The digital world is acquiring more space in today’s society. With this being said, it is important to keep the web content interpretable for everyone, despite any kind of disability. This study focuses on colour vision deficiency and how to implement a real-time colour correction instantly in the web browser, without any additional assistive technologies needed. Two almost identical webpages have been developed for this project, with the difference being that one is with a colour correction function and one without, who then are measured in page-loading time to see if there is any greater loss of performance when executing the colour conversion.

Esta dissertação tem como intenção desenvolver uma proposta metodológica de adaptação e desenvolvimento de Objetos de Aprendizagem Acessíveis. Essa proposta metodológica define passo a passo o desenvolvimento do OA Acessível, seguindo o desenvolvimento de software orientado a objetos numa perspectiva inclusiva. Após a criação dessa proposta metodológica, foram feitas validações do OAA com sujeitos cegos e com limitação visual. No decorrer do texto, apresentamos as etapas de desenvolvimento do OA acessível, assim como as considerações finais do trabalho. / This methodological proposal defines step by step the development of an Accessible LO following the development of object oriented software in an inclusive perspective. After the creation of this methodological proposal, were made validations of the Accessible LO with blind subjects and with visual impairment. Throughout the text we present the development stages of the Accessible LO as well as the final considerations of the work.

Esta pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo e bibliográfico, teve por objetivo discutir a relação entre educação especial e currículo, permeada pelos conceitos deficiência, conhecimento e aprendizagem. A base teórica está associada ao pensamento sistêmico, por meio do diálogo com estudiosos como Gregory Bateson, Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela e Fritjof Capra. O trabalho também dialoga com as ideias de autores como Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Philippe Meirieu, além de estudos do campo do currículo. Buscou-se ainda apoio em referenciais como a Convenção Internacional sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência, promovida pela ONU, em 2007. São investigados os caminhos trilhados pela pesquisa acadêmica em educação ao relacionar educação especial e currículo, procurando identificar os aspectos que têm emergido como mais significativos. Foram analisados 148 trabalhos, entre teses, dissertações e artigos publicados nos Portais CAPES, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações - BDBTD, ANPEd Nacional, ANPEd Sul e Redalyc, no período de 2009 a 2015. Entre os aspectos emergentes da pesquisa estão o destaque às adaptações, adequações, flexibilizações curriculares que, na forma como estão sendo descritas e praticadas, não potencializariam o acesso ao conhecimento por parte dos alunos com deficiência. Quanto às concepções percebidas como subjacentes às práticas, o estudo identificou a presença de concepções de deficiência como impedimento, incapacidade, atributo imutável; visão de conhecimento associado a uma dimensão exterior ao sujeito, como uma verdade perene; conceito de aprendizagem como capacidade de captar através dos sentidos, guardar na memória e reproduzir quando necessário. Diante de tais indícios, discute-se a possibilidade de problematizar a concepção de adaptações curriculares, na forma como as pesquisas as têm apresentado - currículos individualizados, paralelos e simplificados – a partir de conceitos mais abrangentes e da ressignificação de deficiência, conhecimento e aprendizagem. Nesse sentido, concebe-se o currículo como espaço-tempo de negociação entre culturas a partir das diferenças; a deficiência como construto social; o conhecimento como produção de significados, sempre vinculado ao poder e no plural (conhecimentos); e a aprendizagem como ação do sujeito sobre/com o meio. Essa perspectiva está respaldada na compreensão que pode ser sintetizada no conceito de: acessibilidade ao currículo. / This research, of qualitative and bibliographic nature, had the objective to discuss the relationship between special education and curriculum, permeated by concepts such as disabilities, knowledge and learning. The theoretical basis is associated with the systems thinking through connections with scholars such as Gregory Bateson, Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela and Fritjof Capra. The work also dialogues to the ideas of authors such as Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Philippe Meirieu, in addition to the curriculum studies. It sought further support from references such as the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, sponsored by the UN in 2007. The paths taken by academic research in education are investigated by relating special education and curriculum, trying to identify the aspects that have emerged as the most significant ones. 148 works were analyzed, including theses, dissertations and articles published in the CAPES Portal, Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations - BDBTD, National ANPEd, South ANPEd and Redalyc, from 2009 to 2015. Among the emerging aspects of the research there are the emphasis on curriculum adaptations, adjustments, flexibilities that, by the way which they are being described and practiced, do not potentiate the access to knowledge of students with disabilities. As for the concepts perceived as underlying to the practices, the study identified the presence of concepts of disability as impairment, inability, immutable; vision on knowledge associated with an external dimension to the subject, as a perennial truth; concepts of learning as the ability to capture through the senses, to store in memory and to play as needed. Before such evidences, the possibility of problematizing the design of curricular adaptations is discussed, in the way researchers have presented them - individual, parallel and simplified curricula - from broader concepts and the resignification of disability, knowledge and learning. In that sense, the curriculum is conceived as a space-time of negotiation between cultures coming from the differences; disability as a social construct; knowledge as a production of meanings, always linked to power and in the plural (knowledges); and learning as an action of the subject on/with the environment. This perspective is based on the understanding that can be synthesized in the concept: accessibility to the curriculum.

