Technogeninės avarijos Lietuvoje – mažai ir retai nagrinėjama tema, todėl rasta mažai straipsnių ir medžiaga darbui atlikti buvo renkama iš labiausiai visuomenei prieinamų šaltinių – teisės aktų ir internetinių institucijų tinklapių. Darbe pateikta ūkinės veiklos teisinė samprata, klasifikacija, avarijos kaip visumos elementai, nagrinėtas bendras šalies ir atskirų ūkio sričių avaringumas, tirtos inspektuojančių institucijų metinės veiklos ataskaitos, ištirti technogeninių avarijų valdymo ypatumai. Darbo tikslas buvo pasiektas, nes nustatytos labiausiai pavojingos ir nepavojingos ūkinės veiklos sritys, pagal jas – objektai, įvardintos probleminės sritys ūkinės veiklos ir pavojinguose objektuose, įvardintos grėsmės ekologiniam saugumui Lietuvoje, suskaičiuotos kelerių metų avarijų tendencijos skirtingose ūkio šakose, pateiktos dažniausios technogeninių avarijų priežastys, padarytos išvados. / Technogenic accidents in Lithuania – a low and rarely the issue in question, therefore found few articles and material work was collected from most public soures – legislation and on the institucions website. The work on the legal concept of economic activity, breakdown, accident as a whole, the elements examined, the country and individual economic sectors accident, investigated inspection authorities annual activity report, investigate technogenic accidents in handling qualities. The goal was achieved, as the most hazardous and non-hazardous areas of economic activity, according to them – objects named problem areas of economic activity and critical facilities, named environmental threats to security in Lithuania, an estimated number of years of accidents in different trends industries, the most common sauses of technogenic accidents, the conclusions drawn.

CABRI est un réacteur piscine conçu pour tester du combustible irradié dans des conditions accidentelles de type RIA, c'est à dire d'insertion intempestive de réactivité.Un circuit dédié de dépressurisation d'hélium 3, contenu dans les barres transitoires, permet d'injecter jusqu'à 4 $ de réactivité contrée majoritairement par l'effet Doppler quand la puissance atteint en quelques millisecondes jusqu'à 200000 fois la puissance initiale de 100 kW.La thèse présente les améliorations apportées à la prédiction des transitoires et les études d'incertitudes qui en découlent.Le calcul par cinétique ponctuelle couplée à la thermohydraulique 1D et échanges de chaleur des transitoires de puissance CABRI a été renforcé par l'ajout de métamodèles basés sur des analyses expérimentales et des calculs Best-Estimate de la dépressurisation d'hélium 3, des effets en réactivité et des paramètres cinétiques.L'amélioration de la modélisation des transitoires de puissance a eu un impact positif sur la prédiction des essais CABRI.Le code SPARTE, associé à la plate-forme URANIE, ont permis de propager les incertitudes expérimentales et de modélisation.Finalement, l'optimisation des transitoires pour améliorer la conception d'expériences dans CABRI est abordée. / CABRI is a pool type pulsed reactor designed for studying pre-irradiated nuclear fuel behavior under RIA (Reactivity Initiated Accident) conditions.The helium-3 depressurization from the transient rods system allows the insertion of up to 4 $ reactivity mainly countered by the Doppler effect when the power reaches in few milliseconds up to 200,000 times the initial 100~kW power.This thesis presents the improvements added to the power transients prediction and the associated uncertainties studies.The point kinetics calculation coupled with 1D thermal-hydraulics and heat transfer has been improved by the addition of surrogate models based on experimental analysis and Best-Estimate calculations of the helium-3 depressurization and of the reactivity effects and of the kinetics parameters.The power transients modeling improvements have a positiv impact on the CABRI tests prediction.The propagation of the experimental and of the modeling uncertainties was realized with the SPARTE code and the URANIE uncertainty platform.Finally, the power transients characteristics optimization is approached in order to improve the CABRI experiments designing.

