Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-12-13T18:25:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Vasconcelos da Silva.pdf: 407291 bytes, checksum: c022b4064ab7bf7e5390618234452130 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T18:25:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 André Vasconcelos da Silva.pdf: 407291 bytes, checksum: c022b4064ab7bf7e5390618234452130 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-31 / Skinner outlined the conditions to inquire into private events in 1945. Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of experimental procedures, which set up correlations between private events and verbal responses, and to dispose of usage conditions of the term “private event”. The aim of the Experiment 1 was to investigate the mutual relations between verbal reports indicating private events and public behaviors (description of contingencies and problem solving). Eight undergraduate students without any previous experimental history were exposed to three experimental conditions: Baseline, Training and Extinction. The contingencies description reports and problem solving responses were recorded in each experimental condition. Nevertheless, in the Training condition, the responses indicating privacy (informative responses) were registered as well. Correlation between informative responses and description responses was established. In spite of it, any correlation involving problem solving responses could not be observed. The purpose of the Experiment 2 was to verify the effect of previous reinforcement contingencies upon the inter-relation between public behaviors and informative responses. Five undergraduate students without any previous experimental history of instrumental conditioning were exposed to two experimental sessions. In the Session 1, correlation between contingencies description responses and problem solving responses was established. The Session 2 was similar to Experiment 1, but the contingencies arrangement was not the same used in the Session 1. Data analysis showed correlation between informative responses and description and problem solving responses in the Session 1, when the participants responses were not under contingency control of the Session 2. Moreover, when the responses were under contingencies control of the Session 2, they were related to them. The experiments 1 and 2 provide empirical evidencies of the correlation between observable events and private events. The results of both experiments also give consent for the establishment of experimental usage conditions of the term “private event” by means of controlling variable detection. / Skinner em 1945 estabeleceu condições para se investigar os eventos privados. Na tentativa de se verificar a eficácia de procedimentos e experimentações que estabelecem correlações dos eventos privados com respostas verbais e dispor condições de uso do termo evento privado, realizou-se dois experimentos. O Experimento 1, objetivou verificar a correlação dos relatos verbais públicos indicativos dos eventos privados, Resposta de Informação, com comportamentos públicos: Descrição das Contingências e Resolução do Problema. Participaram do experimento oito alunos universitários sem história experimental que foram submetidos a três fases experimentais: Linha de base, Treino e Extinção. Na fase de Treino os participantes foram distribuídos em duas condições que disponibilizavam diferentes possibilidades de descrição das contingências: a) condição Grupo Relato a Cada Sim e b) condição Grupo Relato ao Final. Nas fases Linha de base e Extinção registrou-se as respostas de descrição das contingências e de resolução do problema e, na fase Treino, adicionou-se o registro das respostas indicativas dos eventos privados. Observou-se que as Respostas de Informação correlacionavam-se às Respostas de Descrição, porém não foi possível detectar correlação com as Respostas de Resolução. Não foi possível inferir neste experimento quais os eventos privados participaram da cadeia comportamental, devido a impossibilidade de se verificar correlações. O Experimento 2 objetivou verificar o efeito de contingências prévias de reforçamento sobre a correlação existente entre as Respostas de Informação e os comportamentos de descrição e resolução. Participaram cinco alunos universitários sem experiência prévia em experimentos de condicionamento operante. Os participantes foram expostos a duas sessões: a Sessão 1, que estabeleceu correlação entre Respostas de Descrição da contingência e as Respostas de Resolução; e a Sessão 2, semelhante ao Experimento 1, incluindo na distribuição dos participantes nas condições de relato. A Sessão 1 diferiu da Sessão 2 basicamente nas contingências, em que na Sessão 1 os estímulos discriminativos utilizados foram letras e na Sessão 2 foram palavras. Os resultados permitem observar que as respostas de informações correlacionaram-se à descrição e resolução da Sessão 1, quando os participantes não estavam sob o controle da contingência da Sessão 2, e posteriormente passaram a se correlacionar às contingências da Sessão 2, quando ficaram sob controle