Le développement du trafic aérien international est une composante majeure de la croissance des échanges internationaux intervenue depuis la seconde guerre mondiale. La traduction terrestre en est le développement des plateformes aéroportuaires. Avec les dérégulations intervenues dans les années 1990 les hubs sont des éléments majeurs de l’espace européen. Ils ont généré des territoires aéroportuaires allant au-delà des limites administratives et domaniales des aéroports ; ceux-ci sont des espaces importants de l’économie de la connaissance et de l’innovation. A ce titre, ils sont des polarités métropolitaines majeures. Nous en avons choisi trois majeures situées sur deux continents : Paris- Charles de Gaulle, Amsterdam- Schiphol et Seoul- Incheon. En raison de leur accessibilité multimodale synchrone, ces aéroports sont parties prenantes de territoires aéroportuaires importants et multifonctionnels. Ils participent sous de formes et des degrés divers à l’économie de la connaissance et de l’innovation et en particulier à ses circulations. / The development of international air traffic is a major component of the international exchanges occurred since the Second World War. The terrestrial translation is the development of airport. With the deregulations occurred in the years the 1990, hubs are major elements of European space. They generated airport territories going beyond the administrative and domanial limits of the airports; those are important spaces of the knowledge and innovation economy. For this reason, they are major metropolitan polarities. We chose three major located out of two continents: Paris Charles de Gaulle, Amsterdam Schiphol and Seoul Incheon... Because of their synchronous multimode accessibility, these airports are recipients of important and multipurpose airport territories. They take part in various forms and degrees in the knowledge and innovation economy and in particular in its circulations

In Sweden, the access to drinking water is something that often is taken for granted. But several incidents where regions have found themselves without drinking water shows that we should be more concerned about crisis management concerning drinking water. Regulations state that even in a situation with drinking water disturbance the municipality is responsible for providing all citizens with drinking water of acceptable quality. When drinking water is not delivered in regular pipelines it is called emergency water, which is an alternative way to distribute drinking water within the region. During a crisis it is important that the authorities can act quickly in order to minimize the consequences that will occur if a region is without drinking water. The National Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) have therefore developed a guide for municipalities how to make an emergency water plan. It contains information of how to map and prioritize water users. This is a case study of Nordmaling Municipality that investigates how and why water users should be prioritized during a disturbance in drinking water. The aim has also been to locate emergency water containers for citizens and study the accessibility of these locations and the level of justice within the society connected to citizens (in)accessibility. In order to do this study, the guide from the National Food Agency have been studied along with consultation with the municipal administration. Then a quantitative Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) in GIS has been performed in order to find “optimal” locations for emergency water resources. Recommendations from the National Food Agency have been followed within the frame, ability and visions of Nordmaling Municipality. The study displays the functions that will obtain emergency water, and recommendations and regulations behind the decisions. Along with 12 different locations which have been decided based on results from the MCA. Water users (with extra consideration to vulnerable water users) living outside of the geographical “catchment-area” of a location with emergency water have been studied. This has shown that the locations are not accessible for everyone within the municipality. Constrained accessibility can be seen especially for elderly and those living in the sparsely parts of Nordmaling, which displays an unjust society.

