Includes bibliographical references / Ethiopia is one of the few countries in Africa to implement large-scale land titling programmes aiming to improve land related-investments. Since 1995, Ethiopia also has partially liberalised rural land rental markets with the aim of improving the functioning of these markets. Evidence on whether these reforms resulted in improved land access by the poor and increased land-related investments though are scarce and inconclusive. This thesis investigates empirically the relationship between land tenure issues on one hand, and land-related investments and the functioning of rural land and labour markets on the other. It also analyses the relationship between participation in land rental markets and household welfare. Detailed descriptive data analysis and various econometric models were used to examine these issues. The data source for the study is the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey (ERHS), which consists of a panel of 1477 sample households covering four regions in the country. Findings from the study show that factor, input, and financial markets are poorly developed in rural Ethiopia. In addition, land title ownership does not give farmers additional rights other than the rights provided in the federal and regional legislation. This has particular ramifications. For instance, despite having a land title, farmers in Ethiopia are not allowed by law to sell or use their land as collateral in credit markets. There are also various limitations on land rental transactions. These findings suggest that the preconditions for economic effectiveness of land titling are not satisfied in the case of Ethiopia. Furthermore, in contrast to earlier studies, this study finds no significant link between farmers' perceptions of tenure insecurity and their land-related investment and factor market participation decisions. Instead, it establishes that poverty in faming resources and market failures in the credit and factor markets are the major binding constraints that adversely affect farmers' land-related investment and factor market participation decisions in rural Ethiopia. The results reveal that asset rich households were more likely to get access to more land and labour through factor markets, and they were also more likely to invest on their land, while female-headed and/or asset poor households were more likely to lease out their land and remain poor. The findings of this study do not necessarily suggest that the existing land tenure system in Ethiopia is satisfactory for farmers' intensification efforts. It is widely argued that past and current land polices in the country have led to reduced and fragmented land size holdings in rural areas. As a result, there is limited room for farm intensification. For instance, data from this study show that among sample households who did not grow tree crops on their land, 40% of them reported that land shortage is the first major problem. In this regard, the existing land tenure system can be equally restrictive for most farmers. Therefore, the results of the study suggest that, without reforming the existing land policy and addressing problems in factor and credit markets, land titling is expected to play a very limited role in improving tenure security, investment, and land access for the rural poor.

Access to land is crucial for combating discrimination. Women who are denied such access tend to be disadvantaged, a pattern that results in economic powerlessness. Tanzana is among the most undeveloped nations in the world, where gender inequalities with respect to accessing land are central problems. This study consequently aims at investigating women's access to land through customary land tenure in the Makete district in Tanzania. A case study strategy was adopted to address the research problem, whereby interviews, focus group discussions and documentary reviews were the main data collection methods. The findings indicate that the majority of women within villages are illiterate; unaware of any existing entitlements and lacking insufficient assets to fight for their rights, and that their involvement in land administration institutions is limited. At the familiy level, daughters and women are deprived of any right to possess land through inheritance because relatives believe they will be married to other families from which they will then gain access to land. This generally has been proven not to be the case. After marriage, women commonly are apportioned land strictly for crop cultivation (usufruct rights). Consequently, there are many challenges in realising women's property rights in Tanzania. These challenges include the dualisim of the property rights system: customary tenure operates alongside statutory tenure; inadequate knowledge about women's property rights by both women and men; negative attitudes towards women's influence, position, capability and reputation; outdated customs; archaic and conflicting interests in laws; and lack of legal capacity (empowerment) as to property rights. The most important tools for meeting these challenges include education and awareness campaigns that are designed to build the capacity of citizens as to the necessity of equity in access to property rights (land) using various legal tools at varying levels. Other measures include amending and repealing outdated laws, including provisons dicriminating against women's property rights and contradicting constitutional provisons and other international instruments. Other avenues are advocacy and working for behavioural chages can also be invoked by empowering individuals at all stages of life, supporting their involvement in productive activities and creating group networks, and facilitating the formation of community-based organisations as well as building capacity by mainstreaming land adminstration institutions. / <p>QC 20170315</p>

Magister Commercii - MCom / Women play an important role in food security. Growing, processing, purchasing, preparing and serving food to their families is a common and distinctive relationship they have to food in most societies in the world. They also play a critical role in food security. Yet, studies show that women are the most vulnerable to household food insecurity. At the heart of women’s differential vulnerability to household food insecurity is their lack of ownership of the means of food production, mainly land. Food is grown on land and access to land for productive purposes is vital for food security, especially for women who have little other means of securing food aside from performing subsistence farming for household food security. Thus, analyzing women experiences of accessing land and productive resources, and the manner in which such access shapes their empowerment and ability to achieve household food security is important. In this dissertation, women’s empowerment refers to a process where women gain the ability to make strategic life choices; I take the position that for women to be empowered, their access to resources, individual capacities and agency must be improved. Thus, this dissertation aims to examine the lived experiences of female farmers in Stellenbosch in terms of access to land and productive resources, and the implications this kind of access has for women’s empowerment and household food security.

