tax with a distance based VMT tax, applicable to electric vehicles.<br></div>

Denna rapport behandlar ett projekt för examen inom programmet Högskoleingenjör inom innovationsteknik och design. Projektet genomfördes tillsammans med företaget Atran Velo med målet att utveckla en cykel-/dragvagn som ska integreras med företagets AVS-system. Projektet genomfördes under våren 2021 vid Karlstads universitet och omfattar 22,5 hp. Projektets syfte är att ta fram en vagn som ökar lastförmågan hos en standardcykel. Detta möjliggör att människor kan bruka sin cykel vid flera tillfällen, vilket bidrar till flera positiva aspekter. Genom att transportera sig med cykel i stället för bilen bidrar det till minskade utsläpp. Detta har en positiv påverkan på miljön och klimatet. Det ökar även den fysiska aktiviteten hos människan, vilket bidrar till att individens välmående ökar. Projektet har utgått från produktutvecklingsprocessen med faserna: projektplanering, förstudie, produktspecifikation, konceptgenerering, konceptval, konstruktion, slutprocess och rapportskrivning. I faserna har olika beprövade metoder används.  Projektet resulterade i ett konceptförslag på en vagn och koppling som företaget ska arbeta vidare med efter detta projekt. Vagnen fungerar som både en cykel- och dragvagn som enkelt går att koppla på och av cykeln med en AVS-adapter. Till exempel för att cykla förbi affären och använda vagnen för mathandling. Vagnen har två lastytor som har integrerade AVS-bryggor vilket gör vagnen till en AVS-bärare, med detta menas att vagnen kan användas med företagets olika tillbehör. Vagnen går även att vika ihop för platsbesparing i hemmet för att öka kundvärdet. Vagnen är tillverkad av aluminium för att minimera vikten på produkten och motstå korrosion. / This report deals with a project for a Bachelor of Science in innovation technology and design engineering degree at Karlstad University. The project was conducted on behalf of the company Atran velo. The goal of this project is to develop a bicycle/tractor that is integrated with the company´s AVS-system. The project was carried out during the spring 2021 and comprises 22,5 hp.  The purpose of this project is to develop a trolly that can increase the load capacity when using a standard bicycle. This allows people to use their bicycle on several occasions which contributes to many positive aspects. By taking the bicycle instead of the car it contributes to reduced emission, which has a positive effect on the environment. It can also increase the physical activity of people which contributes to the individual’s health.  The project has been based on the product development process with the phases project planning, pilot study, product specification, concept selection, design, final process, and report writing. In these phases various proven methods have been used.  The result of this project is a concept of a trolley with coupling. The trolley can be used both as a bicycle cart and carriage. It can easily be connected and disconnected from the bicycle, when for example doing grocery shopping. The trolley has two loading surfaces, and both are integrated with AVS - bridges which makes it work like an AVS-carrier. It can also be folded for space saving witch increase customer value. Most of the trolley is made of aluminum which minimize the weight and is corrosion resistance.

<p>The present work is concerned with projective prepositions, which express the relation between two objects by referring to a direction in three-dimensional space. The projective prepositions have been regarded as expressing simple schematic relations of a geometric nature. A theory of the apprehension of projective relations can account for their meanings when they express strictly geometric relations. However, many studies have shown that the appropriateness of the prepositions also depends on the functional relation between the objects and that a number of functional factors influence the comprehension of English prepositions. This experimental study investigates if the acceptability of the Swedish prepositions över, under, ovanför and nedanför are influenced by functional factors as well, and whether acceptability judgments about över and under are more sensitive to functional influences than judgments about ovanför and nedanför, as has been shown for the corresponding English prepositions over and under, and above and below, respectively. It also investigates how the shapes and the parts of the related objects influence their functional interaction, and how the acceptability of the prepositions is in consequence influenced by the shapes of the objects. It was found that the theory of apprehension can indeed account for the acceptability of the prepositions when the relation between the objects is strictly geometric. It was further found that acceptability judgments about them are influenced by functional factors in a similar manner to the corresponding English prepositions when the objects are functionally related, although judgments about under and nedanför are not differentially influenced by these factors. Furthermore, the shapes and the parts of both of the related objects influence acceptability judgments about the prepositions in predictable manners. An extension of the theory of apprehension is suggested which can account for the functional influences indicated in the present study.</p>