Orientador: Roberto Braga / Banca: Pompeu Figueiredo de Carvalho / Banca: Enéas Rente Ferreira / Banca: Ana Maria Marques Camargo Marangoni / Banca: José Francisco / Resumo: Mobilidade refere-se ao deslocamento populacional no espaço urbano. Acessibilidade é a maneira de acessar os equipamentos urbanos em meio à forma e o desenho da cidade. A dificuldade de movimentar-se e acessar os desejos de viagem pode ser causada por barreiras físicas ocasionadas historicamente por obras de engenharia (pontes, viadutos, ferrovias e rodovias) e naturalmente por formações do relevo e rios. O objeto desta pesquisa concentra-se em entender as percepções dos moradores de dois bairros periféricos da cidade de Rio Claro perante o efeito barreira causado pela Rodovia Washington Luiz, a ferrovia e o Rio Corumbataí. / Abstract: Mobility refers to the populational movement within a certain urban space. Accessibility is the way to access the urban equipment as to the shape and design of the city. The difficulty of moving and accessing the desires of a journey can be caused by physical barriers such as bridges, viaducts, railway, highways) and also natural barriers as rivers and formation of soil. The aim of this research concentrates in understanding the perception of dwellers of two neighborhoods of the city Rio Claro due to the barrier effect caused by the Washington Luiz highway; the railway and the River Corumbataí. / Doutor

Accessibility is a gateway to accessing opportunities or service sites, i.e., grocery shopping, healthcare and jobs and it has been used as a proxy to measure inequalities. The equity, in travel time or distance, to accessing of these services is vital to ensure high accessibility hence providing equality. Population increase leading to urban sprawl affects accessibility in the absence of prudent residential spatial planning and transport systems and infrastructure. Urban sprawl creates a distance between populations and centres of services such as grocery stores. This promotes the growth of car-dependency to accessing these services that are not easily reachable by non-motorised transport of walking and biking.This thesis measures accessibility to grocery stores by comparing the travel time of populations in the four neighbourhoods, of Ålidhem, Tomtebo, Carlshem and Sofiehem, by walking and biking. The measuring is done by using the ArcGIS Network Analyst to create and build a single-modal network dataset of pedestrian and bike lanes in the study area. Accessibility to grocery stores is measured using the service areas created based on the grocery store location and it highlights all the accessible streets from the centre within a time impedance. Afterwards, the populations are aggregated in each service area of each neighbourhood to compare the time difference of accessibility to a grocery store.With distance decay effects, the walking time distance restricts accessibility to grocery stores to a limited population in the neighbourhoods. The bike time distance, however, increased the residents in the study area who can access the grocery stores. The new location for a Coop grocery store provides the highest accessibility to grocery stores compared to the Ålidhem Centre grocery store.From the results of the analysis, the bike travel is the most equitable hence equal mode of active transport for all the four neighbourhoods. / <p>The best time to build walk and cycle paths was 20 years ago. The second best time is now! This publication is my first and very close to my heart as it shows how land use and transport are related to reduce travel times and also promote more non-motorised transport usage. </p>

[pt] O usuário é uma parte determinante no sucesso de uma aplicação e mesmo não sendo a maioria, os usuários idosos compõem parte considerável do todo. Com a evolução exponencial da tecnologia, é importante compreendermos se esse público idoso tem a capacidade de adoção de novas tecnologias e se eles conseguem usar os sistemas embarcados nesses novos equipamentos, como os chamados smartphones. A hipótese registrada nesse trabalho de pesquisa é que mesmo sendo usuários de dispositivos móveis, os idosos possuem dificuldade na compreensão dos objetos de interface, interferindo na interação com os aplicativos de dispositivos móveis. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar a usabilidade dos aplicativos móveis por pessoas idosas e a compreensão dos objetos de interface (elementos gráficos que possuem diferentes funcionalidades e que compõem a interface dos aplicativos de dispositivos móveis). Os voluntários participaram de um questionário demográfico para especificar o perfil dos participantes, um teste de compreensibilidade e um de usabilidade para analisarmos a capacidade desse público de interpretar e interagir com esses novos sistemas. E, no final, responderam um questionário de debriefing para registrar as informações relativas a experiência desse grupo de usuários com os testes aplicados. Por fim, o resultado alcançado com a pesquisa realizada negou parcialmente a hipótese proposta e fortaleceu o entendimento de que o usuário idoso, em sua maioria, tem capacidade cognitiva e semântica de compreender e interagir com aplicações desenvolvidas para o sistema operacional iOS da Apple. / [en] The user is a determining part in the success of an application and even though not the majority, the elderly users make up a considerable part of the whole. With the exponential evolution of technology, it is important to understand if this elderly audience has the ability to adopt new technologies and if they can use the systems embedded in these new devices, such as smartphones. The hypothesis recorded in this research is that even being mobile users, the elderly has difficulty understanding interface objects, interfering the interaction with mobile applications. The objective of this research is to analyze the quality of the usability of mobile applications by elderly people and the understanding of interface objects (graphical elements that have different functionalities and that make up the interface of the mobile applications). The volunteers participated in a demographic questionnaire to specify the participants profile, a comprehensibility test and a usability test to assess the audience s ability to interpret and interact with these new systems. And, in the end, they answered a debriefing questionnaire to record information about the experience of these users group with the tests applied. Finally, the result achieved with the research conducted partially denied the proposed hypothesis and strengthened the understanding that the elderly user, for the most part, has the cognitive and semantic ability to understand and interact with applications developed for Apple s iOS operating system.