destas mesmas contingências. Isso para condição do Grupo Relato a Cada Sim. Para a condição Relato ao Final se inferiu acerca da relação de comparação estabelecida entre os desempenhos de Descrição e Resolução dos participantes de ambas as condições. Com isso, os experimentos possibilitaram inferir sob quais condições podem-se detectar correlação entre eventos observáveis e os eventos privados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Lima Bezerra.pdf: 7556402 bytes, checksum: 4a0cece86e7dd56a37a0e36f92f0c14c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / This thesis aims to analyze the accessibility of the São Paulo Metro, as well as the mobility of persons with disabilities in the Metro Company stations. It is analyzing the stations and their surroundings, with all the architecture and equipment that make up the road system Subway cars and visual communication that is intended to guide users. The study will serve as a benchmark for future projects and road building complex company of Metro, as part of public policy affecting the mobility and accessibility for all users. The paper makes a comparative analysis of buildings, equipment, stations, trains and visual communication of the Company's existing Metropolitan, compared to existing accessibility laws in Brazil as the NBR-9050/04 and DEC. FEDERAL 5296/04. The importance of this research lies in the fact identify and analyze the main problems of accessibility of the Metro Company, showing the differences between the Brazilian and norms determine what is actually being designed and built. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar a acessibilidade no Metrô de São Paulo, bem como a mobilidade das pessoas com deficiência nas estações da Companhia do Metropolitano. Trata-se de analisar as estações e seu entorno, com toda a arquitetura e equipamentos que compõem o sistema viário, os carros do Metrô e a comunicação visual que se destina a orientar os usuários. O estudo servirá como parâmetro para futuros projetos e construção de complexos viários da companhia do Metrô, como parte das políticas públicas que envolvam a mobilidade e acessibilidade para todos os usuários. O trabalho faz análise comparativa entre as construções, equipamentos, estações, comunicação visual e trens da Companhia do Metropolitano existentes, frente às leis de acessibilidade vigentes no Brasil como a NBR-9050/04 e o DEC. FEDERAL 5.296/04. A importância desta pesquisa está no fato de identificar e analisar os principais problemas da acessibilidade da Companhia do Metrô, demonstrando as diferenças entre o que as normas brasileiras determinam e o que realmente está sendo projetado e construído.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / People with disabilities do not face the same circumstances, in their journey through tertiary education, as do people without disabilities. Studies have revealed that learning disabilities are often invisible and not identified at an early stage. Generally, the move to university could be challenging for students with disabilities, but very stressful to the students with learning disabilities, in particular. The principles of inclusive education, where people with disabilities and those without disabilities are educated in the same setting, have been the main focus for policy makers in this era. However, scant research has been conducted on the experiences of students with disabilities in accessing tertiary education, particularly, students with learning disabilities. The focus of this current research was to explore the accessibility of tertiary education to students with learning disabilities, in all the faculties at the University of the Western Cape. The researcher aimed to explore and describe the experiences of students with learning disabilities, to inform recommendations for policy and practice. The study was guided by the anti-discriminatory practice and social inclusion theory. The research methodology involved a qualitative approach, using an exploratory descriptive design, with nine students and three staff members, sampled purposively and through snowball sampling. The researcher employed in-depth interviews and email interviewing to gather data, which were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. All research ethics were considered and adhered to. The students with learning disabilities disclosed how their disability was diagnosed and how they experienced schooling. These experiences influenced the way they coped with teaching and learning at university. Most of them acknowledged that the university was supportive, in various ways, such as, assistive technology, support staff, extra time, as well as a separate examinations and testing area. However, they had difficulty disclosing their disability to lecturers, which made learning more challenging. They were of the opinion that, in order for learning to be inclusive, the university needed to do more to make this a reality. For example, the training of lecturers and staff on the realities of learning disabilities, as well as employing holistic approaches to educate students with learning disabilities.