<p>This thesis is aiming to describe and understand the access to and evolvement of necral land (burial and crematory grounds) in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania and one of the most rapid growing cities in Africa. The study is based on field work conducted in Kinondoni District during the spring of 2010. It could partly be described as intensive research, because it is done like a pioneer study, trying to describe and understand a phenomena; not so much trying to find out how widespread the phenomena is. The data was primarily produced through interviews with persons representing different actors. The result from the field study is that even if there are differences in costs and needs for permits to access the land, it seems like there are ways for everyone to bury or cremate a dead body. One common way of manage costs is to collect financial contributions from friends, family and neighbours. The problem however is the evolvement, where centrally located burial grounds are considered full but still used and the cemetery established by the municipality outside the centre is not used by city dwellers, because of the lack of information and the transportation cost.</p>

This thesis is aiming to describe and understand the access to and evolvement of necral land (burial and crematory grounds) in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania and one of the most rapid growing cities in Africa. The study is based on field work conducted in Kinondoni District during the spring of 2010. It could partly be described as intensive research, because it is done like a pioneer study, trying to describe and understand a phenomena; not so much trying to find out how widespread the phenomena is. The data was primarily produced through interviews with persons representing different actors. The result from the field study is that even if there are differences in costs and needs for permits to access the land, it seems like there are ways for everyone to bury or cremate a dead body. One common way of manage costs is to collect financial contributions from friends, family and neighbours. The problem however is the evolvement, where centrally located burial grounds are considered full but still used and the cemetery established by the municipality outside the centre is not used by city dwellers, because of the lack of information and the transportation cost.

This thesis analyzes the Suruí Forest Carbon Project in the context of settler colonialism. By exploring the three core principles of settler colonialism as outlined by settler colonial scholar Patrick Wolfe: access to land, elimination of the native, and the understanding that settler colonialism is a structure and not an event, I will demonstrate how each one of the three principles helped contribute to creating the context within which the Suruí Forest Carbon Project was situated. By taking this approach, I will be able to demonstrate the limits and possibilities of the project for the Suruí indigenous peoples. This analysis will allow me to present the challenges and contradictions associated with implementing REDD+ carbon credit projects in settler states such as Brazil and how, due to settler colonialism's structural limitations, these types of projects could be a possibility of providing some agency for indigenous peoples trying to find ways to assert their autonomy. The Suruí Forest Carbon Project was the first and still one of the only examples of an indigenous-led carbon emissions reduction project operating through the sale of carbon credits. During the first five years the project was operational, it drastically helped reduce deforestation levels within the Suruí's territory, leading many to deem the project a success. However, in 2015 and 2016, following the discovery of gold and diamonds on the Suruí's territory, the project's sight was eventually overrun by garimpeiros (small-scale gold miners), and in 2018 the project was suspended, leading some to consider it a failure. Therefore, I will present some of the challenges that arise when neoliberal conservation efforts, such as carbon credit projects, struggle to address factors outside their initial control, in this case, settler colonialism. Also, by analyzing the different components going into the project's creation, implementation, and suspension, I will present how carbon credit projects working directly with indigenous peoples can successfully halt deforestation for limited periods. But how settler colonialism makes these groups of people and their land vulnerable, which can help contribute to projects being undermined. Through my analysis, I will help demonstrate some factors that impact these types of projects' longevity and some things that would need to be implemented in the future to succeed in the long term. / Master of Arts / This thesis analyzes the Suruí Forest Carbon Project in the context of settler colonialism. My understanding of settler colonialism comes from settler colonial scholar Patrick Wolfe who believes that this specific type of colonialism has three core principles that help distinguish it from other colonial types and explain why anti-indigenous logics can continue. The