The aim of this thesis was to try to analyse data available on the potential impact of unrealized transport project (called Baťova dálnice) in Czechoslovakia. The study area selected was limited to area of today´s Czech Republic. The data available were processed in geographic information systems and analysis of accessibility were created for predefined regional centres. Analysis of economic impact on economically active population caused by this project was also created while considering current route of existing main D1 motorway. The results of these analysis were compiled into well-arranged maps. Based on these results a conclusion was made that construction of Bata motorway did not mean such a difference for the accessibility of the regional centres as it could have had if it was routed in a different way. Same problem occurs in the results of the economic impact analysis in which when compared to D1 motorway, Bata motorway did not reach the same values as the D1 did.

Diante de um contexto em que a evolução tecnológica amplia as formas de disseminação e acesso à informação, explorando o uso da multimídia e a mescla dos diferentes tipos de linguagens, percebe-se que pessoas com deficiência ainda permanecem excluídas dos processos de produção e recepção de dados digitais. Diante do potencial das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) para firmarem-se como opção para a superação de barreiras, apresenta-se aqui o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta, denominada Oficina Multimídia, que visa a propiciar a interação desses indivíduos e a expressão de suas ideias em processos de autoria e trabalho em grupo, mediante o uso de signos audíveis, imagéticos e verbais. Por meio de um estudo qualitativo junto a sujeitos com diferentes necessidades especiais (deficientes visuais, deficientes motores e portadores de Síndrome de Down), investigou-se de que forma a implementação do software, seguindo recomendações de acessibilidade e a disponibilização de recursos para facilitação do uso por pessoas com deficiência na produção multimídia, favorece os processos de apropriação tecnológica e de interação entre os pesquisados. Verificou-se a pertinência da aplicação de testes com usuários finais para detecção de melhorias e validação de certas estratégias para adoção em projetos futuros de ferramentas acessíveis. Complementarmente, foram realizados testes de compatibilidade da Oficina Multimídia com um protótipo de tablet e suas tecnologias assistivas disponíveis. O potencial da ampliação de espaços infoinclusivos para expressão de pessoas com as mais distintas características pode ser observado nas produções elaboradas pelos grupos validadores. / Against a broad context of increased technological development, profuse forms of information dissemination and access by means of multimedia resources and multiple languages, it can be observed that people with special needs are still excluded from processes of digital data production and reception. Considering the potential of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to provide an alternative of transposing social limitations, this study introduces a tool labeled Oficina Multimídia, which aims at promoting the social interaction and manifestation of ideas by such individuals in processes of authorship and team work involving aural, imagetic and verbal signs. A qualitative investigation was conducted among participants with distinct needs (visually impaired individuals, physically handicapped and individuals with Down syndrome) to evaluate the extent to which the software implementation, following recommendations regarding the accessibility and availability of multimedia resources for PSNs, facilitates processes of technological appropriation and interaction among the research participants. Tests carried out with the software users validated part of the strategies adopted and pointed out to the need of considering improvements for future projects involving similar multimedia access tools. Complementarily, tests were conducted to evaluate the compatibility of Oficina Multimídia with a tablet prototype and its available assistive technologies. The potential of info-inclusive environments to extend the socio-digital participation of individuals with disabilities can be observed in the assignments produced by the group of participants validating the project.