Questionner une personne sur un comportement rend ce dernier plus susceptible d’être réalisé. Trois types d’explications pour cet effet question-comportement ont été étudiées au cours de neuf expériences : une explication normative, une explication attitudinale et une explication motivationnelle. Une première série de quatre études a testé l’explication normative. Seule une étude a présenté des résultats laissant penser que questionner l’individu sur un comportement normatif le conduit à réaliser ce comportement afin de ne pas ressentir de dissonance cognitive. Trois autres expériences ont montré que le comportement cible est plus accessible chez l’individu questionné et que cette accessibilité médie la relation entre les questions et le comportement. De plus, l’attitude associée est déterminante dans l’adoption du comportement. Enfin, les deux dernières études expérimentales ont testé l’explication motivationnelle sans parvenir à collecter des résultats nets en sa faveur. Selon cette dernière explication, répondre à des questions sur un comportement active le but de réaliser ce comportement, ce qui engendre d’autres processus cognitifs (i.e., motivation implicite, accessibilité des informations liées au but). Les résultats sont synthétisés à l’aide de méta-analyses et discutés afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ce phénomène. / Questioning people toward a behavior makes this behavior more likely to be performed. Three possible explanations of this question-behavior effect have been investigated in nine experiments: a normative, an attitudinal and a motivational explanation. Four studies tested the normative explanation. Only one of them shows results attesting that people perform the target behavior after questions to avoid cognitive dissonance. Three more experiments brought results supporting the implication of an accessibility (mediator) process in the question-behavior effect. Moreover, the attitude was decisive in the occurrence of the effect. The motivational explanation has been tested with two experiments who did not provide the expected results. The assumption was that questioning activates the goal of performing the behavior with goal pursuit consequences (i.e., implicit motivation and accessibility of the goal-related information). Results have been summarized with meta-analysis and discussed with the aim of improving the understanding of the question-behavior effect.

abstract: With 285-million blind and visually impaired worldwide, and 25.5 million in the United States, federally funded universities should be at the forefront when designing accessible websites for the blind community. Fifty percent of the university homepages discussed in my thesis failed accessibility checker tests because alternative text was not provided in the alt-attribute for numerous images, making them inaccessible to blind users. The images which failed included logos, photographs of people, and images with text. Understanding image content and context in relation to the webpage is important for writing alternative text that is useful, yet writers interpret and define the content and context of images differently or not at all. Not all universities follow legal guidelines of using alternative text for online images nor implements best practices of analyzing images prior to describing them within the context of the webpage. When an image used in a webpage is designed only to be seen by sighted users and not to be seen by screen reader software, then that image is not comparably accessible to a blind user, as Section 508 mandates. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Technical Communication 2018

O censo demográfico apresentado pelo IBGE em 2010 apontou cerca de 45 milhões de pessoas com alguma deficiência vivendo no Brasil, dentre as quais 35 milhões são deficientes visuais. Apesar de consistir grande parcela da população, são notáveis as barreiras que esse público enfrenta para ter acesso à cultura e ao lazer, pois as iniciativas de inclusão em ambientes de convívio social são limitadas e muitas vezes inexistentes. Sob o olhar do Design, e com base em métodos relacionados Design de Serviços, este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa não propositiva sobre acessibilidade daquele público em salas de cinema, considerando toda a complexidade que envolve essa experiência, desde, por exemplo, a produção de filmes até a experiência propriamente dita nos espaços de projeção. / The census presented by IBGE in 2010 showed about 45 million people with disabilities living in Brazil, of which 35 million are visually impaired. Despite this fact, persons with disabilities face obvious barriers to cultural and leisure services due to the limitation or lack of attitudinal and environmental inclusion initiatives. From a Design perspective, and based on Service Design methods, this paper presents a research on accessibility in cinemas, considering the complexity that surrounds this experience, the production of films, and the experience itself in projection rooms.