Abstract There has been little improvement over the last few decades in the annual accident rate in workplaces within manufacturing industries. Viable innovative methods in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing industry are need for developing more effective ways to enhance the understanding of safety. Therefore, enterprises need new illustrative and participative trials to boost their ongoing and incomplete work. Research in to the significance of design science (DS) as a framework for enhancing health and safety issues has provided new views. One reason is most likely the macro-ergonomic comprehensive approach, however, DS is comprehensive and thus the results do not usually correlate with practical occasions. In addition to DS the work system objectives have to consider and be able to reveal the significance of health and safety issues. In this study, a work system is utilised for trialling illustrative and participative activities along with the necessary tools for supporting quality and well-being at work. In these cases, DS was used as the main guideline. This study also highlights innovation for introducing something new that can improve performance. The results of this study showed that the DS approach is applicable when developing a work system in SMEs. The innovative unification of the existing illustrative and participative methods produces new practical views for achieving improved performances. It was also shown that DS presents a new approach for modelling the development of innovations in relation to health and safety issues. / Tiivistelmä Työtapaturmien vuosittaiset lukumäärät ovat parantuneet vain vähän viime vuosikymmenten aikana. Tarvitaan käyttökelpoisia innovatiivisia menetelmiä valmistavassa teollisuudessa, jotta pystytään kehittämään enemmän tehokkaita keinoja turvallisuuden ymmärtämisen parantamiseksi. Siksi yritykset tarvitsevat uusia havainnollistavia ja osallistuvia kokeiluja tehostaakseen meneillään olevaa ja vaillinaista työtä. Suunnittelutieteen tutkiminen turvallisuuden ja terveellisyyden viitekehyksessä on antanut uusia näkemyksiä. Yksi syy on ehkä makroergonominen kokonaisvaltainen lähestymistapa. Kuitenkin suunnittelutiede on kokonaisvaltaista ja tulokset eivät ole välttämättä käytännön tilanteisiin sovellettavia. Suunnittelutieteen lisäksi työsysteemin objektit tuottavat tärkeitä näkemyksiä turvallisuus- ja terveellisyysasioihin. Tässä tutkimuksessa työsysteemiä hyödynnettiin havainnollistavien ja osallistuvien toimintojen ja työkalujen kokeiluun, jossa tuettiin yritysten toiminnan laatua ja työhyvinvointia. Näissä tapauksissa suunnittelutiedettä hyödynnettiin lähestymistapana. Tämä tutkimus korostaa lisäksi innovaatiota, jolla tuotetaan uutta parempaan suoriutumiseen. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että suunnittelutiede on sopiva lähestymistapa pienten ja keskisuurten yritysten työsysteemin kehittämiseen. Olemassa olevien havainnollistavien ja osallistuvien menetelmien innovatiivinen yhdistäminen tuottaa uusia käyttökelpoisia näkökulmia paremman suoriutumisen saavuttamiseksi. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin myös, että suunnittelutiede tarjoaa uuden näkökulman turvallisuuden ja terveellisyyden innovaatioiden kehittämisen mallintamiseen.

The critical illness/injury of a family member warranting an admission to an A&E unit can predispose a family to psychological and physiological needs. The patient-centred-care approach rendered in an A&E unit focuses on the patient as a priority, resulting in the family’s needs being neglected during a crisis situation. Based on the Family Resilience Framework, the aim of this study was to assess the needs of the families of the critically ill/injured patients in an A&E unit. Based on the identified needs, recommendations were made with regard to a family-centred-care approach as a relevant resilience-based strategy suitable to these families. The research adopted a quantitative, non-experimental, exploratory and descriptive design. A purposive convenience sample of 100 participants was recruited over a period of four months. The data were collected by means of a structured interview schedule. The study revealed that the five main domains of family needs identified by the respondents as very important was, in order of priority, the need for communication, support, meaning, comfort and proximity. The findings supported the need to initiate and foster a family-centred-care approach in the A&E unit, which could guide the nurse practitioners in supporting the affected families, which in turn could enable these families to become resilient. Copyright / Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Nursing Science / unrestricted

It was hypothesized that field dependence and attention measures would differentiate accident-loaded and accident-free employees of a petroleum services company. Analysis of variance revealed main effects and a three-way interaction for the Rod-and-Frame Test. Main effects occurred for the Attention-Diagnostic Method and Embedded- Figures Test. No differences occurred for the Closure Test. Regression analysis produced an R (76) = .41, p < .01, with the Attention-Diagnostic Method contributing more to prediction. Equality-symmetry violations occurred in the data. Cautious interpretation was advised because of the assumption violations. The accident-loaded subjects produced consistently greater performance variances, which suggested general performance characteristics in several respects. Future research should be longitudinal-predictive, oriented from Kerr 's complementary safety theories.