three principles are access to land, the elimination of the native, and the understanding that settler colonialism is a structure and not an event. These three principles will serve as the core framework for my analysis. The Suruí Forest Carbon Project was the world's first indigenous-led carbon emissions reduction project operated by the indigenous peoples selling REDD+ carbon credits to buyers in order to achieve finances. The project occurred on the Suruí people's territory within the Sete de Setembro Indigenous Land, comprising a 250,000-ha site in the Amazon's "arc of deforestation" bordering the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso. The project was implemented on June 9, 2009, and in 2012 received its validation to sell carbon credits under the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). Between 2009 and 2014, the project drastically helped limit the deforestation occurring within the project's site, causing many to deem it a success. However, trouble began in 2015 and 2016 following the discovery of gold and diamonds on the Suruí's territory. Shortly after this discovery, the territory began to be infiltrated by garimpeiros (small-scale gold miners), which led to increased levels of deforestation on the project's site. In 2018, the project could no longer meet the standards it needed to maintain to sell the credits and was suspended indefinitely. Therefore, based on my understanding of settler colonialism's three core principles, I will analyze the limits and possibilities of the project for the Suruí indigenous peoples to present how all three principles played a hand in creating the conditions within which the Suruí Forest Carbon Project was situated and how that impacted the indigenous peoples involved in the project ability to have agency over their forests.

A partir da observação da precariedade presente em atendimentos habitacionais com diferentes modalidades executadas pelo Poder Público, cuja população que recebeu os determinados programas habitacionais ainda está distante de alcançar melhorias significativas nas suas condições de vida, buscou-se a compreensão dos motivos pelos quais, mesmo após ter o problema habitacional resolvido ou melhorado, sua condição de vida, de modo geral, não apresenta salto de qualidade significativo ou não consegue se integrar à cidade formal. Ao longo do trabalho, discorre-se sobre a origem do problema habitacional no país, apresenta-se breve resumo de como o Poder Público atuou historicamente e se lança a discussão sobre as ações que podem se somar às atuais Políticas Públicas de Habitação, para que a precariedade possa ser minimizada no cotidiano das comunidades. Constatou-se que a precariedade está relacionada a diversos fatores como a descontinuidade da presença do Estado na área e também pela relação deficitária entre a população atendida e o Estado. Ademais, verificou-se que a dificuldade do acesso à terra e o alto valor da habitação formal sempre foi um fator de exclusão para a grande maioria da população. Porém, no sistema jurídico brasileiro atual já existem instrumentos legais suficientes para amenizar a exclusão, basta que seja efetivado seu uso e sejam propostas novas alternativas de propriedade. Para o alcance de melhorias na continuidade do atendimento habitacional de interesse social, uma série de diálogos entre todos os envolvidos precisa ser estimulada e desenvolvida, de forma que resulte em ações planejadas no intuito de diminuir as insuficiências identificadas na pesquisa. / From the observation of the precariousness presents in residential care, with different modalities implemented by the State, whose population that was supported by the housing programs is still far from achieving significant improvements in its living conditions, it was sought to understand the reasons why people, even after getting the housing problem solved or improved, their living conditions, in general, do not present significant breakthrough or are unable to be integrated into the formal city. Throughout the essay, the origin of the housing problem in the country is discussed, a brief abstract about how the State historically proceeded in this issue is presented and also the discussion about the actions that can support the current Public Housing Programs, so that the precariousness can be reduced in the daily life of the communities. It was verified that the precariousness is related by several factors: the absence of State\'s support in the area and also by the lack of a suitable relationship between the population and the State. In addition, it was verified that the difficulty of land access and the high cost of a usual housing have always been a factor of exclusion for the population\'s majority. However, in the Current Brazilian Legal System, there are sufficient legal instruments in order to settle the exclusion, it only needs to get its procedure effective and suggest new properties alternatives. To achieve improvements in the prosecution of social interest housing, a series of dialogues between all those involved participants have to be encouraged and developed, so that it results in planned actions to reduce the identified shortcomings in the research.