Com o aumento do uso e da complexidade de sistemas web, o desenvolvimento de tais sistemas com qualidade exige a adoção de uma abordagem sistemática e bem definida. Assim, a engenharia web é uma disciplina essencial que considera, além de características da engenharia de software, fatores inerentes aos sistemas web, como a multiplicidade de perfis de usuários. A engenharia web é apoiada por processos, métodos, técnicas e ferramentas que são elementos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de sistemas web, os quais devem ser adequados para fornecer suporte às ações inerentes ao projeto e à implementação. Esses elementos devem ser selecionados, combinados e tecnicamente implementados de modo a produzir um sistema web acessível e usável. Nesta tese é proposto um processo de desenvolvimento que possui fases gerais bem definidas para a inserção de requisitos de acessibilidade e usabilidade no desenvolvimento de sistemas web, garantindo o seu uso pela maioria das pessoas e facilitando seus meios de acesso. Um estudo de caso foi realizado para verificar a efetividade da aplicação do processo formalizado, o qual possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um sistema acadêmico de agendamento de bancas. Considerando-se a dificuldade prática de avaliar diretamente o processo, foram realizados um experimento controlado e um estudo de viabilidade comparando o sistema acadêmico desenvolvido com outro sistema de mesmo propósito e funcionalidades, mas desenvolvido de maneira ad-hoc. Por meio das avaliações realizadas nos dois sistemas de agendamento de bancas, indiretamente avaliou-se o processo formalizado e foram encontrados fortes indícios sobre a efetividade do processo proposto. Adicionalmente, foi criado um instrumento de medição objetivo e quantitativo das características de acessibilidade e usabilidade de um sistema web. Foi também criado um método para avaliar, comparar e melhorar a acessibilidade e a usabilidade de sistemas web existentes. Tanto o instrumento de medição quanto o método de avaliação podem ser aplicados, independentemente, a qualquer sistema web. / With the increasing use and complexity of web systems, the development of such systems with quality demands the adoption of a systematic and well-defined approach. Thus, web engineering is an essential discipline that considers, in addition to characteristics of software engineering, factors inherent to web systems, such as the multiplicity of the users profiles. Web engineering is supported by engineering processes, methods, techniques and tools that are fundamental elements to the development of web systems, which must be adequate to support the activities of design and implementation. These elements should be selected, combined and technically implemented to produce an accessible and usable web system. This thesis proposes a development process with welldefined phases for including requirements of accessibility and usability in the development of web systems, enabling their use by most people, facilitating their means of access and foremost. A case study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of applying the process proposed and with this objective, a system to schedule thesis and dissertation presentations was developed. Considering the practical difficulty of directly measuring the proposed process, a controlled experiment and a feasibility study was conducted to compare the academic system developed with a legacy system with the same purpose and functionality but developed using an ad-hoc process. Considering the evaluation of both systems, the development process was indirectly evaluated and evidences related to its effectiveness have been identified. Additionally, an objective and quantitative method for measuring accessibility and usability of web systems was created. Finally, it was also created a method to evaluate, compare and improve the accessibility and usability of existing web systems, which was used to evaluate the system developed using the proposed process. Both the measuring instrument and the evaluation method can be applied, independently, to any web system

O crescente número de pessoas que utilizam a Web e sua vasta quantidade de conteúdo têm motivado especialistas em computação a investigar e acompanhar a experimentação desses usuários. Podese observar que um grande número de usuários que adere ao uso da Internet é o das pessoas com meia-idade, de 40 a 59 anos, e os idosos com idade superior a 60 anos. Trata-se de um público interessado e potencialmente pró-ativo para usufruir das possibilidades que a Web proporciona a cada dia. No entanto, barreiras que dificultam o acesso à informação são naturalmente encontradas com o avançar da idade. Dificuldades como a perda parcial ou total da visão, a redução de precisão dos movimentos, e a diminuição de memorização dos passos a serem realizados são alguns exemplos dessas barreiras. Para superar as dificuldades apresentadas pelos usuários, estudos têm sido realizados visando minimizá-las, de maneira geral. Seus resultados encontram-se sintetizados em normas / orientações a serem seguidas visando proporcionar melhor usabilidade e acessibilidade para toda diversidade de usuários. Nesse contexto, na presente pesquisa, investiga-se quais dessas normas junto com os padrões para a criação de websites que disponibilizam