Diploma thesis analyzes documentation recieved from city magistrates,insurance companies or directly from police,concerning minor accidents. Documentation consists of a road accident reports,photodocumentation and plans of a real life collision sites,filed by the police and its experts. Analysis of this documentation and its consequent evaluation shows the extend of the damage occuring to an actual vehicles involved in a minor road accidents and what evidence left on site by these collisions. Informations gained from the analysis could be used as a guide when processing an insurance claim.

This master’s thesis deals with issues of road traffic accidents from the perspective tes-timonies of witnesses of road traffic accidents, especially in terms of the space and time per-ception and in terms of the content development changes during time. This issues are solved at first theoretically, gained knowledge is then used by several real accidents. For each traffic accident was selected several questions important to solve its course and in the testimonies of witnesses and participants have found the answers to these questions. In the responses were monitored technical acceptability and content development of the testimonies during time, and then were made ratings of the technical acceptability of the each answer and score rating of compliance with the previous testimony. This allowed determining for each witnesses or participant and for every traffic accident level of technical unacceptability responses and the level of testimonies content development changes during time.

L’aorte est une artère majeure et la rupture de l’aorte (RA) est la lésion la plus commune parmi les larges vaisseaux. Une RA est détectée dans 10 à 15% des cas mortels liés aux accidents de voiture et constitue la cause secondaire des morts consécutives aux chocs traumatiques associés à ces accidents. Les mécanismes variés de RA (éclatement soudain de l’aorte, la contrainte des structures osseuses, le « coup de bélier » et la combinaison de ces mécanismes) peuvent être considérés comme une combinaison de deux types de contributions : la distraction aortique et la pression aortique.L’objectif de ce travail de doctorat est d’étudier les mécanismes liés aux RAs dans les accidents de voitures en se focalisant sur les mécanismes associés à la pression intra-aortique. Le travail est organisé en quatre parties : 1) quantifier la réponse aortique sous des conditions de chargement physiologiques, 2) identifier la nécessité de considérer la pression intra-aortique dans les RA associés aux accidents, 3) développer un modèle d’éléments finis incluant la contribution des mécanisme de lésions et 4) et finalement étudier le mécanisme de RA avec le modèle nouvellement développé. / Blunt aortic rupture (BAR) is the second leading cause of death following blunt trauma in motor vehicle crash accidents (MVCAs). Aortic distraction was postulated to be a primary BAR mechanism, but intra-aortic pressure effect on BAR is controversial. Previous finite element (FE) simulations did not simultaneously study the BAR mechanisms of the two contribution sources. Therefore, the BAR mechanisms remain to be ascertained under the effects of physiological intra-aortic pressure and intra-thoracic interactions during MVCAs.Our objective is to investigate BAR mechanisms in MVCAs with a focus on intra-aortic pressure. The work is organized: 1) to quantify aortic responses under cardiac function, 2) to identify the necessity of considering intra-aortic pressure, 3) to develop a FE model including both injury contribution sources and 4) to investigate BAR mechanism during MVCA with the new model. The aortic responses under cardiac loadings should be considered for BAR. Intra-aortic pressure could induce a significant BAR risk. BAR in MVCA resulted from a combined mechanism with aortic stretch and intra-aortic pressure as the primary and secondary cause.