A partir da observação da precariedade presente em atendimentos habitacionais com diferentes modalidades executadas pelo Poder Público, cuja população que recebeu os determinados programas habitacionais ainda está distante de alcançar melhorias significativas nas suas condições de vida, buscou-se a compreensão dos motivos pelos quais, mesmo após ter o problema habitacional resolvido ou melhorado, sua condição de vida, de modo geral, não apresenta salto de qualidade significativo ou não consegue se integrar à cidade formal. Ao longo do trabalho, discorre-se sobre a origem do problema habitacional no país, apresenta-se breve resumo de como o Poder Público atuou historicamente e se lança a discussão sobre as ações que podem se somar às atuais Políticas Públicas de Habitação, para que a precariedade possa ser minimizada no cotidiano das comunidades. Constatou-se que a precariedade está relacionada a diversos fatores como a descontinuidade da presença do Estado na área e também pela relação deficitária entre a população atendida e o Estado. Ademais, verificou-se que a dificuldade do acesso à terra e o alto valor da habitação formal sempre foi um fator de exclusão para a grande maioria da população. Porém, no sistema jurídico brasileiro atual já existem instrumentos legais suficientes para amenizar a exclusão, basta que seja efetivado seu uso e sejam propostas novas alternativas de propriedade. Para o alcance de melhorias na continuidade do atendimento habitacional de interesse social, uma série de diálogos entre todos os envolvidos precisa ser estimulada e desenvolvida, de forma que resulte em ações planejadas no intuito de diminuir as insuficiências identificadas na pesquisa. / From the observation of the precariousness presents in residential care, with different modalities implemented by the State, whose population that was supported by the housing programs is still far from achieving significant improvements in its living conditions, it was sought to understand the reasons why people, even after getting the housing problem solved or improved, their living conditions, in general, do not present significant breakthrough or are unable to be integrated into the formal city. Throughout the essay, the origin of the housing problem in the country is discussed, a brief abstract about how the State historically proceeded in this issue is presented and also the discussion about the actions that can support the current Public Housing Programs, so that the precariousness can be reduced in the daily life of the communities. It was verified that the precariousness is related by several factors: the absence of State\'s support in the area and also by the lack of a suitable relationship between the population and the State. In addition, it was verified that the difficulty of land access and the high cost of a usual housing have always been a factor of exclusion for the population\'s majority. However, in the Current Brazilian Legal System, there are sufficient legal instruments in order to settle the exclusion, it only needs to get its procedure effective and suggest new properties alternatives. To achieve improvements in the prosecution of social interest housing, a series of dialogues between all those involved participants have to be encouraged and developed, so that it results in planned actions to reduce the identified shortcomings in the research.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:17:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4387521 bytes, checksum: bf89fe298324c50ceeb5f91bef9b3d0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aimed to unravel and/or understand the importance of women in social reproduction in maroon communities in which they live and their form of participation and integration in continuous production process of Paraiba agrarian space. We start from the observation that the lack or scarcity of information on the asymmetric gender differences in research in geography is a limit on the understanding of the processes and social relations that fall and form the agrarian landscape. It is with this concern that we launched in doing research on women in seventeen maroon communities located in three regions paraibanas: the Zona da Mata Paraibana, the Agreste Paraibano and Borborema. We propose to understand who are the Maroons women in these regions and what is their relationship with the land and territories that they occupy from: a) sexual division of labor in the communities in which they live, b) different forms of access to land and the many ways the right to this land is denied, and c) the forms of organization, participation and struggle of these women by maroons territories in Paraíba. We are concerned, therefore, with this research contribute to the understanding of Paraiba agrarian space from a subject who produces and stars in, however, is omitted in the geographical readings. We want this debate assist us in understanding who this maroon currently working woman in the state of Paraíba. / Esta dissertação teve como objetivo desvendar e/ou compreender a importância das mulheres na reprodução social nas comunidades quilombolas em que vivem e a sua forma de participação e inserção no processo ininterrupto de produção do espaço agrário paraibano. Partimos da constatação que a falta ou escassez de informações sobre a diferença assimétrica entre os gêneros nas pesquisas em Geografia é um limite na compreensão dos processos e das relações sociais que se inscrevem e dão forma ao espaço agrário. Foi com essa preocupação que nos lançamos a fazer uma pesquisa sobre as mulheres em dezessete comunidades quilombolas localizadas em três mesorregiões paraibanas: a Zona da Mata Paraibana, o Agreste Paraibano e a Borborema. Propomos-nos a entender quem são as mulheres quilombolas nessas regiões e qual é a sua relação com a terra e os territórios que ocupam a partir da: a) divisão sexual do trabalho nas comunidades em que vivem; b) as diferentes formas de acesso a terra e as diversas maneiras como o direito a essa terra lhes é negado e; c) as formas de organização, participação e luta dessas mulheres pelos territórios quilombolas na Paraíba. Interessa-nos, portanto, com esta pesquisa contribuir para a compreensão do espaço agrário paraibano a partir de um sujeito que o produz e o protagoniza, porém, é omitido nas leituras geográficas. Pretendemos que esse debate nos auxilie no entendimento de quem é essa mulher trabalhadora quilombola atualmente no estado da Paraíba.