conteúdos proporcionam melhor adequação para atender à demanda das pessoas com idade mais avançada. Assim, foram estudados diferentes tipos de menus de navegação que disponibilizam as subnavegações conforme a necessidade do usuário (no inglês conhecido como menus drop-down) com diferentes propriedades e avaliado qual menu e suas propriedades apresentavam melhores resultados, entre eles, foi verificado o tempo de uso do menu e o número de erros cometidos para uma determinada tarefa. Conclui-se que, menus com melhores contraste e um tempo mediano de resposta ao realizar a interação, apresentaram melhores resultados / With the constant number of people who use facilitated through the use of the Web and its vast amount of content, have motivated computer specialists to investigate and monitor the trial of those users. It may be noted that a large number of users joining the Internet use is that of people aged mature (middle-aged, 40 to 59 years, and the elderly aged 60 years). It is a potentially interested public and pro-active to enjoy the possibilities that the Web provides each day. However, barriers to access to information are found naturally with advancing age, difficulties as the partial or total loss of vision, reducing accuracy of movements, and decreased retention of steps to be performed are some examples of these barriers . To overcome the difficulties presented by the users, studies have been conducted in order to minimize them in general. Their results are summarized in standards / guidelines to be followed in order to provide better usability and accessibility for the whole range of different types of users. In this context, the present study, we investigate which of these standards along with standards for the creation of websites that provide content provide better adaptation to meet the demand of people with older age. Thus, we studied different types of navigation menus that provide the subnavegações as needed by the user with different properties and evaluated their properties which menu and had better results, among them was found the time to use the menu and the number of errors for a particular task. It can be concluded that menus with better contrast and a median time of response to make the interaction, showed better results

The last decade has been defined by the forced displacement of an unprecedented number of people, on a scale not seen since World War II. As of 2018, more than 71 million people across the globe have been forced to migrate as a result of conflict, natural disasters, drought and famine. More than 19 million crossed international borders seeking safety, and were formally registered as refugees. Forced migration has placed stress and pressure on surrounding low-and middle-income countries. This has been most notable in the Middle East and North Africa as a result of the crisis in Syria. Host countries in the Middle East and North Africa are overwhelmed by this rapid influx, particularly by the healthcare needs of this population. Stakeholders face difficulties providing health services to refugees, owing to the increased number of refugees in urban settings, the large demands on host country health systems and the epidemiologic transition towards non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Health challenges have been exacerbated by weaknesses in the global humanitarian architecture, that result in a fragmented and competitive sector that is unprepared for the current context. Few comparative analyses have examined the diversity of policies and practices aimed at improving services for urban-based refugees with NCDs in the MENA region. Furthermore, a variety of quantitative studies examined NCD incidence, prevalence and service utilization. However, these studies have quickly become outdated and do not explore, in adequate depth, the refugee experience and perspective on accessing NCD services in urban settings. Lastly, numerous NCD interventions have been recommended for LMICs. However, very little guidance exists to support actors addressing these health concerns in crisis-affected contexts. As a result, this dissertation is presented in three papers and responds to these gaps in the literature. Each paper focuses on a specific aim and research question and together they identify and provide recommendations for improvement to service delivery and policy formulation. Paper 1 identifies policies and practices, implemented by host countries and humanitarian actors, aimed at improving access to NCD services for urban refugees in the Middle East and North Africa. Paper 2 examines, using qualitative methods, the healthcare access experience of urban-based Syrian refugees who have been diagnosed with NCDs in Jordan. The third portion of this dissertation (Paper 3) is a policy series that provides recommendations for the government of Jordan and humanitarian actors to improve healthcare access for urban-based refugees with NCDs. It is anticipated that this series of publications will be relevant to traditional and non-traditional actors that respond to the health needs of refugees in urban settings in the MENA region.

Excerpt: There has been a recent push for more electronic sound amplifiers to provide affordable and accessible options that meet the needs of a large swath of people with hearing loss, particularly aging adults.