Cette thèse étudie l’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques sous différents angles. Le premier chapitre intéresse aux risques de très faibles probabilités. Nous montrons comment des instruments financiers hybrides, tels que les obligations catastrophes, peuvent être utilisés pour étendre le domaine d’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques. Notre application au cas du nucléaire en France révèle que, malgré des prix plus élevés pour la réassurance des événements de faibles probabilités, il est possible, et vraisemblablement souhaitable d’organiser un système d’assurance plus important que ce que prévoit la loi française. Le second chapitre s’attaque à la question du prix de la réassurance des risques de faibles probabilités. Nous montrons que les risques catastrophiques, ayant une composante systémique, donnent lieu à une prime de risque dont le montant décroit avec la probabilité de la catastrophe moins rapidement que la disposition à payer d’un assuré typique. Cela explique pourquoi les risques systémiques de faibles probabilités sont difficiles à assurer. Le troisième chapitre étudie le rôle des contrats mutuels et participatifs pour améliorer l’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques. De tels contrats permettent aux assurés d’ajuster au mieux leur demande d’assurance, en prenant en compte la dimension systémique des risques auxquels ils sont exposés. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre étudie l’utilisation d’obligations catastrophes pour assurer le risque de variations du prix des matières premières agricoles consécutives à des aléas climatiques extrêmes. En émettant une obligation catastrophe, l’entreprise qui s’approvisionne en matières premières emprunte un capital qu’elle peut conserver en cas de catastrophe, lorsque ses coûts d’approvisionnement sont élevés. Cette solution présente deux avantages par rapport à une couverture par achats de contrats à terme. D’une part,elle permet de réduire la facture d’assurance par effet de diversification. D’autre part, elle permet d’ajuster la couverture aux contraintes logistiques et stratégiques particulières de l’entreprise. / This thesis addresses several aspects of the insurability of catastrophic risks. In a first chapter, we focus on very low probability events and we show how hybrid financial instruments can be used to extend the domain of insurablerisks. Our application to the case of nuclear accidents using cat-bonds data in France shows that despite the higherprice of reinsurance for low probability events, it is advisable to insure more than is currently provided for by the Frenchlaw. The second chapter takes on the issue of why reinsurance is more costly for low probability events. We show thatbecause catastrophic risks have a systemic component, they give rise to a risk premium in equilibrium which decreasesat a lower pace than the willingness to pay for insurance. We use this finding to explain why systemic low probability catastrophes are hard to insure. The third chapter investigates the role of mutual and participating contracts to improveinsurability. Such contracts are necessary for people to adjust their demand for insurance when individual losses are correlated. Finally, the fourth chapter investigates the use of cat-bonds to hedge the risk of extreme agricultural suppliesprice variations. By issuing a cat-bond, the firm that purchases supplies borrows a capital that can be retained in caseof catastrophe. Such a solution would combine the advantage of risk-pooling, to lower the price of insurance, with lowerbasis risk compared to more traditional hedging strategies such as future purchases.

Die vorliegende Studienarbeit befasst sich mit Berichten und Statistiken zu Daten der Eisenbahnsicherheit sowie Untersuchungsberichten von Eisenbahnunfällen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden sowohl deutsche Behörden und Institutionen als auch EU-weite Entwicklungen beschrieben. Es folgt eine Erläuterung und Abgrenzung zweier möglicher Kategorisierungen von gefährlichen Ereignissen im Bahnbetrieb. Daten ermittelter Quellen werden im Anschluss statistisch analysiert und Unterschiede dieser herausgearbeitet. Weiterhin wird die Durchführung einer ereignisbezogenen Unfalluntersuchung beschrieben sowie auf veröffentlichte Untersuchungsberichte eingegangen. Nach Bewertung der Berichte werden abschließend Vorschläge zur Verbesserung von Unfallanalysen und Berichten der Eisenbahnsicherheit unterbreitet. / This paper deals with reports and statistics on railway safety data and with investigation reports on railway accidents. Relevant German authorities and institutions as well as EU-wide developments are described. This is followed by an explanation of and dissociation between two possible categorisations of dangerous events in railway operations. Data from selected sources are then analysed statistically and differences within these are ascertained. Furthermore, the implementation of individual accident investigations is described and published investigation reports are outlined. After evaluating these reports, improvements for accident analyses and railway safety reports are suggested.