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilken rättighetsupplåtelse olika bredbandsutbyggare föredrar att använda för att ordna markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Mer specifikt undersöks i arbetet om valet av rättighetsupplåtelse skiljer mellan olika typer av bredbandsutbyggare och/eller i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Med tanke på att bredbandsutbyggnad framför allt behöver ske utanför tätort för att det slutliga bredbandsmålet ska nås år 2025, undersöks särskilt hur bredbandsutbyggare tycker att markåtkomst i område för allmän väg fungerar. Detta då lokalisering av fiberkablar i allmän väg är ett särskilt viktigt alternativ utanför tätort. Vidare undersöks vilka huvudsakliga problem bredbandsutbyggare upplever i samband med markåtkomst. För att uppfylla syftet har kommunägda- och kommersiella bolag samt fiberföreningar intervjuats. Totalt har åtta intervjuer utförts. Alla med personer som är ansvariga för fiberutbyggnad från respektive bolag/förening. Urval har skett utifrån ledningsägare i tre kommuner, alla belägna i Stockholms län. Utöver detta har rättsfall analyserats för att illustrera delar av den problematik som föreligger vid markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Resultatet från intervjuerna visar att markavtal, som är en nyttjanderättsform, är det alternativ som föredras av alla tre typer av bredbandsutbyggare. Detta gäller både i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Vidare är både kommunägda- och kommersiella aktörer samt fiberföreningar restriktiva i användningen av ledningsrätt, främst för att underlätta för framtida relationer och med respekt för markägare men också på grund av hög kostnad och lång tid för upplåtelse. Intervjuerna visar att bredbandsutbyggare tenderar att värdera en relation med markägare högre än att markåtkomst ska ske på ett snabbt sätt. Någon större skillnad i val av markåtkomst mellan olika typer av aktörer eller i områden inom eller utanför detaljplan kunde ej urskiljas. Studien indikerar att det snarare handlar om den enskilde markägarens inställning till att upplåta mark. De upplevda problemen kring markåtkomst för bredband uppstår främst då fiberetablering i område för allmän väg sker, detta har framför allt att göra med samarbetssvårigheter med den statliga väghållaren. Ett annat förekommande problem i samband med markåtkomst är gemensamt ägd mark, sådan mark gör att processen med att ordna markåtkomst ofta drar ut på tiden. / This study aims to investigate what legal right different broadband developers prefer to use to get access to the land they want to establish fiber. More specifically, it investigates if the type of developer or the area's planning influences the choice of land access. For the final broadband goal to be reached in 2025, broadband expansion needs to occur mainly outside urban areas. According to this, special consideration has been given to how broadband developers experience land access in areas for public roads. This is because locating fiber cables in public roads is an essential alternative outside urban areas. To fulfill the purpose, municipal-owned and commercial companies and fiber associations have been interviewed. A total of eight persons responsible for fiber expansion from the respective company/association have been conducted. The selection has been made by asking different actors in three municipalities located in Stockholm County.Moreover, court cases have been analyzed to create a picture of the different problems that can arise when getting land access for this purpose. The interviews show that usufruct agreements are exclusively the alternative used in the first place, both within and outside the detailed plan. The results from the interviews show that usufruct agreements are used by all the different types of broadband developers. Furthermore, the actors in this study are restrictive in the use of utility easement. This in order to facilitate future relationships and to show respect for landowners. The usufruct agreements thus appear to be a better alternative from the perspective of active actors. The relationship with the landowners tends to have a higher value than the time aspect to get land access.Moreover, no distinction between whether the choice of land access between different types of broadband developers or the area's planning could be distinguished in the study. It has somewhat to do with the landowner's attitude to leasing land. The perceived problems regarding land access for broadband arise mainly when fiber establishments in public roads are made, and this has to do with the Swedish Transport Administration's cooperation. Another problem arises when access to land on joint-owned land is required, this often leads to an extended process in time.